wd > AeAL ANatyess ag > TH ws He branch of wothemoatical os Onobyses ARodt Stuolces Ape Ae favour of — ==) Heol Mumbers SequemCes Omol Sees of | = eal umber anol real fimcfcons. rE | ow 3 i) Coven dhe fmobmental of Matematica! O ws. (arvengence of Sequence ae eis ; Fini ' Ole F fer entiobilixs | Remoon unteyel, Gequen Gs anol | Oromo fanchiens » Lincformily Onol fA | Un ter Change of lime Oporakvonr. : Algebraic. properties of on the Set R of Heol, Mumberr ture One too Dinooy Dperations + Olenno ted by +) owl «> and. Calledl Ooldlitron anol Nultipiiahon 1 Wlefectively - Wine Operation’ Satingy The fallercing Properties: SSELLEGELELLELEL Pevebibibié1/02/22 (Ar.) Connie tive broberty of Addition : Q+b was v i fon all a,b un R 42) Ars oCcative property of Adlolition (o+b)+C = O+lb+e) fon OM Abe UN R. 3) Exétence Of & Zeno element there exists an eument Din R Such Pyot OF0 =A ank A+o= fon oll O un R. (44) Existence of Negative elements ‘ fon €och O. in here exists On element -q un R Such Stes ia teal Be=& fo ott , eer KR Q+(-0) =O aml ‘ ‘ ‘ 6 (-0) + (a) =0PPE 4 fl | “(OC | ae a s 1) 0 ae fn ae eeaetsneeeeeeeensteeey ———. | = } Since @.b=0, by 1-2) thin alo ; 4 CQuals, oo I (4J- (aby = (kJ0 = 0 ~ Ths tue have. ~~ bz bh SoS: bax a +0 ard b £0 eee Qab=o — 4 ~~ dper Sech_4 _—=— ¥ been i. eee. A> a *b\ = ee _ zla b) bo as f Lie] b =o es i = - ‘ ye ca lahich ipa Cadi tio _ a — A-b=otwh eli Q=5 oY b=0 F[ Fn Q one jenn 28 _ouatonal tink ee ne Such tied gees SE | se = ee eee ey aa s&s eo 3 Ea tS 2. ati te ia aa mates ty a eee realme otro Relate} RA . SHRINATRAL— 91s bolh ewes ode 18 Cong oliction Lz ga Tettoral NO. Xz fia Sila, iste] a6)i : te ef ICO) CP : ety cee a ai ie aliases” ctl | Therecfaxc, a a Toa ad bt neh sey notational Convenience, we Wil tbdte oe ee aézbzc , A2béc and aLbéc are Sas A. Sintlan Manner.In the. vedi “hound, | Wd _cz0 Ee = a Ch =Ca_ = (-c)(a-4) in _ P, ” et at Ca Whth ¢ zo. a ss athens Hence fat 72 ITF ger “By 4 Dich Sayre fom _the 10 ; ate n ee ithe, QE. P. ‘St oY vores oe a= 20 oe Alto tt 2 at Bo A =~ fa = ry aoe ee € Py le — Corea ~ 6 on = tsa ee | / Since = tt Folin, Pucom (a) thot Ls 0 J ag — J Y he N , then aps 1 = Wi Ue. ieeeertesticn Seo Hh. “Thi_azperttiin| ex Nat in toue We_Bupbone the | as | ht Es the "uta unt 7 % a IB Cag pale —_ — Giese Oe elk){TO (0) al a) ee oe D2.t1o Theorem : Tt ab>o tun either _— A) A>0 an b>og 06 pai Ji) Azo aol bLo. _ Pia Dan 8 peat we ole thot abo 5 mples 7 A#0 grid bro. 3 — “foc the__Tichoto