® tel +359 2 423 4455

34-36 Peyo Yavorov blvd, [email protected]

Sofia 1164, Bulgaria https://calcpad.eu

A CALCPAD PROGRAM
FOR ANALYSIS OF PLANE FRAMES
WITH ARBITRARY CROSS-SECTIONS

─◊─◊──◊───◊────⧫────◊───◊──◊─◊─

(using the finite element method)

by

Eng. Nedelcho Ganchovsky

Page 1 / 22
 Table of Contents
I. Introduction....................................................................................................................2
II. Calcpad source code.......................................................................................................3
III. Output........................................................................................................................13
IV. Comparison with Stadyps 6.0 software.........................................................................20

I. Introduction
This Calcpad program calculates plane frames with arbitrary sections using the finite
element method. The input data is entered in text format as vectors and matrices as fol-
lows:
 joint coordinates;
 joint numbers at the ends of the elements;
 material properties;
 dimensions and types of cross-sections;
 support conditions;
 load values.
As a result, diagrams of internal forces and deflections of structural elements are ob-
tained. The schemes are automatically generated by the program, using the SVG graphi-
cal format.

Page 2 / 22
II.Calcpad source code
1 #include svg_drawing.cpd
2 "Analysis of plane frames with arbitrary cross-sections
3 '<h4>Joint coordinates - xJ; yJ</h4>
4 #hide
5 #deg
6 δz = 10^-12
7 Precision = 10^-9
8 x_J = [0; 0; 8; 16; 16]*m
9 y_J = [0; 8; 10; 8; 0]*m
10 #show
11 x_J','y_J
12 n_J = len(x_J)
13 '<h4>Elements - [J1; J2]</h4>
14 #hide
15 e_J = [1; 2|2; 3|3; 4|4; 5]
16 #show
17 transp(e_J)
18 n_E = n_rows(e_J)
19 'Element endpoint coordinates
20 x_1(e) = x_J.e_J.(e; 1)','y_1(e) = y_J.e_J.(e; 1)
21 x_2(e) = x_J.e_J.(e; 2)','y_2(e) = y_J.e_J.(e; 2)
22 'Element length - 'l(e) = sqrt((x_2(e) - x_1(e))^2 + (y_2(e) - y_1(e))^2)
23 'Element direction
24 c(e) = (x_2(e) - x_1(e))/l(e)','s(e) = (y_2(e) - y_1(e))/l(e)
25 'Transformation matrix
26 'Diagonal 3x3 block -'t(e) = [c(e); s(e); 0|-s(e); c(e); 0|0; 0; 1]
27 'Generation of the full transformation matrix
28 T(e) = add(t(e); add(t(e); matrix(6; 6); 1; 1); 4; 4)
29 '<h4>Supports - [Joint; cx; cy; cr]</h4>
30 #hide
31 c = [1; 10^20kN/m; 10^20kN/m; 0kNm|5; 10^20kN/m; 10^20kN/m; 10^20kNm]
32 #show
33 c
34 n_c = n_rows(c)
35 '<h4>Loads - [Element, qx, qy]</h4>
36 #hide
37 q = [1; 10kN/m; 0kN/m|2; 0kN/m; -20kN/m|3; 0kN/m; -10kN/m]
38 n_q = n_rows(q)
39 q_x = vector(n_E)*kN/m
40 q_y = vector(n_E)*kN/m
41 $Repeat{q_x.(q.(i; 1)) = q_x.(q.(i; 1)) + q.(i; 2) @ i = 1 : n_q}
42 $Repeat{q_y.(q.(i; 1)) = q_y.(q.(i; 1)) + q.(i; 3) @ i = 1 : n_q}
43 #show
44 q
45 'Load values on elements
46 q_x
47 q_y

Page 3 / 22
48 '<h4>Scheme of the structure</h4>
49 #hide
50 w = max(x_J)
51 h = max(y_J)
52 W = 240
53 H = h*W/w
54 k = W/w
55 #def svg$ = '<svg viewbox="'-3m*k' '-2m*k' '(w + 6m)*k' '(h + 4m)*k'"
xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" version="1.1" style="font-family:
Georgia Pro; font-size:4pt; width:'W + 150'pt; height:'H + 200*H/W'pt">
56 #def thin_style$ = style = "stroke:green; stroke-width:1; fill:none"
57 #def thick_style$ = style = "stroke:green; stroke-width:2; fill:none"
58 k_q = m/kN
59 #show
60 #val
61 svg$
62 #for i = 1 : n_E
63 #hide
64 x1 = x_1(i)*k
65 y1 = (h - y_1(i))*k
66 x2 = x_2(i)*k
67 y2 = (h - y_2(i))*k
68 q_xi = q_x.i
69 q_yi = q_y.i
70 α = atan2(c(i); s(i))
71 #if α ≥ 135
72 α = α - 180
73 #end if
74 #if α < -45
75 α = α + 180
76 #else if α < 0
77 α = 360 + α
78 #end if
79 #if q_xi ≠ 0kN/m
80 #hide
81 x3 = x2 - q_xi*k_q','y3 = y2
82 x4 = x1 - q_xi*k_q','y4 = y1
83 x = (x3 + x4)/2 - 5*sign(q_xi)
84 y = (y3 + y4)/2
85 #show
86 '<polygon points="'x1','y1' 'x2','y2' 'x3','y3' 'x4','y4'"
style="stroke:magenta; stroke-width:1; stroke-opacity:0.3; fill:magenta;
fill-opacity:0.1;" />
87 text$(x;y;α;qx='abs(q_xi)')
88 #end if
89 #if q_yi ≠ 0kN/m
90 #hide
91 x3 = x2','y3 = y2 + q_yi*k_q
92 x4 = x1','y4 = y1 + q_yi*k_q
93 x = (x3 + x4)/2

