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8.
Infinitive Phrase
consists of an infinitive(to + simple form of verb)and modifiers or other words associated to the
infinitive always functions as an adjective,adverb or a noun in a sentence
Examples
He wanted to ride a bicycle. as noun/object
To pass the course is every student's goal. as noun/subject
He reviewed to pass the test as adverb,modifies verb
reviewed
He got a plan to earn another degree. as adjective,modifies noun plan
9.Absolute Phrase
also called nominative phrase·group of words including a noun or pronoun and a participle as well as
any associated modifiers modifies (give information about)the entire sentence resembles a clause but it
lacks a true finite verb separated by a comma or pairs of commas from the rest of the sentence
Examples
The semester nearly finished,Paul and Sol proved their worth as scholars.
God willing,we shall see each other again.
Their heads bowing down,the whole group apologized.
Her determination stronger than ever,Jeza resolved not to give up until she had
achieved her dreams.
Clause
group of related words containing a subject and a predicate
refers to a group of related words within a sentence or itself as an independent

sentence
Examples
I write.
I shall write poems about student's life.
The part of above sentence“I shall write poems”is a clause because it has a subject (1)and a predicate
(shall write poems).On the other hand,the rest of the sentence“about student's life”lacks both
subiect and predicate (verb)such group of word is called phrase
may stand as a simple sentence or mav ioin another clause to make a sentence [a
sentence consists of one,two or more clauses]
Examples
He is studying. one clause

The students were walking at the hallway. one clause
The reporter presented a topic,but the audience didn't two clauses
listen.
The university president was very happy,because two clauses
the programs of the university have passed the Level V
accreditation.
Toni likes engineering program,but her sister three clauses
likes business education,because she plans to be a business
tycoon.
Types of Clauses
1. Main(or independent)clause
2. Subordinate(or dependant)clause
Main Clause VS Subordinate Clause
Darwin is writing a book which is entitled "Technical Writing."
The above sentence has two clauses“Darwin is writing a book"and "which is entitled
Technical Writing".The first clause“Darwin is writing a book"expresses a complete thought
and can standalone as a sentence.Such a clause is called main or independent clause. While
the second clause“which is entitled Technical Writing” does not express a complete thought
and cannot stand as a sentence.It depends on another clause(main clause)to express a
complete idea.Such a clause is called subordinate or dependent clause.
Main or Independent Clause

expresses a complete thought and can stand as a sentence
a main or an independent clause is normally called as a simple sentence
Examples
He saw the teacher who taught him grammar.

He wore his new school uniform which adds to his handsomeness.
His classmates were surprised but he just ignored them.
He took marine engineering program because he wanted to travel around the
world.
His parents are happy and proud of what he has achieved.
Subordinate or Dependent Clause

·does not express complete thought and depends on another clause(main clause)to
express complete thought
A sentence having a subordinate clause must have a main clause.
Example
Sarrah likes the gown which looks elegant.
The clause“which looks elegant”in above sentence is a subordinate clause because

it does not express complete thought and cannot stand as a sentence.It depends on
the main clause “Sarrah likes the gown”to express complete thought.
Examples
1 met the actor who acted as Romeo.
I received a movie ticket that costs Php 150 at the SM Cinema.
He watched the movie because he idolized the lead actor.
The movie goers were silent but he was noisy
Types of Subordinate Clause
1. Noun Clause
performs same function as a noun in a sentence
Example
What they had made the university popular.
In the above sentence the clause“what they had”functions as a noun,hence it is

a noun clause.A noun clause works as a noun that acts as a subject,object,or predicate
in a sentence.A noun clause starts with words "that,what,whatever,who,
whom,whoever,whomever".
Examples
Whatever you've got will be your asset noun clause as a subject

What he said is the truth noun clause as a subject
We believe that he is telling the truth noun clause as an object
Now we will be surprised what slse he would noun clause as an object
say.
2. Adjective Clause
works like adjective in a sentence modifies(describes)a noun or a pronoun always precedes
the noun it modifies Begins with relative pronoun(that,who,whom,whose,which,or whose)and
is also a relative clause
Examples
He used a pen which seems expensive.
He sketched the man who had helped him
A university that tops the board exams is our school
The magazine which I read is very entertaining
The pad where I boarded has two aircons and two beds.
The lady who joined the pageant is here today.
The highlighted clause in above sentences are adjective clauses because they
modify the nouns that come before them.
·Adjective(relative)clauses can be restrictive clause or non-restrictive clause
Restrictive and Non-restrictive Clauses

A restrictive clause limits the meaning of preceding noun or pronoun.A non-
restrictive clause tells something about the preceding noun or pronoun but does not
limit the meaning of the preceding noun or pronoun.
Examples
The professor in the university who took doctorate degree became an
accreditor.The professor in the university, who had taken doctorate degree in
education and philosophy, became an accreditor.
Restrictive clause:
In the first sentence,the clause"who took doctorate degree"restricts information to
preceding noun(professor),it means that there is only one professor in the university
who took a doctorate degree,hence it is a restrictive clause.
In the second sentence,the clause “who had taken doctorate degrees in education
and philosophy"gives us information about preceding noun but does not limit this
A comma is always used before a restrictive clause in a sentence and also after
non-restrictive clause if it is within a main clause.“That”is usually used to introduce a
restrictive clause while “which”is used to introduce a non-restrictive clause.
Examples
The ring that costs Php 500,00o.oo is made of gold. Restrictive
The ring,which costs Php 500,000.00,is made of
gold. Non-restrictive
3. Adverb Clause
■modifies a verb,adjective clause or other adverb clause in a sentence
Th modifies(describes)the situation in main clause in terms of "time,frequency (how
often),cause and effect,contrast,condition,intensity(to what extent)
The subordinating conjunctions used for adverb clauses are as follow.
Time: when,whenever,since,until,before,after,while,as,
by the time,as soon
Cause and effect: because,since,now that,as long as,so,so that
Contrast: although,even,whereas,while,though
Condition: if,unless,only if,whether or not,even if,
providing or provided that,in case
Examples
You may go before they arrive.
You take that program because that fits your ability.
Although he worked hard,he couldn't perfect his craft.
Unless you work hard,you can't achieve it.
They will visit the university unless there's no means of transportation.
You are safe as long as you do your job well.
You can achieve anything provided that you work hard for it.
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8.

refers to a group of related words within a sentence or itself as an independent

He is studying. one clause

Main or Independent Clause

He saw the teacher who taught him grammar.

Subordinate or Dependent Clause

The clause“which looks elegant”in above sentence is a subordinate clause because

In the above sentence the clause“what they had”functions as a noun,hence it is

Whatever you've got will be your asset noun clause as a subject

Restrictive and Non-restrictive Clauses

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