prupedy cite Q>0 iE i 19. oa Tf aso,~ then Yo 0, anal ms i a finde 5 iM Mt aver ae ws (ab) 20 2.1.11 Corolla: Tf ab 20 ten eitfar Sia 40a bro ot realme otb RaHul SHRINATRALa ~ =~ | Wh Qonchude that B= $xeR: 2xfU feck ge _ all Determine 4 the pet SESE aay — | ee os lov te fave it) x.120 Od gs2co. Tnn_Cane_i)_ he Must have both. 22h. Aho 3-2 Which i sreticted 4 aed Only > Tn Coed [ive Must have both 224 Qh 22-2 Which iz iSathtied FH ang Only “Hh een. M2 5 2 ek phot I = — — —s — Si be i) -1>0 and 2X42 20. — i — — ec Int 1 20 ft X+2 rue we hove etter D 7-1 J i =e a Newey — [ We i Pactual Tal ee eR =2 e021, ito |__ F re seaawbles a) — het_azo¢b>o0 Thon Conpiclor tht Cage ttre — ay the Capea =o to the —dceddoy, ___ T : : a ‘SHRI NATRAJ < pe fee athe az aw Ha Geist)emnoulli tn Tocqualliy + 25 Cay PETS ie dhe ae Sota Tene) = al nen— i = dite mii yoltee «zd - ee — rite Sp hE 2 aaeeion is valid in thin_Cane, —__] af meme) et pun eee — in ut, tote ky Ken | Ga) Se Kn i ard thot , $47 >0 Nz _K+i , ye eed to psenve, Ui Sts Lt (ktl) ey Stiga) Shot by © ROHUL@®) SHRINATRAJrent cize alison ath = 0 ( briven) Li ks We Cn write be b+o (asld{tive identity). b= bt (a+ a) ( Ey SHRINATRAJ(2b) x(=1+ (1) )=0 CDxC)4 Ca) At) =6 EE en): =) = realmeee or Roa a7 Dabs 224+ 5465 3) (exsdene m av elements (Existence of yecipaca. 3)aa Ninsaits a Qidea = rer a2 tei) = BH ‘ es ere a c Bi aye — eo A ae ¢ qa —4_ ip Nok | pxine) 1 - eer SHRINATRAJ A realme a3| “ “(1 mu Lt oy) O7._| 7. heave v 3b ek ae 2B 3 Puppore. a P an wi. _jnteqeu, ae hor} A$ : J od [Zi hy het a_i ane! a eee oe we. QaRUME | ate and: Mes no + Gormuh ep Sipe J Pct —othet__then 1. wi, pie nm et, We _ pee that? is add. ‘SHRINATRAD, > t ~~ > =COCooO) COLETTE ~~ | P| Gie that “Zia anil Poll Nees a eS ant Md i — tational at = 8:0 - OL ra Komus hat Pau y coed gulishal Than Upwey, Tey ZS ant, statioral foo. oe. EN CTI ; ~X=_@_ and Yo Cc whore yb c* 9 ic Re A ny 09 Ou yy TF | 1 | Rhus, Xty = 2 € ‘SHRINATRAJ Bic Sate=O) wee DI see dtatichal pry oationad. ten — S J] astety iis My “Da jut us Consider that 24 ip Sah ral | ive Know Wheh is, -Safidnal ad oudicnal Hun, xy i wy ay (Qruved Above * Noubs L. ee | ee he (14y)7x =a peas —_— > i- ‘SHRINATRAD oS~~ CS LL = _ ae re cae His ge re an - ae i o = a _ = e/g! a a ae ——}. — | fe a a gees this im, that ip -Motional rs Pe Mtveh See te | wes tence May ae | pias Ae 2 he We Kus, # gh tn q4ic >htc atc é bta anh AUETT I ‘| Qicé ptd ed. 2 = D; »(OO00 mI? og 0B. | rt ab Ee den ee Lats