Page 4 / 22
94 y = (y3 + y4)/2 + 5*sign(q_yi)
95 #show
96 '<polygon points="'x1','y1' 'x2','y2' 'x3','y3' 'x4','y4'"
style="stroke:dodgerblue; stroke-width:1; stroke-opacity:0.4;
fill:dodgerblue; fill-opacity:0.15;" />
97 text$(x;y;α;qy='abs(q_yi)')
98 #end if
99 #show
100 line$(x1; y1; x2; y2; main_style$)
101 #loop
102 '<g id="frame">
103 #for i = 1 : n_E
104 #hide
105 x1 = x_1(i)*k
106 y1 = (h - y_1(i))*k
107 x2 = x_2(i)*k
108 y2 = (h - y_2(i))*k
109 #show
110 line$(x1; y1; x2; y2; main_style$)
111 #loop
112 #for i = 1 : n_c
113 #hide
114 j = c.(i; 1)
115 x1 = x_J.j*k
116 y1 = (h - y_J.j)*k
117 δ = w/30*k*sign(x1 - w/2*k)
118 x2 = x1 - δ
119 y2 = y1 - abs(δ)
120 x3 = x1 + δ
121 y3 = y1 + abs(δ)
122 #show
123 #if c.(i; 2) ≠ 0kN/m
124 #if c.(i; 3) ≠ 0kN/m
125 #if c.(i; 4) ≠ 0kNm
126 line$(x1; y1; x1; y3; thin_style$)
127 line$(x2; y3; x3; y3; thick_style$)
128 #else
129 line$(x2; y3; x3; y3; thick_style$)
130 line$(x2; y3; x1; y1; thin_style$)
131 line$(x3; y3; x1; y1; thin_style$)
132 #end if
133 #else
134 #if c.(i; 4) ≠ 0kNm
135 line$(x1; y1; x2; y1; thin_style$)
136 line$(x2; y2; x2; y3; thick_style$)
137 line$(x2 - δ/2; y2; x2 - δ/2; y3; thick_style$)
138 #else
139 line$(x2; y2; x1; y1; thin_style$)
140 line$(x2; y3; x1; y1; thin_style$)
141 line$(x2; y2; x2; y3; thin_style$)

Page 5 / 22
142 line$(x2 - δ/2; y2; x2 - δ/2; y3; thick_style$)
143 #end if
144 #end if
145 #else
146 #if c.(i; 3) ≠ 0kN/m
147 #if c.(i; 4) ≠ 0kNm
148 line$(x1; y1; x1; y3; thin_style$)
149 line$(x2; y3; x3; y3; thick_style$)
150 line$(x2; y3 + abs(δ)/2; x3; y3 + abs(δ)/2; thick_style$)
151 #else
152 line$(x2; y3; x3; y3; thin_style$)
153 line$(x2; y3; x1; y1; thin_style$)
154 line$(x3; y3; x1; y1; thin_style$)
155 line$(x2; y3 + abs(δ)/2; x3; y3 + abs(δ)/2; thick_style$)
156 #end if
157 #else
158 line$(x2; y2; x3; y3; thick_style$)
159 #end if
160 #end if
161 #loop
162 '</g>
163 #for i = 1 : n_E
164 #hide
165 x = (x_1(i) + x_2(i))*k/2
166 y = (h - (y_1(i) + y_2(i))/2)*k
167 #show
168 texth$(x + 0.8m*sign(W/2 - x)*k; y + 0.6m*k; e'i')
169 #loop
170 #for i = 1 : n_J
171 point$(x_J.i*k; (h - y_J.i)*k; point_style$)
172 texth$((x_J.i - 0.7m*sign(w/2 - x_J.i))*k; (h - y_J.i - 0.4m)*k;
J'i')
173 #loop
174 dimv$((w + 2m)*k; (h - y_J.4)*k; h*k; 'y_J.4')
175 dimv$((w + 2m)*k; 0; (h - y_J.4)*k; 'h - y_J.4')
176 dimh$(0; w*k; (h + 1.5m)*k; 'w')
177 '</svg>
178 #equ
179 '<h4>Materials</h4>
180 'Modules of elasticity -'E = [45; 35]*GPa
181 'Poisson coefficients -'ν = [0.2; 0.2]
182 'Shear modules -'G = E/(2*(1 + ν))
183 'Assignment on elements -'e_M = [1; 2; 2; 1]
184 '<h4>Cross-sections</h4>
185 #hide
186 b = vector(2)','h = vector(2)
187 #show
188 'Section S1 -'h.1 = 500mm'- circular - 'b_C(z) = 2*sqrt((h.1/2)^2 - (z -
h.1/2)^2)
189 'Section S2 -'b.2 = 250mm','h.2 = 700mm'- rectangular -'b_R(z) = b.2

