ISO Network Management forum network Management Forum divided network

management into five functional areas (FCAPS):

1. Forum Management - process of locating problems

➔ Discover the problem
➔ Isolate the problem
➔ Fix/replace the problem
2. Configuration Management - The configuration of certain network devices controls the
behavior of the data network.
➔ Configuration management is the process of finding and setting up (configuring)
these critical devices

3. Accountating Management - Involves tracking individual’s utilization and grouping of

network resources to ensure that users have sufficient resources.
➔ Involves granting or removing permission to access the network
4. Performance Management - Measuring the performance of the network hardware,
software, and media.
● Overall throughput
● Percentage utilization
● Error rates
● Response time
5. Security Management
● Controlling access to information on the data network
● To monitoring access points and
● records information
● Audit trails and sounds alarm for security strategy

Style of Network Administration

Fire-fighting - Managing by responding to situations that may happen.

1. Investigate the Fault or Problem

a. Isolate the problem and identify/Define it
b. Use tests and tools to diagnose the problem
c. Solve the problem and document the solution

2. Prioritize multiple problems

Preventive Management - Monitor networks and make repairs and changes before problem
appears (proactive)
• Capacity Planning
• Simulation and Testing
• Load Generators
 • Benchmarks

• Performance Monitors and System Tuning

• Network Analysis and modelling
• Load Balancing
• Hardware Upgrades

Networking Terminology
➢ Lan (Local Area of Network) - Networks are often called LANs.
➢ On the Network - computer that's on the network.
➢ Online, Offline - can access the network, can't access the network..
➢ Up, down - Up - computer is turned on and working properly. Down - turned off, broken,
or at service is down.
➢ Local, remote - local - resides in your computer. Remote - resides in other computer
➢ .Internet, Intranet - internet - world wide, public network. Intranet - private network that
is contained within an enterprise.

Understanding the Network

Network Structure
➢ Node - anything connected to the network.
➢ Segment - any portion of a network that is separated by switch, bridge or router from
another part of the network.
➢ Backbone - main cabling of a network.
➢ Topology - the way each node is physically connected to the network.
➢ Physical Topology- describe how the cables are run.
● Is the complete physical structure of the transmission media.
➢ Logical Topology - Logical topologies describe how the network messages travel.

Clients and Servers

Network Clients (Workstation)

➔ Computers that request network resources or services
Network Servers
➔ Computers that manage and provide network resources and services to clients
◆ Usually have more processing power, memory and hard disk space than clients
◆ Run Network Operating System that can manage not only data, but also users,
security, and applications on the network
◆ Servers often have a more stringent requirement on its performance and
reliability

Peer-to-Peer Networks
 - a group of computers are linked together with equal permissions and responsibilities for
processing data.

➔ Peer-to-peer network is also called workgroup

➔ No hierarchy among computers ⇒ all are equal
➔ No administrator responsible for the network

Local Area Network (LAN)

➢ Small network, short distance
■ A room, a floor, a building
■ Limited by no. of computers and distance covered
■
■ Usually one kind of technology throughout the LAN
■ Serve a department within an organization
Examples:
■ Network inside a Computer Laboratory
■ Network inside your home
■ Network inside your office

Wide Area Network

➔ A network that uses long-range telecommunication links to connect 2 or more
LANs/computers housed in different places far apart.
➔ Towns, states, countries

Metropolitan Area network

◆ is a network that interconnects users with computer resources in a geographic
area or region larger than that covered by even a large local area network (LAN)
but smaller than the area covered by a wide area network (WAN).
◆ In between of lan and wan

Pan - Personal Area Network

➔ Is a computer network for interconnecting devices centered on an individual person's
workplace.

SAN - Storage Area Network

➔ Is a specialized high speed network that provides block level network access to storage.

WLAN - Wireless LAN

➔ Is a wireless computer network that links two or more devices using wireless
communication from a local area network (lan) wthin a limited area such as home,
school, computer, laboratory, campus, office, building etc.

Connection TYpes
POINT-TO-POINT
➔ Is a direct link between two devices. Eg., computer to printer, pc to pc, microwave to
antennas.

MULTIPOINT
➔ Also called mutidrop is a link between three or more devices.

Network Topologies
● A topology is a way of “laying out” the network. Topologies can be either physical or
logical.
Physical topologies describe how the cables are run.
➔ Is the complete physical structure of the transmission media.

Logical topologies describe how the network messages travel.