é Rea pr ar a a tf ago then we knows it, ack od —— ato. abel then__a*>0— Tt _imblies thot, a2 508 q =) Jae 1k fa Since be Sp ge ga Salaun tha 2 th7> 0 Int x if aek thn __0 4 azb theh a =0 Sa ie C Swlal=2?s|@| Xe) 20.15Value of bb Qf. ra WM (a) Jabl -_yse_l) = la} — 4 pial a ek FasbeR— = either aa oc__beo ae 4 [ale 0-0. |bl=0 ae | Obv: _Jabl = [a]: Jb a i) aso bso mea Sb (abl = ah on A>0 lab=Qa - ll boo =b OP a Eb | SJareye ony ayy - : =( DO ae 2227) eee Wa es ee b Et ee = (-a).b =-ab Tyee > Jal|b) = (-a)t-b) = ab oe lab) = } eia= i.” Yack ve 0 [a*| = a> 2 = omy L 5 A hon ~ = re Sa realme a Proll CD SHRINATRAJ —_M__Abew (J ale ae iq, - |b) 2b 2 yp) Velal-|b) 2 ath - [b-af— «(OOo en ee f@l=|bl 2 Ja-b] — i) Seay Ib l= a {al=lbl > =| a-b] — 3a) ae eg” J) ard 33) [es |b-a sae tb] 2 Pepa Ib-a+ ald |b-al+ fal {- Ja-b| 2 ja) -|bl 2 Ja-b) [be xeh IzJZb fa)=Ibl) 2 [a-b Hence Petaveo spl 2 Jolt [bl - c - = * *. realme oh QP c/s 1 \) SHRINATRAYlal? +9 Cal-+Ibl)? . Jap bl i £ (lal Ib)” = ss Masel 0 = - eT ing 4 = 7 a £ lait bb) Hence Proves) = — = =a — : — ab “as bI ses Lta=b)-+b “ i B+ [bl e|- ¢(TIO) ne jr 4 2.255 Coxe llonuy: a Oa an Que “ay ——4 Ly |S ew RITA IAT eA [oe Jox43] 24 ; eee eat ES CIF ‘ ens OE SS ea) o siiaiialtaataininanlaie ek Sak 24 b2-. Lid Lea Pe eet ee a pew? jal raw: Ut S129 H2041 £ UL 9X 20— SHRI NATRAS RR Sra)“OT uy Pal ss TQbot) Z 23 + Real Nuibor fine > 4% A £2 E> 9.6 4272 Lae 228) ut ger ¥ ze Pret bowthee of a qe pain en 6% >0 4hen Bex} if | ee | aml f= a] 7 ___ aE ech ey a aie. or i : 7 FO G@E elite Shot byard b¢0, alle itat TS es E gone | Rvsdte thin. 2s 6) ae _ Se ae ae 22. = “Sa —Squmu_seaf both Sides a PERE Dos 5. ae a : Mees o. Qj = 2 = 7 Zz realme= ql pg Do realme + SHRINATRADIY, _ © /. =< Ei “COU : 7 po CR anf ~2z > 7 a —Beme 76 jee a Raye pat _|z-z]. RE rIEY Leyezy then fe etd =vlt Jy-z] = yt) Gay) = 22% = |2-2) Eye ed ps cyl fuer |e ey ty oz Zs 2 = [77 realme— haat ; | OTT) Se” 4 SH gereb ang AL gL eh aly. Hing © b-a — dexpreh gunedsd | ue eSifpare. that, yer A i then, lay = ty | +b Csubbercting y ) | = aay bey = jy | | 7 tie = dlpy hye SS =7 t— a “y 3 ~Y 2-a + 7 ; — Caddies b) j— b-4 £b-@ — @ Fi) oe. on 3). andl a) | 4-0 2 b-@ d t tL i — Ep a] (1-01 fa deat theh tho Ierash “sf decal” 4@___b=@ . > (71.1 ee = isa | | SHRINATRAJpe | Bie {0001 a 6] Fed Sal aap Ber oN fur eT og ea ne Knot ce ad Ory io?) eS ee “+5 2 Weep 2346 -&4Z W219 -9 4 £9 2 realmeWhen =) 2 22 Resin ess ce ey ye ep eee a tT dln 2 a = -&h = 4 = - Zz i> =0 