Page 6 / 22
190 'General representation -'b(z; s) = take(s; b_C(z); b_R(z))
191 '<h4>Cross section properties</h4>
192 'Equations
193 'Area -'A(s) = $Integral{b(z; s) @ z = 0mm : h.s}
194 'First moment of area -'S(s) = $Integral{b(z; s)*z @ z = 0mm : h.s}|cm^3
195 'Centroid -'z_c(s) = S(s)/A(s)|mm
196 'Second moment of area -'I(s) = $Integral{b(z; s)*(z - z_c(s))^2 @ z =
0mm : h.s}
197 'First moment of area below z -'S_1(z; s) = $Integral{b(ζ; s)*(z_c(s) -
ζ) @ ζ = 0mm : z}
198 'Shear area -'A_s(s) = I(s)^2/$Integral{S_1(z; s)^2/b(z; s) @ z = 0mm :
h.s}
199 'Calculated results
200 'Centroids -'z_c = [z_c(1); z_c(2)]
201 'Areas -'A = [A(1); A(2)]
202 'Shear areas -'A_s = [A_s(1); A_s(2)]
203 'Second moments of area -'I = [I(1); I(2)]
204 'Assignment on elements -'e_S = [1; 2; 2; 1]
205 '<h4>Element stiffness matrix</h4>
206 'Elastic properties for element "e"
207 EA(e) = E.e_M.e*A.e_S.e
208 EI(e) = E.e_M.e*I.e_S.e
209 GA_s(e) = G.e_M.e*A_s.e_S.e
210 k_s(e) = 12*EI(e)/(GA_s(e)*l(e)^2)
211 α(e) = EA(e)/l(e)','β(e) = EI(e)/(l(e)^3*(1 + k_s(e)))
212 'Stiffness matrix coefficients for element "e"
213 k_11(e) = α(e)*(m/kN)','k_22(e) = 12*β(e)*(m/kN)','k_23(e) =
6*β(e)*l(e)*(1/kN)
214 k_33(e) = (4 + k_s(e))*β(e)*l(e)^2*(1/kNm)
215 k_36(e) = (2 - k_s(e))*β(e)*l(e)^2*(1/kNm)
216 'Assembling the 3x3 stiffness matrix blocks for element "e"
217 k_ii(e) = [k_11(e)|0; k_22(e); k_23(e)|0; k_23(e); k_33(e)]
218 k_ij(e) = [-k_11(e)|0; -k_22(e); k_23(e)|0; -k_23(e); k_36(e)]
219 k_ji(e) = transp(k_ij(e))
220 k_jj(e) = [k_11(e)|0; k_22(e); -k_23(e)|0; -k_23(e); k_33(e)]
221 'Full 6x6 element stiffness matrix
222 k_E(e) = stack(augment(k_ii(e); k_ij(e)); augment(k_ji(e); k_jj(e)))
223 'Stiffness matrices obtained in local coordinates
224 k_E(1)
225 k_E(2)
226 'Stiffness matrices obtained in global coordinates
227 transp(T(1))*k_E(1)*T(1)
228 transp(T(2))*k_E(2)*T(2)
229 '<h4>Global stiffness matrix</h4>
230 #hide
231 K = symmetric(3*n_J)
232 'Add element stiffness matrices
233 #for e = 1 : n_E
234 i = 3*e_J.(e; 1) - 2','j = 3*e_J.(e; 2) - 2
235 t = t(e)','tT = transp(t)

Page 7 / 22
236 add(tT*k_ii(e)*t; K; i; i)
237 #if j > i
238 add(tT*k_ij(e)*t; K; i; j)
239 #else
240 add(tT*k_ji(e)*t; K; j; i)
241 #end if
242 add(tT*k_jj(e)*t; K; j; j)
243 #loop
244 'Add supports
245 #for i = 1 : n_c
246 j = 3*c.(i; 1) - 2
247 add(vec2diag(last(row(c; i); 3)/[kN/m; kN/m; kNm]); K; j; j)
248 #loop
249 #show
250 K
251 '<h4>Element load vector</h4>
252 'Lateral load in local CS -'q_E(e) = -q_x.e*s(e) + q_y.e*c(e)
253 'Axial load in local CS -'n_E(e) = q_x.e*c(e) + q_y.e*s(e)
254 'Equivalent loads at element endpoints
255 F_Ex(e) = q_x.e*l(e)/2*(1/kN)','F_Ey(e) = q_y.e*l(e)/2*(1/kN)
256 M_E(e) = q_E(e)*l(e)^2/12*(1/kNm)
257 'Load vector -'F_E(e) = [F_Ex(e); F_Ey(e); M_E(e); F_Ex(e); F_Ey(e); -
M_E(e)]
258 #novar
259 'Results for elements
260 #for e = 1 : n_E
261 'Element Е'e' -'F_E(e)
262 #loop
263 #varsub
264 '<h4>Global load vector</h4>
265 #hide
266 F = vector(3*n_J)
267 #for i = 1 : n_q
268 e = q.(i; 1)
269 #for jj = 1 : 2
270 j = 3*e_J.(e; jj) - 3
271 F.(j + 1) = F.(j + 1) + take(3*jj - 2; F_E(e))
272 F.(j + 2) = F.(j + 2) + take(3*jj - 1; F_E(e))
273 F.(j + 3) = F.(j + 3) + take(3*jj; F_E(e))
274 #loop
275 #loop
276 #show
277 F
278 '<h4>Results</h4>
279 '<p><strong>Solution of the system of equations by Cholesky decomposition
</strong></p>
280 Z = clsolve(K; F)
281 '<p><strong>Joint displacements</strong></p>
282 z_J(j) = slice(Z; 3*j - 2; 3*j)
283 z(j) = round(z_J(j)/δz)*δz*1000*[mm; mm; 1]

