IMAGE PROCESSING

A Seminar report submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for

the award of the degree of

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY

In

COMPUTER SCIENCE ENGINEERING

By

SOUMYARANJAN MUDULI

Registration number - 2101320089

Under the guidance of

SATYAJIT MOHAPATRA

Assistant professor

DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE ENGINEERING

ARYAN INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY ARYABIHAR,

BHUBANESWAR PIN-752050.
CERTIFICATE:

This to certify that the seminar on PATTERN MATCHING USING BIO-

METRIC TECHNIQUES is a Bonafede work carried out by A
SOUMYARANJAN MUDULI in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the
award of Degree of Bachelor of Technology in Computer Science Engineering
from the Aryan Institute of Engineering and Technology AryaVihar,
Bhubaneswar during the academic year 2023- 24. It is certified that the seminar
report satisfies the academic requirement in respect of seminar work described
for the Bachelor of Engineering degree.

Satyajit Mohapatra Prof. Prakash Kumar Dehury

Seminar Guide Head of deptartment
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

My sincere thanks to Prof. Prakash Kumar Dehury, Associate Professor, Head of

Department Computer Science Engineering for his whole hearted support in
complementation of the seminar.
I am highly indebted to my seminar co-ordinator and my seminar guide Satyajit
Mohapatra for guiding and giving timely advices and suggestion in the
successful completion of the seminar.
Last but not least, I would like to thanks The Teaching& Non-Teaching Staff of
Electrical Engineering, I would like thank one and all who have helped me
during the course of this seminar.
 Preface
I have made this report file on the topic Image Processing; I have tried my best to
elucidate all the relevant detail to the topic to be included in the report. While in the
beginning I have tried to give a general view about this topic.

My efforts and wholehearted co-corporation of each and everyone has ended on a

successful note. I express my sincere gratitude to who assisting me throughout the
preparation of this topic. I thank him for providing me the reinforcement, confidence
and most importantly the track for the topic whenever I needed it.
 INDEX

1. Introduction 3
1.1 What is image processing 3
2. History of image processing 4
3. Purpose of image processing 6
3.1 Visualization 6
3.2 Image Sharpening and Smoothening & Restoration 6
3.3 Image Retrieval 7
3.4 Measure of pattern 7
3.5 Image Recognition 8
3.5.1 What is Image Recognition? 8
4. Image Transformation 9
4.1 Filtering 11
4.2 Image Padding 15
5. Types of image processing 16
6. Current research 18
7. Applications of image processing 19
8. Advantages and disadvantages & Future Scope 22
9. Conclusion 23
10. References 24

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 LIST OF FIGURES

Fig 2: First photo graph in the world 5

Fig 3.2: Changing original image to degraded image 6
Fig 3.3: Image Retrieval System 7
Fig 3.5.1.1: Image Recognition 8
Fig 3.5.1.2: Image Recognition of an animal 10
Fig 5: Flow chart of Image Processing 17

LIST OF TABLES

Table 3.5.1 pixel of an image 9

Table 4.1 Different types of filters 11-14
Table 4.2 Fourier filters 15

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 1. INTRODUCTION

➢ 1.1 What is Image Processing?

Image processing is a method to convert an image into digital form and perform some operations on it,
in order to get an enhanced image or to extract some useful information from it. It is a type of signal
dispensation in which input is image, like video frame or photograph and output may be image or
characteristics associated with that image. Usually, Image Processing system includes treating images as
two-dimensional signals while applying already set signal processing methods to them.

It is among rapidly growing technologies today, with its applications in various aspects of a business.
Image Processing forms core research area within engineering and computer science disciplines too.

Image processing basically includes the following three steps.

• Importing the image with optical scanner or by digital photography.

• Analyzing and manipulating the image which includes data compression and image
enhancementand spotting patterns that are not to human eyes like satellite photographs.

• Output is the last stage in which result can be altered image or report that is based on image
analysis.