OUbY . RERUEO) SHRINATRAY-(ati) 24-2 2 HHL =2%4l £74 £243 KF L4H BOG 2 Yrs Zan QM=0- oo a Se E realme ha) Co]Shot by«(O00 a ili al tof ee? When es ae tate, “Tit haa —=la=1) > 4h Pan HLth > 24h : __ eee af x Lo belsry 4o_get_ cae —Uni'Gh__ aid Cages eal "bea realme iy oa ay ose ~ REHUL@) SHRINATRAJ1 o hs ~~ a E'S ee that U- €o 2% —— i ~bone] — 04 alba Shel Ct and _f ve Wwe W-V.._Then__£.>0 » ___— [Net &>02 Since tu Ge 2 _ thon Gh Lippert Bome element Sz 04. Mgt be i Hag U- &, Hat ip ' i -645S Heh co Poearces) realme P= : eral @P ce)-| |") SHRINATRAJ} _ AE eee ty Ihe NG 233 2 a — — Hil uber i =o feed Lan el k “Ashok Sof. = D my {3 mies thé. Condition. Ss g pice seme Ht Vsu_, teh J S4§ Such ! Of Ruaod. py Gonksea dictib = epee Pita eK Ye hubfeae that -< lon ak et eee A ott ad taf LS ee = PES Chavet vs Woe inns! fort SHRI NATRAJ realme otb Rell| (TT oy | i | Lemma 2.3.4 Yor infu nih KA lower bound us. Of a an- enply Bet Is in Rin the > infirm Of S i land Only fox ewuf £620 f (thane exicts) Jan SeVes Such that “ 3e, 2+ & | Reewsd 2 a Seca Leis hes | 4-0, Lindi ta, the _ greatest: i ibowex orl 8 U4 & : Dre tal os ister bat Seer Qneus Pras Tes +e ig not a —_fowew bound heh — meine aS cvs) eb a ES | c Qe, = Ste ‘SHRINATRAY aoy —S FUER X20 4 —all ny sual Values % ie Queatentban ose “Tee ac ae a list na fake bound. i , a [Hence tnt ¢ =o 2] Si = SxeR p04 As al) NLeocti ve lLalyeg > I Phab Cleueufe at = —h zea — SE Nip = SKK Beg a e_ Moff pS sis Hel SaGest ROM iaeL —Maxe fqn {aii aie i aL a ‘ a 3 0 oo te tO i" ee nik Chek Bot Ageia SHRINATRAJ realme° . | <_ | “COC ~~ i) tas wD em bi g- PER, 4429747 Laka = = 2 hil —_— | x 2 242 ik ee : xr ye | (wa) (ai) co a re — i Giget 4-2 20 ong _x4120 3 142, 2e-1 | — a er J Gif x4120 => 759, Koa epee EB 9 5 2 Ass ss 5 A ¥ En Z a ad I Syf Be -1 A SupB = 9 —s I ; ea c= S yee: Led @ und 9 a = A SHRI NATRAJ«(OOo oe oe — Si —_ bounded helbw. » 428 - -s24#-i inf s=# —$$§-*s = gtk baad —belos., the ‘s ae, see) ts inbred abmt ak “hb 209 + sae ShOtbyK “Renune) ‘SHRINATRAJrealme ot by. JRGHUEY) SHRI NATRAJhfe h Lower Lppor bound ol B od lags ant fer stp and, 2 Ba Preabectivty * £A -_i) 7 Bz — Add Pt“ 4 Ate 2 s, bd ao AUB is Sup (Ava) Sub PSuphs spe =we SPS and USS > U Myph be Sounit oF upper 7 7 hour 5 Gere ves Gur e ys sh . iGage rd Sup (Sv fog j= s* Bye ' I 2 Sup $S*) uj =, st ~ sti) . { Verddied » fl | Gate mS Susop) = S* 7 — a rt oe see > | Poet a = a CB Z 7 ; — = 14 ; | Bo Sup CS) = + — het ua" Qagyne =) te 25.3 HKG : | = F | eS Ne Ott aes K, k+l? F a ete 1 ae ree a oe Mug Net be pe rae tas pt-Ww oO ‘SHRI NATRAJoa) - ae Aa Sera Raves es nbs ct that, akirs Saale ¢ Shcas and fina ot aes 2 i : f pile “it alga Pepe oe ier te pea ang Grape “af “lexieg’ Suber nd af ea apely itg tes (fn Daline the pet _A4S: ere saan Spee pine that — | ifs Sif —_—€— bS, thi Zi A LS iF : ae Be deny ea “ay or x yp bpet hah Sitedaxeli SHRINATRAJ“adi these imequalittes, we Conclude 2 | [oe (ats) = atus at Sups ] _buoved Ie aimilon sssladionsp Yes, tht. Supnena “aad ‘infivg me Seta mr the oratione ~s fucd : wbji plication , . the ee = @. Ae Re Safed ov ih fra two pels are rs Tnuabed. af fov0 4. wo —_lestablish eh te “in t09 J 4 seg ft ah Ono get at a fe Feaime 34. Dretet) SHRINATRAJ eeete lek Sf ysn ¥* ae [ i is or bound 0 NV : / “Gndtnedl” praberty, HL. Suppers exiais k hs 3 peter (‘Least upper bound) : t = Sup NV ee ~ er ip Not and upper bour = Fo MEN St u-l am & Y-l £M a => u 2 Ntl | M+ Leé N || a%e uk D. Thin QREUN P71 6 ib vay Hehce ' tom Wen St 4e Mm 5Dave, Cally one Sie f ys mem? then naar py 4 inf S = 0 5 a ec hy EN Such dha —0. . ~——_—_s os : i 1M. LD ule Can Be = -a ity Lp “neptive siti gee 1 positive _ pacer deere Pee ty — oat QB Gi’ and (aj* Hp cleat ap Lee Lea = | Pr wis § SHRINATRALe,« | OsAins_clapres ins Chap?s + aia oa ee 2.451 Theosem: Thine exivle a. faitive —oeeal Yuimboy es ee 2 i Beery ee og S727 oud yy. 2-22 > 0 mies 9714s. oO an 2-4" o 3 j nen =. DAs = , SII saetnareadll fs Nala ish a - i j i I t {zx is Grbyadictign gust angumplion i apr - ®» | | [Saree 7 | L222 a 5 i (m2 oe ap me > We 2H { nem | f 2%>0 a Ss { wd r0 f _1%2 20 a i (oe EEEEEEEEE rg i onty —F | pean Dit 1 brco pe - MEN ! a 2D 07. Vi ae M 7 2e ya : ‘SHRINATRAJef | If I i aaa Demity Of “Rational ube im RL ITh ; - ne Density Themen 2 hy Ord y _ ane F any suf nunboe ~ ffeith x “y » then thou Y exith — Seodtonol + Nuhbo 16d Buch — that: He Thy. - I fecwo} 2 WHhod fare of Jenwtality Fbprdl { aro : ; _— yn 29 aka - =e jale___Knous thot 5 Jd nm 6N + | Zy- }—_—_uning Grealbivy 9.4.5 om v 3 Lé hy = nx" => d+ AL any tent >0 ai Q vy) Hing maar U6 Jj MeCN £ Mt Znx 2M 3 Hes MZ nxt M2 dena hy aM T4rly sh cy Ege eC ete WO ZM » KA Stethen J S.t+ Prevof 2 = 4 og zi ae Boos dg aa «=f TOOIT) BF ron( — L Samal A 2 deed be any i. oual ‘pumbois_ "and “y Qh isecational "Mu nbot z, YadelZ. eg _ Bp fe a Ji SZ ‘i as ih 7 de aity thw pu Hahioral Bre Bok enti i amis A ce Vize i ae x IE_4y ec . Sm Z be i. 2. ° ¢ x = ‘SHRINATRAJ