Page 8 / 22
284 #novar
285 #for j = 1 : n_J
286 z(j)
287 #loop
288 #varsub
289 '<p><strong>Support reactions</strong></p>
290 r(i) = row(c; i)','j(i) = take(1; r(i))
291 R(i) = -z_J(j(i))*[m; m; 1]*last(r(i); 3)
292 #novar
293 #for i = 1 : n_c
294 #val
295 '<p>Joint <b>J'j(i)' -
296 #equ
297 '</b>'R(i)'</p>
298 #loop
299 #varsub
300 '<p><strong>Element end forces</strong></p>
301 z_E(e) = [z_J(e_J.(e; 1)); z_J(e_J.(e; 2))]
302 R_E(e) = col(k_E(e)*T(e)*z_E(e) - T(e)*F_E(e); 1)*[1; 1; m; 1; 1; m]*kN
303 #novar
304 #for e = 1 : n_E
305 R_E(e)
306 #loop
307 #varsub
308 '<p><strong>Element internal forces</strong></p>
309 N(e; x) = -take(1; R_E(e)) - n_E(e)*x
310 Q(e; x) = take(2; R_E(e)) + q_E(e)*x
311 M(e; x) = -take(3; R_E(e)) + take(2; R_E(e))*x + q_E(e)*x^2/2
312 #hide
313 w = max(x_J)
314 h = max(y_J)
315 W = 240
316 H = h*W/w
317 k = W/w
318 #def red_style$ = style = "stroke:red; stroke-width:1; fill:red"
319 #deg
320 #for i = 1 : 3
321 #hide
322 R(e; x) = take(i; N(e; x); Q(e; x); M(e; x))
323 sgn = take(i; 1; 1; -1)
324 tol = 0.01*take(i; kN; kN; kNm)
325 R_max = $Sup{$Sup{R(e; x) @ x = 0m : l(e)} @ e = 1 : n_E}
326 R_min = $Sup{abs($Inf{R(e; x) @ x = 0m : l(e)}) @ e = 1 : n_E}
327 k_R = sgn*1m*k/max(R_min; R_max)
328 #show
329 #if i ≡ 1
330 '<p><strong>Axial forces diagram, kN</strong></p>
331 #else if i ≡ 2
332 '<p><strong>Shear forces diagram, kN</strong></p>
333 #else

Page 9 / 22
334 '<p><strong>Bending moments diagram, kNm</strong></p>
335 #end if
336 #val
337 svg$
338 '<use href="#frame"/>
339 #for e = 1 : n_E
340 #hide
341 x1 = x_1(e)*k
342 y1 = (h - y_1(e))*k
343 x2 = x_2(e)*k
344 y2 = (h - y_2(e))*k
345 c_e = c(e)
346 s_e = s(e)
347 l_e = l(e)
348 st = l_e/10
349 xd2 = x1
350 yd2 = y1
351 #show
352 #for j = 0 : 10
353 #hide
354 xd1 = xd2
355 yd1 = yd2
356 x = j*st*k
357 v = R(e; j*st)
358 y = v*k_R
359 xd2 = x1 + x*c_e - y*s_e
360 yd2 = y1 - x*s_e - y*c_e
361 α = 90 + atan2(c_e; s_e)
362 #if α ≥ 135
363 α = α - 180
364 #end if
365 #if α < -45
366 α = α + 180
367 #else if α < 0
368 α = 360 + α
369 #end if
370 d = -15*sign(v*sgn)
371 #show
372 line$(xd1; yd1; xd2; yd2; red_style$)
373 #if (j ≡ 0 ∨ j ≡ 10) ∧ abs(v) > tol
374 text$(xd2 + s_e*d; yd2 + d*c_e; α; 'v')
375 #end if
376 line$(xd1; yd1; xd2; yd2; red_style$)
377 #loop
378 #hide
379 xd1 = x2
380 yd1 = y2
381 #show
382 line$(xd1; yd1; xd2; yd2; red_style$)
383 #loop