BUS - typically uses long cable, called backbone, short cables called drop cables.
● Ease of Installation
Relatively easy to install, simply string the backbone cable from site to site.
● Ease of Reconfiguration
Because most bus topologies are laid out to minimize the required amount of cable,
reconfiguration tends to be moderately difficult.
● Ease of Troubleshooting
When troubleshooting media, you isolate the fault to a specific media segment.
Because it is based on a single cable, fault isolation is relatively difficult.
● Units affected by media failure
Bus cable faults or breaks stop all communications. Every device receives
excessive noise (due to signal reflection)

RING - circular topology (or closed loop of point-to-point). Each node is connected to the two
nearest nodes so the entire network forms a circle

● Ease of Installation

At initial installation, it is moderately simple to install

● Ease of Reconfiguration

Ring networks become harder to reconfigure as the scale of relocations increases. Ring
segments must be divided or replaced with two new segments each time a segment is changed.

● Ease of Troubleshooting

Because each device incorporates a repeater, you can easily find cable faults.
 ● Units affected by Media failure

Most rings use only one loop, Faults in single loop systems affects most devices on the network.

STAR - uses a central device with drop cables extending in all directions. Each network device
is connected via point to point link to the central device.

● Ease of Installation
Are moderately difficult to install. The design of the network is simple, but you must
install a separate media segment for every arm of the star.
● Ease of Reconfiguration
Are relatively easy to reconfigure. Moves, adds, and changes do not involve more
than the connection between changed networked device.
● Ease of Troubleshooting
Easy to troubleshoot. It can also be organized hierarchically, providing architectural
flexibility and traffic isolation
● Units affected by Media failure
It handles media faults relatively well. If a media fault occurs on the network, you
can use the hub/switch to identify and remove offending link from the network.

MESH - has a high point connections between every device in the network together with
another topology. (mixed). Because each devices requires interface for every device, it is not
considered practical.
● Ease of Installation
Difficult to install because each device must be linked directly to all other device
● Ease of Reconfiguration
Difficult to reconfigure. Same reason as above.
● Ease of Troubleshooting
Easy to troubleshoot because each medium link is independent of all others
● Units affected by Media failure
Resist media failures better than other topologies.

CELLULAR/WIRELESS - combines wireless point to point and multi point strategies to divide a
geographic area into cells. Devices within the cell communicate with a central station. It relies
on the location of the wireless media hub.
● Ease of Installation
Dependent upon the accessibility of hub locations. If desirable hub locations are
available, installation is relatively easy. If not, you must arrange property
easement.
● Ease of Reconfiguration
Because it does not require cable, it does not require reconfiguration as users
move.
 ● Ease of Troubleshooting
Relatively simple because each hub interacts independently with each device.
● Units affected by Media failure
When portion of it fail, all the units in the cell’s assignment range are affected.
However, because they are allowed to roam, temporary relocation is relatively
simple

NETWORK BACKBONE

Serial Backbone
● Daisy chain: linked series of devices
○ Hubs and switches often connected in daisy chain to extend a network
● Hubs, gateways, routers, switches, and bridges can form part of backbone
● Extent to which hubs can be connected is limited
●
Distributed Backbone
● is a backbone network that consists of a number of connectivity devices connected to a
series of central connectivity devices, such as hubs, switches, or routers

Collapsed Backbone
● A network configuration that provides a backbone in a centralized location, to which all
subnetworks are attached.

Parallel Backbone
● Each switch and router are connected by two cables. By having more than one cable
connecting each device, it ensures network connectivity to any area of the
enterprise-wide network

● IEEE (Institute of Electrical & Electronics Engineers) group split the MAC address in half,
and used the first half to identify the vendor, and the second half is for the vendor to
allocate as serial numbers
● The Vendor code is specified by RFC - 1700.
● the MAC address is "burnt-in" to the network card's memory

NETWORK DATA TRANSMISSION

● Routable protocols enable the transmission of data between computers in different
segments of a network. However, high volumes of certain kinds of network traffic can
affect network efficiency because they slow down transmission speed.

3 TYPES OF NETWORK DATA TRANSMISSION

Unicast
➔ Unicast is very simple and one of the most common data transmissions in a network
➔ Data is transferred between these two hosts only, where as a broadcast or a multicast is
 destined either everyone or just a group of computers.
Multicast
➔ A multicast is similar to a broadcast in the sense that its target is a number of machines
on a network, but not all. Where a broadcast is directed to all hosts on the network, a
multicast is directed to a group of hosts
Broadcast
➔ The term "Broadcast" is used very frequently in the networking world
➔ A Broadcast means that the network delivers one copy of a packet to each destination.

IP ADDRESSING
● The combination of the four IP address parts provides 4.2 billion possible addresses
(256 x 256 x 256 x 256).
● This number seemed adequate until 1998.
● Members of various Internet task forces are working to develop an alternate addressing
system that will accommodate the projected growth.
● However, all of their working solutions require extensive hardware and software changes
throughout the Internet.
DOMAIN NAME ADDRESSING
● Most web browsers do not use the IP address to locate Web sites and individual pages.
● They use domain name addressing.
● A domain name is a unique name associated with a specific IP address by a program
that runs on an Internet host computer.