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2. History of image processing

Many of the techniques of digital image processing, or digital picture processing as it often was called,
were developed in the 1960s, at Bell Laboratories, the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Massachusetts
Institute of Technology, University of Maryland, and a few other research facilities, with application
to satellite imagery, wire-photo standards conversion, medical imaging, videophone, character
recognition, and photograph enhancement. The purpose of early image processing was to improve the
quality of the image. It was aimed for human beings to improve the visual effect of people. In image
processing, the input is a low-quality image, and the output is an image with improved quality.
Common image processing includes image enhancement, restoration, encoding, and compression. The
first successful application was the American Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL). They used image
processing techniques such as geometric correction, gradation transformation, noise removal, etc. on
the thousands of lunar photos sent back by the Space Detector Ranger 7 in 1964, taking into account
the position of the sun and the environment of the moon. The impact of the successful mapping of the
moon's surface map by the computer has been a huge success. Later, more complex image processing
was performed on the nearly 100,000 photos sent back by the spacecraft, so that the topographic map,
color map and panoramic mosaic of the moon were obtained, which achieved extraordinary results and
laid a solid foundation for human landing on the moon.
The cost of processing was fairly high, however, with the computing equipment of that era. That
changed in the 1970s, when digital image processing proliferated as cheaper computers and dedicated
hardware became available. This led to images being processed in real-time, for some dedicated
problems such as television standards conversion. As general-purpose computers became faster, they
started to take over the role of dedicated hardware for all but the most specialized and computer-
intensive operations. With the fast computers and signal processors available in the 2000s, digital image
processing has become the most common form of image processing, and is generally used because it
is not only the most versatile method, but also the cheapest.

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Fig 2: first photo graph in the world

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3 Purpose of Image Processing

The purpose of image processing is divided into 5 groups. They are:

3.1 Visualization – Observe the objects that are not visible.

A process of converting (rendering) image pixel/voxel into 2D/3D graphical representation. Most
computers support 8-bit (256) grayscale display, sufficient to human vision that can only resolve 32-
64 grayscale. A common 12/16-bit (4096/65536 grayscales) medical image can be selectively
displayed based on grayscale classification. Window width (display range in grayscale) and linear level
function (centre of the window width) are frequently used in adjusting display content.

3.2 Image sharpening and smoothening and image restoration

To create a better image.In this section we discuss about techniques that jointly considered smoothing and
sharpening. The first idea we came up is to process the image in two different steps: first, by implementing one
operation and then, over the processed image, carrying on the second process. Here, the order in which we carry
the operations can greatly change the output. If we sharpen before smoothing, we can increase the relevance of
image noise, which will complicate the smoothing task. If, by contrast, we smooth before sharpening, we may
loss information in the smoothing process that the sharpen method could not recover. In general, the second
approach usually provides better outcomes, however, it is still not an optimal solution. For that reason, techniques
that were able to combine simultaneously both smoothing and sharpness have been suggested in the last few
years.

Fig 3.2: Changing original image to degraded image

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3.3 Image retrieval
Seek for the image of interest.

An image retrieval system is a computer system used for browsing, searching and retrieving images
from a large database of digital images. Most traditional and common methods of image retrieval utilize
some method of adding metadata such as captioning, keywords, title or descriptions to the images so
that retrieval can be performed over the annotation words. Manual image annotation is time- consuming,
laborious and expensive; to address this, there has been a large amount of research done on automatic
image annotation. Additionally, the increase in social web applications and the semantic web have
inspired the development of several web-ased image annotation tools.

Fig 3.3: Image retrieval system

3.4 Measurement of pattern – Measures various objects in an image.

Image is the most important pattern perceived every day. A lot of biometric patterns, such as faces,
fingerprints, palmprints, hands, iris, ears, are all shown in images. Image pattern recognition, therefore,
the fundamental problem in pattern recognition area, particularly in biometrics. The process of an image
pattern recognition task generally includes four steps: image acquisition, image pre-processing, image
feature...