Page 10 / 22
384 '</svg>
385 #loop
386 #equ
387 '<p><strong>Deformed shape</strong></p>
388 'Shape function in relative coordinates ξ = x/l (with account to shear
deflections)
389 Φ_1(e; ξ) = 1/(1 + k_s(e))*(1 + k_s(e) - k_s(e)*ξ - 3*ξ^2 + 2*ξ^3)
390 Φ_2(e; ξ) = ξ*l(e)*m^-1/(1 + k_s(e))*(1 + k_s(e)/2 - (2 + k_s(e)/2)*ξ +
ξ^2)
391 Φ_3(e; ξ) = ξ/(1 + k_s(e))*(k_s(e) + 3*ξ - 2*ξ^2)
392 Φ_4(e; ξ) = ξ*l(e)*m^-1/(1 + k_s(e))*(-k_s(e)/2 - (1 - k_s(e)/2)*ξ + ξ^2)
393 'Element endpoint displacements and rotations
394 z_E,loc(e) = T(e)*z_E(e)
395 u_1(e) = take(1; z_E,loc(e))','v_1(e) = take(2; z_E,loc(e))','φ_1(e) =
take(3; z_E,loc(e))
396 u_2(e) = take(4; z_E,loc(e))','v_2(e) = take(5; z_E,loc(e))','φ_2(e) =
take(6; z_E,loc(e))
397 'Displacement functions
398 u(e; ξ) = u_1(e)*(1 - ξ) + u_2(e)*ξ
399 v(e; ξ) = v_1(e)*Φ_1(e; ξ) + φ_1(e)*Φ_2(e; ξ) + v_2(e)*Φ_3(e; ξ) +
φ_2(e)*Φ_4(e; ξ)
400 'Deformed shape, mm
401 #val
402 #hide
403 tol = 0.00001
404 k_R = 1200
405 #show
406 svg$
407 '<use href="#frame" style="opacity:0.4;"/>
408 #for e = 1 : n_E
409 #hide
410 x1 = x_1(e)*k
411 y1 = (h - y_1(e))*k
412 x2 = x_2(e)*k
413 y2 = (h - y_2(e))*k
414 c_e = c(e)
415 s_e = s(e)
416 l_e = l(e)
417 u = u(e; 0)
418 v = v(e; 0)
419 x = u*k_R
420 y = v*k_R
421 xd2 = x1 + x*c_e - y*s_e
422 yd2 = y1 - x*s_e - y*c_e
423 #show
424 #for j = 0 : 10
425 #hide
426 xd1 = xd2
427 yd1 = yd2
428 ξ = j/10

Page 11 / 22
429 u = u(e; ξ)
430 v = v(e; ξ)
431 x = ξ*l_e*k + u*k_R
432 y = v*k_R
433 xd2 = x1 + x*c_e - y*s_e
434 yd2 = y1 - x*s_e - y*c_e
435 d = -15*sign(v)
436 #show
437 line$(xd1; yd1; xd2; yd2; red_style$)
438 #loop
439 #loop
440 #for j = 1 : n_J
441 #hide
442 z_J = z_J(j)
443 u = z_J.1
444 v = z_J.2
445 x = x_J.j*k + u*k_R
446 y = (h - y_J.j)*k - v*k_R
447 dx = 15*sign(u)
448 dy = -15*sign(v)
449 #show
450 #if abs(u) > tol
451 texth$(x + dx; y; 'u*1000')
452 #end if
453 #if abs(v) > tol
454 textv$(x; y + dy; 'v*1000')
455 #end if
456 #loop
457 '</svg>
458 #equ

Page 12 / 22
III. Output
Analysis of plane frames with arbitrary cross-sections

Joint coordinates Elements

J1 J2 J3 J4 J5 J1 J2

[ ]
⃗x J = [ 0 m 0 m 8 m 16 m 16 m ] 1 2
2 3
eJ =
⃗y J = [ 0 m 8 m 10 m 8 m 0 m ] 3 4
4 5
Number of joints - n J =len ( ⃗x J ) =5
Number of elements - n E =nrows ( e J ) =4

Supports Loads
J cx cy cr е qx qy

[ 1 10 20 kN/m 10 20 kN/m
] [ ]
0 kNm 1 10 kN/m 0 kN/m
c= q= 2 0 kN/m - 20 kN/m
5 10 kN/m 10 kN/m 10 20 kNm
20 20
3 0 kN/m - 10 kN/m
Number of supports - nc =n rows ( c ) =2 Load values on elements
E1 E2 E3 E4
⃗q x =[10 kN/m 0 kN/m 0 kN/m 0 kN/m ]
⃗q y =[0 kN/m - 20 kN/m - 10 kN/m 0 kN/m ]

Element endpoint coordinates

x 1 ( e ) =⃗x J. e , y 1 ( e ) =⃗y J . e J .e 1,
J.e 1

x 2 ( e ) =⃗x J . e , y 2 ( e ) =⃗y J . e J . e 2
J.e2

Element length - l ( e )= √ ( x ( e ) − x ( e )) + ( y ( e ) − y ( e ))
2 1
2
2 1
2

x 2 ( e ) − x1 ( e ) y2 ( e )− y1 (e )
Element direction - c ( e )= , s (e )=
l (e) l (e )
Transformation matrix
Diagonal 3x3 block - t (e)= [ c (e) ; s (e) ; 0 | − s (e); c (e) ; 0 | 0 ; 0 ; 1 ]
Generation of the full transformation matrix
T (e)=add ( t (e) ; add ( t (e) ; matrix (6 ; 6) ; 1 ; 1 ) ; 4 ; 4 )

Page 13 / 22
Scheme of the structure

Materials
Modules of elasticity - ⃗
E =[45 GPa 35 GPa ]
Poisson coefficients - ⃗ν =[0.2 0.2]
⃗
E
Shear modules - ⃗
G= =[18.75 GPa 14.58 GPa]
2 · (1+ ⃗ν )
Assignment on elements - ⃗e M =[1 2 2 1]

Cross-sections

√( ) (
⃗h ⃗h
)
2 2
Section S1 - ⃗h1 =500 mm - circular - b ( z ) =2 · 1
− z−
1
C
2 2

