Fundamentals of Alternating

Voltage & Current

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 Power Generation (Hydro )

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 Generation of Alternating Voltage

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 Generation of Alternating Voltage

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 Generation of Alternating Voltage

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 Relationship between angle and
waveform

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 Radian

2π rad= 2(3.142) 6.28 rad= 360 0

ω = θ/t rad/s

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 Instantaneous Values
v = 𝑉𝑚 sin 𝜃
𝜃= 𝜔𝑡
v = 𝑉𝑚 sin 𝜔𝑡
𝑉𝑚 − the maximum voltage value
𝜃 −is the angle of rotation from reference
v−the instantaneous value of voltage at angle 𝜃.
ω – Angular speed of rotation
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 Instantaneous Voltage Examples
An alternating current varying sinusoidally with
a frequency of 50 Hz has an maximum value of
20 A. Write down the equation of the voltage
wave and find instantaneous values for a)
0.0025 sec b) 0.0125 sec after passing through a
positive maximum value. (c) At what time,
measured from a positive maximum value, will
the instantaneous current be 14.14 A?

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 Phase Shift
i= 𝐼 𝑆𝑖𝑛(𝜔𝑡) i= 𝐼 𝑆𝑖𝑛(𝜔𝑡 − 𝜃)
i= 𝐼 𝑆𝑖𝑛(𝜔𝑡 + 𝜃)

v= 𝑉𝑠 𝑆𝑖𝑛(𝜔𝑡)

With With With

reference to reference to reference to
Voltage Voltage Voltage
waveform waveform waveform
Current Current Current
Waveform is Waveform is Waveform is
leading in phase lagging

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 Examples
• Draw following waveforms with reference to
wave no. 01

1. V= V Sin (ωt)
2. V= V Sin (ωt-π/2)
3. V= V Sin (ωt-π)
4. V= V Sin (ωt-3π/2)
5. V= V Sin (ωt+π/2)
6. V= V Sin (ωt+π)
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 Instantaneous Values contd..
v = 𝑉𝑚 sin 𝜃 + φ 𝑜𝑟
v = 𝑉𝑚 sin(𝜃 − φ)

v = 𝑉𝑚 sin(𝜔𝑡 + φ)

v = 𝑉𝑚 sin(𝜔𝑡 − φ)

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 Properties of a Periodic Wave
(Sinusoid)
• Periodic waveform: A waveform that
continually repeats itself after the same time
interval.

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 Peak Value and Peak to Peak Value &
Periodic Time

Periodic
Time

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• Frequency ( f ): The number of cycles that
occur in 1 s. The frequencies of the
waveforms in figure below respectively are 1
cycle per second, 2.5 cycles per second and 2
cycles per second. Unit is Hertz.

1 Hz 2.5Hz 2 Hz

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 Phase Angle
• Phase angle (θ) is the angular difference
between the same points on two different
waveforms of the same frequency.

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 Example
For the sinusoidal waveform given,
a. What is the peak value?
b. What is the instantaneous value at 0.3 s and 0.6 s?
c. What is the peak-to-peak value of the waveform?
d. What is the period of the waveform?
e. How many cycles are shown?
f. What is the frequency of the waveform?

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 Question
• By considering maximum voltage to be 1V
draw the sinusoidal voltage waveform on a
graph/square ruled paper taking 5 degree
intervals.

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 Frequency Spectrum

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 Average Value of a Waveform

In a sinusoidal wave ,
Average value=0.637x Maximum value
Iav = 0.637x Imax
Or Vav =0.637x Vmax

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 Example
Find Average values of below waves

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 Root Mean Square Value (RMS)
The RMS value of an
alternating current is
the steady (DC)
current which, when
flowing through a
circuit produces the
same heat as
produced by the
alternating current
flowing through same
circuit during same
time.