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3.5 Image Recognition – Distinguish the objects in an image.
Before starting with this blog, first have a basic introduction to CNN to brush up on your skills. The
visual performance of Humans is much better than that of computers, probably because of superior
high-level image understanding, contextual knowledge, and massively parallel processing. But human
capabilities deteriorate drastically after an extended period of surveillance, also certain working
environments are either inaccessible or too hazardous for human beings. So, for these reasons,
automatic recognition systems are developed for various applications. Driven by advances in
computing capability and image processing technology, computer mimicry of human vision has
recently gained ground in a number of practical applications.
3.5.1 What is Image recognition?

Fig 3.5.1.1: image recognition

Image recognition refers to technologies that identify places, logos, people, objects, buildings, and
several other variables in digital images. It may be very easy for humans like you and me to recognize
different images, such as images of animals. We can easily recognize the image of a cat and
differentiate it from an image of a horse. But it may not be so simple for a computer.
A digital image is an image composed of picture elements, also known as pixels, each with finite,
discrete quantities of numeric representation for its intensity or grey level. So, the computer sees an
image as numerical values of these pixels and in order to recognize a certain image, it has to recognize.

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Table 3.5.1: pixels of an image

An image of a dog represented by 40 x 40 pixels.

Image recognition should not be confused with object detection. In object detection, we analysis an
image and find different objects in the image while image recognition deals with recognizing the
images and classifying them into various categories.

How does Image recognition work?

Typically, the task of image recognition involves the creation of a neural network that processes the
individual pixels of an image. These networks are fed with as many pre-labelled images as we can, in
order to “teach” them how to recognize similar images.

So let me break the process for you in some simple steps:

• We need a dataset containing images with their respective labels. For example, an image of a
dog must be labelled as a dog or something that we can understand.
• Next, these images are to be fed into a Neural Network and then trained on them. Usually, for

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 • The tasks concerned with images, we use convolutional neural network. These networks consist of
convolutional layers and pooling layers in addition to Multiexciton layers (MLP). The working of
convolutional and pooling layers is explained in the below.
• We feed in the image that is not in the training set and get predictions.

In the coming sections, by following these simple steps we will make a classifier that can recognize
RGB images of 10 different kinds of animals.

fig 3.5.1.1: Image recognition of animal

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4. Image transformation

4.1 Filtering
Digital filters are used to blur and sharpen digital images. Filtering can be performed by:

• convolution with specifically designed kernels (filter array) in the spatial domain
• masking specific frequency regions in the frequency (Fourier) domain
The following examples show both methods:

Filter type Kernel or mask Example

000
Original Image
[0 1 0]

000

111
Spatial
Lowpass 1/9* [1 1 1]

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 0 −1 0
Spatial High
[ −1 4−1]
pass
0 −1 0

Pseudo-code:

Fourier image = checkerboard

Representat
F = Fourier Transform of image
ion
Show Image: log(1+Absolute Value(F))

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Fourier
Lowpass

Fourier
Highpass

Table 4.1 different types of filtering’s

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4.2 Image Padding in Fourier Domain Filtering

Images are typically padded before being transformed to the Fourier space, the high pass
filtered images below illustrate the consequences of different padding techniques:

Zero padded Repeated edge padded

Table 4.2 Fourier filters

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5. Types of Image Processing

The two types of methods used for Image Processing are Analog and Digital Image Processing.

➢ Analog or visual techniques of image processing can be used for the hard copies like
printouts and photographs.

Image analysts use various fundamentals of interpretation while using these visual techniques. The
image processing is not just confined to area that has to be studied but on knowledge of analyst.
Association is another important tool in image processing through visual techniques. So, analysts
apply a combination of personal knowledge and collateral data to image processing.