Section S2 - ⃗b 2 =250 mm , ⃗h2 =700 mm - rectangular - b R ( z ) = ⃗b 2

General representation - b ( z ; s)=take ( s ; b C ( z) ; b R ( z))

Cross section properties

Equations
⃗h
s

Area - A (s)= ∫ b ( z ; s) d z
0 mm
⃗h
s

First moment of area - S ( s)= ∫ b ( z ; s) · z d z

0 mm

S ( s)
Centroid - z c ( s ) =
A ( s)
⃗h
s

Second moment of area - I (s)= ∫ b ( z ; s)· ( z − z c (s))2 d z

0 mm

Page 14 / 22
 z

First moment of area below z - S 1 ( z ; s)= ∫ b (ζ ; s) · ( z c (s)−ζ ) d ζ

0 mm

I ( s)2
Shear area - A s (s)= ⃗h
s
S 1 ( z ; s)2
∫ b ( z ; s)
dz
0 mm

Calculated results
Centroids - ⃗z c =[ z c (1) ; z c (2)]=[250 mm 350 mm ]

Areas - ⃗
A=[ A(1) ; A(2)]=[196350 mm 2 175000 mm 2 ]
Shear areas - ⃗
A s =[ A s (1) ; As (2)]=[176715 mm 2 145833 mm 2 ]

Second moments of area - ⃗I =[ I (1) ; I (2)]=[3067961576 mm 4 7145833333 mm 4 ]

Assignment on elements - e⃗ s =[1 2 2 1]

Element stiffness matrix

Elastic properties for element "e"
12 · EI ( e )
EA ( e ) = ⃗
E ⃗e ·⃗
Ae EI ( e ) = ⃗
E ⃗e · ⃗I e GA s ( e ) = ⃗
G ⃗e ·⃗
As. e k s ( e )=
M.e S. e M .e S. e M.e S .e
GA s ( e ) · l ( e )2

EA ( e ) β ( e ) = EI ( e )
α ( e )= , 3
l (e ) l ( e ) · ( 1+k s ( e ) )

Stiffness matrix coefficients for element "e"

m m 1
k 11 ( e ) =α ( e ) · , k 22 ( e ) =12 · β ( e ) · , k 23 ( e ) =6 · β ( e ) · l ( e ) ·
kN kN kN
1 1
k 33 ( e ) =( 4+ k s ( e ) ) · β ( e ) · l ( e )2 · , k 36 ( e ) = ( 2− k s ( e ) ) · β ( e ) · l ( e )2 ·
kNm kNm
Assembling the 3x3 stiffness matrix blocks for element "e"
k ii (e )= [ k 11 (e) | 0 ; k 22 (e) ; k 23 (e ) | 0 ; k 23 (e) ; k 33 (e ) ]

k ij (e )= [ - k 11 (e) | 0 ; - k 22 (e) ; k 23 (e) | 0 ; - k 23 (e) ; k 36 (e) ]

k ji ( e ) = transp ( k ij ( e ))

k jj (e)= [ k 11 (e) | 0 ; k 22 (e) ; - k 23 (e) | 0 ; - k 23 (e) ; k 33 (e) ]

Full 6x6 element stiffness matrix

k E (e)=stack ( augment ( k ii (e) ; k ij (e) ) ; augment ( k ji (e) ; k jj (e) ) )

Stiffness matrices obtained in local coordinates

Page 15 / 22
 [ ]
1104466 0 0 −1104466 0 0
0 3210.66 12842.6 0 −3210.66 12842.6
0 12842.6 68627.8 0 −12842.6 34113.2
k E ( 1) =
−1104466 0 0 1104466 0 0
0 −3210.66 −12842.6 0 3210.66 −12842.6
0 12842.6 34113.2 0 −12842.6 68627.8

[ ]
742765 0 0 −742765 0 0
0 5243.46 21619.3 0 −5243.46 21619.3
0 21619.3 119468 0 −21619.3 58809.3
k E ( 2)=
−742765 0 0 742765 0 0
0 −5243.46 −21619.3 0 5243.46 −21619.3
0 21619.3 58809.3 0 −21619.3 119468

Stiffness matrices obtained in global coordinates

[ ]
3210.66 0 - 12842.6 - 3210.66 0 - 12842.6
0 1104466 0 0 - 1104466 0
- 12842.6 0 68627.8 12842.6 0 34113.2
transp ( T (1)) · k E (1) · T (1)=
- 3210.66 0 12842.6 3210.66 0 12842.6
0 - 1104466 0 0 1104466 0
- 12842.6 0 34113.2 12842.6 0 68627.8

[ ]
699382 173535 - 5243.46 - 699382 - 173535 - 5243.46
173535 48627.1 20973.8 - 173535 - 48627.1 20973.8
- 5243.46 20973.8 119468 5243.46 - 20973.8 58809.3
transp ( T (2)) · k E (2) · T (2)=
- 699382 - 173535 5243.46 699382 173535 5243.46
- 173535 - 48627.1 - 20973.8 173535 48627.1 - 20973.8
- 5243.46 20973.8 58809.3 5243.46 - 20973.8 119468

Global stiffness matrix

It is formed by adding the 3x3 blocks of the element stiffness matrices to the 3x3 blocks
in the global stiffness matrix with indices corresponding to the joint numbers at the
ends of the respective elements.