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 RMS Value

Square value

Mean Square value

Root Mean Square value

RMS Value of 𝑉𝑚𝑎𝑥
Sinusoidal Signal
𝑉𝑟𝑚𝑠 =
√2

RMS Value of half 𝑉𝑚𝑎𝑥

wave rectified 𝑉𝑟𝑚𝑠 =
Sinusoidal Signal 2

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 Example
• What is the peak value of a sinusoidal
alternating current of 4.78A?

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 Different Factors of a Sinusoid
• Form Factor = RMS Value = .707Imax/.637Imax
Average Value
=1.11
• Crest /Peak Factor = Maximum Value
RMS Value
= Vmax/Vrms
= 1 ÷ 1/√2
=1.414

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 Examples
Find RMS values of following waveforms

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 Phasor Representation of Alternating
Quantities
• Generally, the length of
a phasor represents
the RMS value or the
maximum value of the
sinusoidal quantity.
The phasor is called a
rotating vector.

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 Phasor Diagrams

Phasor Diagram is like a snap shot of the rotating

vectors at a particular time. There is no relative
motion between vectors. The set of vectors
rotate at same speed/angular velocity
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 Addition of Two Sinusoidal Quantities
in Phase and 180 Degrees Out of Phase

Add the two phasors of the Add the two phasors of the
identical sinusoidal wave identical sinusoidal wave
forms above vectorialy. forms above vectorialy.
You will get 2Vmax Sin ωt You will get 0

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 Addition of Two Sinusoidal Quantities
Equal Amplitude not in Phase
Resultant
Wave(black)
Find the equation of
the resultant wave?
Hint: Add the two phasors
vectorialy

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 Contd.

𝐸𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑢𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑤𝑎𝑣𝑒 𝑖𝑠 √2𝑉𝑚 Sin ωt+ 450

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 Example
• Find the resultant of
the shown waves

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 Subtraction of Sinusoidal Quantities

• Perform vector subtraction on the two phasors in

each diagram.
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 Subtraction of Sinusoidal Quantities

-Vm Vm 2Vm

Steps to find resultant of

two subtracted phasors Resultant Phasor
1. Draw exactly opposite magnitude =2Vm
vector which you want Angle( ωt+0)
to subtract Resultant Waveform
2. Perform vector Equation=2Vmsin (ωt+0)
addition Equation=2Vmsin ωt
3. Find the angle of the
resultant phasor.
4. Write the equation of
the resultant
waveform
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 Subtraction of Sinusoidal Quantities

• Subtract blue wave from red wave

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 Subtraction of Sinusoidal Quantities
√2𝑉𝑚 Sin (ω𝑡 +3150 )

Vm

45 0
Vm

√2𝑉𝑚 < 315°

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 Example
• Find the subtraction
of the shown waves

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 Single Phase AC Circuits -Purely Resistive

Instantaneous
voltage

Instantaneous
power Instantaneous
current

Instantaneous power

Average Power
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 Single Phase AC Circuits -Purely Inductive

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 Single Phase AC Circuits
-Purely Inductive

𝑋𝐿 = 2πFL

Average Power

How ever there are no pure

inductors without any resistance.
Inductors with negligible resistance
is considered as purely inductive
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 Single Phase AC Circuits
-Purely Capacitive
i= dCv
dt

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 Single Phase AC Circuits
-RL Circuit

V=I Z

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 Single Phase AC Circuits
-Power in RL Circuit

Active

𝑆 2 =P2 +Q2
Power Factor Cos φ = P/S
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 Single Phase AC Circuits
-RC Circuit

𝑋𝑐 = 1/2πfC

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 Single Phase AC Circuits
-Power in RC Circuit

𝑆 2 =P2 +Q2
Power Factor Cos φ = P/S

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 Parallel AC Circuits

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 Parallel AC Circuits
Component of resultant
current in x direction

Component of resultant
current in y direction

Resultant
current

Angle between voltage

and resultant current

Power Factor

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 Example
1
• Find z in circuit
1.Draw phasor
diagram and find
power factor.

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