➢ Digital Processing techniques help in manipulation of the digital images by using computers. As
raw data from imaging sensors from satellite platform contains deficiencies.

To get over such flaws and to get originality of information, it has to undergo various phases of
processing. The three general phases that all types of data have to undergo while using digital
technique are Pre- processing, enhancement and display, information extraction.

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Fig 5. flow chart of image processing

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6. Current Research

Wide research is being done in the Image processing technique.

1) Cancer Imaging – Different tools such as PET, MRI, and Computer aided Detection helps to
diagnose and be aware of the tumor.

2) Brain Imaging – Focuses on the normal and abnormal development of brain, brain ageing and
common disease states.

3) Image processing – This research incorporates structural and functional MRI in neurology,
analysis of bone shape and structure, development of functional imaging tools in oncology, and
PET image processing software development.

4) Imaging Technology – Development in image technology have formed the requirement to

establish whether new technologies are effective and cost beneficial. This technology works
under the following areas:

o Magnetic resonance imaging of the knee

o Computer aided detection in mammography

o Endoscopic ultrasound in staging the esophageal cancer

o Magnetic resonance imaging in low back pain

o Ophthalmic Imaging – This works under two categories:

1. Development of automated software- Analyzes the retinal images to show early sign of
diabetic retinopathy

2. Development of instrumentation – Concentrates on development of scanning laser

ophthalmoscope

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7. Applications of Image Processing

1. Computer Vision

Computer vision is the science and technology of machines that see. As a scientific discipline,
computer vision is concerned with the theory for building artificial systems that obtain information
from images. The image data can take many forms, such as a video sequence, views from multiple
cameras, or multi-dimensional data from a medical scanner. As a technological discipline, computer
vision seeks to apply the theories and models of computer vision to the construction of computer
vision systems. Computer vision can also be described as a complement (but not necessarily the
opposite) of biological vision. In biological vision, the visual perception of humans and various
animals are studied, resulting in models of how these systems operate in terms of physiological
processes. Computer vision, on the other hand, studies and describes artificial vision system that are
implemented in software and/or hardware. Interdisciplinary exchange between biological and
computer vision has proven increasingly fruitful for both fields.

2. Face Detection

Face detection is a computer technology that determines the locations and sizes of human faces in
arbitrary (digital) images. It detects facial features and ignores anything else, such as buildings, trees
and bodies. Face detection can be regarded as a specificcase of object-class detection; In object-class
detection, the task is to find the locations and sizes of all objects in an image that belong to a given
class. Face detection can be regarded as a more general case of face localization; In face localization,
the task is to find the locations and sizes of a known number of faces (usually one). In face detection,
one does not have this additional information. Examples include upper torsos, pedestrians, and cars.
Face detection is used in biometrics, often as a part of (or together with) a facial recognition system.
It is alsoused in video surveillance, human computer interface and image database management.
Somerecent digital cameras use face detection for autofocus[1]. Also, face detection is useful for
selecting regions of interest in photo slideshows that use a pan-and-scale Ken Burns effect.

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3. Remote Sensing

Remote sensing is the small or large-scale acquisition of information of an object or phenomenon, by

the use of either recording or real-time sensing device(s) that is not in physical or intimate contact with
the object (such as by way of aircraft, spacecraft, satellite, buoy, or ship). In practice, remote sensing
is the stand-off collection through the use of a variety of devices for gathering information on a given
object or area. Thus, Earth observation or weather satellite collection platforms, ocean and
atmospheric observing weather buoy platforms, monitoring of a pregnancy via ultrasound, Magnetic
Resonance Imaging (MRI), Positron Emission Tomography (PET), and space probes are all examples
of remote sensing. In modern usage, the term generally refers to the use of imaging

sensor technologies including but not limited to the use of instruments aboard aircraft and spacecraft,
and is distinct from other imaging-related fields such as medical imaging.