[ ]
1020 0 - 12842.6 - 3210.66 0 - 12842.6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 1020 0 0 - 1104466 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
- 12842.6 0 68627.8 12842.6 0 34113.2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
- 3210.66 0 12842.6 702592 173535 7599.17 -699382 - 173535 - 5243.46 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 - 1104466 0 173535 1153093 20973.8 -173535 - 48627.1 20973.8 0 0 0 0 0 0
- 12842.6 0 34113.2 7599.17 20973.8 188096 5243.46 - 20973.8 58809.3 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 - 699382 - 173535 5243.46 1398763 0 10486.9 -699382 173535 5243.46 0 0 0
K= 0 0 0 - 173535 - 48627.1 - 20973.8 0 97254.2 0 173535 - 48627.1 20973.8 0 0 0
0 0 0 - 5243.46 20973.8 58809.3 10486.9 0 238937 - 5243.46 -20973.8 58809.3 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 -699382 173535 - 5243.46 702592 -173535 7599.17 - 3210.66 0 12842.6
0 0 0 0 0 0 173535 - 48627.1 - 20973.8 -173535 1153093 - 20973.8 0 - 1104466 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 5243.46 20973.8 58809.3 7599.17 -20973.8 188096 - 12842.6 0 34113.2
20
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 - 3210.66 0 - 12842.6 10 0 - 12842.6
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -1104466 0 0 1020 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 12842.6 0 34113.2 - 12842.6 0 1020

Page 16 / 22
Element load vector
Lateral load in local CS - q E ( e ) =−⃗q x. e · s ( e ) +⃗q y. e · c ( e )

Axial load in local CS - n E ( e ) =⃗q x. e · c ( e ) + ⃗q y. e · s ( e )

Equivalent loads at element endpoints
⃗q x. e · l ( e ) 1 ⃗q y. e · l ( e ) 1 q E ( e ) · l ( e )2 1
F Ex ( e ) = · , F Ey ( e ) = · , M E ( e )= ·
2 kN 2 kN 12 kNm
Load vector - F E (e)= [ F Ex (e) ; F Ey (e); M E (e) ; F Ex (e ) ; F Ey (e) ; - M E (e) ]

Results for elements

Element Е1 - F E ( 1 ) = [ 40 0 - 53.33 40 0 53.33 ]

Element Е2 - F E ( 2 ) = [ 0 - 82.46 - 109.95 0 - 82.46 109.95 ]

Element Е3 - F E ( 3 ) = [ 0 - 41.23 - 54.97 0 - 41.23 54.97 ]

Element Е4 - F E ( 4 ) = [ 0 0 0 0 0 0 ]

Global load vector

⃗
F = [ 40 0 - 53.33 40 - 82.46 - 56.62 0 - 123.69 54.97 0 - 41.23 54.97 0 0 0 ]

Results
Solution of the system of equations by Cholesky decomposition
⃗
Z =clsolve ( K ; ⃗
F ) = [1.88×10 -19 -1.39×10 -18 -0.000928 0.00809 -0.000126
-5
-0.00274 0.0119 -0.0157 0.000699 0.0157 -9.84×10 0.000846 6.12×10 -19
-1.09×10 -18 -2.3×10 -18 ]

Joint displacements
The displacements for each joint are extracted from the global vector:

z J ( j ) =slice ( ⃗
Z ; 3 · j −2 ; 3 · j ), z ( j ) =round
z J ( j)
10 −12 ( )
· 10−9 · [ mm; mm; 1 ]

Values for joints

u v φ·103
Joint J1 - z (1)=[0 mm 0 mm - 0.928]
Joint J2 - z (2)=[8.09 mm - 0.126 mm - 2.74]
Joint J3 - z (3)=[11.88 mm - 15.67 mm 0.699]
Joint J4 - z (4)=[15.67 mm - 0.0984 mm 0.846]
Joint J5 - z ( 5 ) = [ 0 mm 0 mm 0 ]

Page 17 / 22
Support reactions
They are determined by multiplying the joint displacements by the respective spring
constants.
r (i)=row (c ; i) , j (i)=take ( 1 ; r (i) ), R (i)=- z J ( j (i ) ) · [ m; m; 1] · last ( r (i ) ; 3 )

Values for supports

Fx Fy M
Joint J1 - R (1)=[- 18.84 kN 138.69 kN 0 kNm]
Joint J5 - R (2)=[- 61.16 kN 108.7 kN 230.05 kNm]
Element end forces

Element endpoint displacements - z E ( e ) = [ z J ( e J . e 1) ; z J ( e J . e 2 ) ]

Endpoint forces are determined by multiplying the element stiffness matrix by the end-
point displacements in local CS and subtracting the element load vector values in local
CS.
R E ( e ) =col ( k E ( e ) · T ( e ) · z E ( e ) −T ( e ) · F E ( e ) ; 1 ) · [ 1 ; 1 ; m ; 1 ; 1 ; m ] · kN

End forces values for different elements

F x1 F y1 M1 F x2 F y2 M2
- 14
R E (1)=[138.69 kN 18.84 kN - 1.42 × 10 kNm - 138.69 kN 61.16 kN - 169.29 kNm]

R E (2)=[92.97 kN 119.71 kN 169.29 kNm - 52.97 kN 40.29 kN 158.18 kNm]

R E (3)=[65.7 kN - 10.62 kN - 158.18 kNm - 85.7 kN 90.62 kN - 259.24 kNm ]