4. Medical Imaging

Medical imaging refers the techniques and process used to create images of human body for clinical
purposes (medical procedures seeking to reveal disease) or medical science as it part of biological
imaging and incorporates radiology, radiology science, endoscopy, thermography, medical
photography and microscopy. medical image is often perceived to designate the set of techniques that
produce images of the internal aspect of the body. Medical imaging processing encompasses the use
an exploration of 3D images datasets of the human body, obtained most commonly from a computed
tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scanner to diagnose pathologies or guide
medical interventions such assurgical planning, or for research purposes. And X-RAY can be used to
examine most areas of the body. They are mainly used to look at the bones and joints, although they
are sometimes usedto detect problems affecting soft tissue, such as internal organs. problems that
may be detected during X-RAY.

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5. Microscope image processing

Microscope image processing is a broad term that covers the use of digital image processing
techniques to process, analyze and present images obtained from a microscope. Such processing is
now commonplace in a number of diverse fields such as medicine, biological research, cancer
research, drug testing, metallurgy, etc. A number of manufacturers of microscopes now specifically
design in features that allow the microscopes to interface to an image processing system. Until the
early 1990s, most image acquisition in video microscopy applications was typically done with an
analog video camera,often simply closed-circuit TV cameras. While this required the use of a frame
grabber to digitize the images, video cameras provided images at full video frame rate (25-30 frames
persecond) allowing live video recording and processing. While the advent of solid-state detectors
yielded several advantages, the real-time video camera was actually superior in many respects.

6. Lane departure warning system

In road-transport terminology, a lane departurewarning system is a mechanism designed to warn a

driver when the vehicle begins to move out ofits lane (unless a turn signal is on in that direction) on
freeways and arterial roads. The first production lane departure warning system in Europe was the
system developed by Iteris for Mercedes Actros commercial trucks. The system debuted in 2000 and
is now available on most trucks sold in Europe. In 2002, the iteris is system became available on
Freightliner Trucks' trucksin North America. In all of these systems, the driver is warned of
unintentional lane departures byan audible rumble strip sound generated on the side of the vehicle

drifting out of the lane. If a turnsignal is used, no warnings are generated.

7. Mathematical morphology

Mathematical morphology (MM) is a theory and technique for the analysis and processing of
geometrical structures, based on set theory, lattice theory, topology, and random functions. MM is
most commonly applied to digital images, but it can be employed as well on graphs, surface meshes,
solids, and many other spatial structures. Topological and geometrical continuous-space concepts
such as size, shape, convexity, connectivity, and geodesic distance, can be characterized by MM on
both continuous and discretespaces. MM is also the foundation of morphological image processing,
which consists of a set of operators that transform images according to the above characterizations.

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MM was originally developed for binary images, and was later extended to grayscale functions and
images. The subsequent generalization to complete lattices is widely accepted today as MM's
theoretical foundation.

8. Advantages and disadvantages and future scope

8.1 Advantages
• This one is more accurate than the overlapping method because it is based upon
minutia.
• It is an interactive method for recognizing fingerprints.

8.2 Disadvantages
• It is more time consuming as compared to the former.
• More complex program.

8.3 future scope

We all are in midst of revolution ignited by fast development in computer technology and imaging.
Against common belief, computers are not able to match humans in calculation related to image
processing and analysis. But with increasing sophistication and power of the modern computing,
computation will go beyond conventional, Von Neumann sequential architecture and would
contemplate the optical execution too. Parallel

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9. CONCLUSION

Using image processing techniques, we can sharpen the images, contrast to make a graphic display
more useful for display, reduce amount of memory requirement for storing image in for motion,
etc., due to such techniques, image processing is applied in recognition of images´ as in factory
floor quality assurance systems; image enhancement’, as in satellite reconnaissance
systems;³image synthesis´ as in law enforcement suspect identification systems, and image
construction´ as in plastic surgery design systems.

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10. References

• www.google.com
• www.wikipedia.com

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