R E (4)=[108.7 kN 61.16 kN 259.24 kNm - 108.7 kN - 61.16 kN 230.05 kNm ]

Element internal forces

Axial forces - N (e ; x)=- take ( 1 ; R E (e) ) −n E (e) · x , kN

Shear forces- Q (e ; x)=take ( 2 ; R E (e) ) + q E (e ) · x , kN

Page 18 / 22
 q E (e) · x 2
Bending moments- M (e ; x)=- take ( 3 ; R E (e)) +take ( 2 ; R E (e) ) · x+ , kNm
2

Deformed shape
Shape function in relative coordinates ξ = x/l (with account to shear deflections)
1
Φ 1 (e ; ξ )= · ( 1+ k s (e)−k s (e) · ξ −3 · ξ 2 +2 · ξ 3)
1+ k s (e)

Φ 2 (e ; ξ )=
ξ · l (e ) · m- 1
1+ k s (e) (· 1+
k s (e)
2 (
− 2+
k s (e)
2 )
· ξ +ξ2 )
ξ
Φ 3 (e ; ξ )= · ( k s (e)+3 · ξ −2 · ξ 2 )
1+ k s (e)

Φ 4 (e ; ξ )=
ξ·l (e) · m- 1
1+ k s (e) (
· -
k s (e)
2 (
− 1−
k s (e)
2 )
· ξ +ξ2 )
Element endpoint displacements and rotations
Page 19 / 22
z E , loc (e)=T (e ) · z E (e)

u1 (e)=take ( 1 ; z E , loc (e) ) , v 1 (e)= take ( 2 ; z E , loc (e) ) , φ 1 (e)=take ( 3 ; z E , loc (e))

u 2 (e)=take ( 4 ; z E , loc (e)) , v 2 (e)=take ( 5 ; z E , loc (e)) , φ 2 (e )=take ( 6 ; z E , loc (e ))

Displacement functions
u (e ; ξ )=u 1 (e) · (1−ξ )+u 2 (e) · ξ

v (e ; ξ )=v 1 (e) · Φ 1 (e ; ξ )+ φ1 (e) · Φ 2 (e ; ξ )+v 2 (e ) · Φ 3 (e ; ξ )+φ 2 (e) · Φ 4 (e ; ξ )

Deformed shape, mm

IV. Comparison with Stadyps 6.0 software

Input data
Number of joints: 5 , Number of elements: 4
Joint coordinates
№ X Y № X Y № X Y № X Y № X Y
1 0.00 0.00 2 0.00 8.00 4 16.00 8.00 3 8.00 10.00 5 16.00 0.00

Materials
№ Е  
1 45000000 0.200 0.000012
2 35000000 0.200 0.000012

Page 20 / 22
Cross-sections
Section S1 - CIRCULAR

d [mm] CZ [cm] CY [cm] A [cm2]

500.0 25.0 25.0 1963.5

IY [cm4] IY [cm] WY [cm3] IZ [cm4] IZ [cm] WZ [cm3]

306796 12.5 12271. 306796 12.5 12271.

It [cm4] Wt [cm3] AqZ [cm2] AqY [cm2]

613592 24543. 1767.1 1767.1

Section R1 - RECTANGULAR

b [mm] h [mm] CZ [cm] CY [cm] A [cm2]

250.0 700.0 35.0 12.5 1750.0

IY [cm4] IY [cm] WY [cm3] IZ [cm4] IZ [cm] WZ [cm3]

714583 20.2 20416. 91145. 7.2 7291.7

It [cm4] Wt [cm3] AqZ [cm2] AqY [cm2]

282662 11767. 1458.3 1458.3

Elements
№ J1 J2 Type Material Section ISZ Winkl. Const.
1 1 2 3 1 S1 0 0.0
2 2 3 3 2 R1 0 0.0
3 3 4 3 2 R1 0 0.0
4 4 5 3 1 S1 0 0.0
Supports and springs
№ Kxm Kym Kz Kxy Kxz Kyz Joints
4 -1 -1 0 0 0 0 1
7 -1 -1 -1 0 0 0 5
Linearly distributed loads

№ Type q1 q2 A L Elements
1 qx 10.00 10.00 0.00 0.00 1
2 qy 10.00 10.00 0.00 0.00 2, 2, 3

Page 21 / 22
Results
Joint displacements
Joint Ux Uy Rz Joint Ux Uy Rz
1 0.000 0.000 0.001 2 0.008 0.000 0.003
3 0.012 0.016 -0.001 4 0.016 0.000 -0.001
5 0.000 0.000 0.000

Reactions in supports
Joint Fx Fy Mz Възел Fx Fy Mz
1 -18.839 -138.687 0.000 5 -61.161 -108.700 -230.046

Internal forces in elements

Element Joint M N Q Joint M N Q
1 1 0.00 -138.69 18.84 2 -169.29 -138.69 -61.16
2 2 -169.29 -92.97 119.71 3 158.18 -52.97 -40.29
3 3 158.18 -65.70 -10.62 4 -259.24 -85.70 -90.62
4 4 -259.24 -108.70 61.16 5 230.05 -108.70 61.16

Loads and support reactions, kN Axial forces, kN

Shear forces, kN Bending moments, kNm

The results are almost identical.

Page 22 / 22