Mathematics I

Solutions to Exercises and Problems

Dept. Matemáticas para la Economía y la Empresa

Universidad de Valencia
DMEE Contents

Contents

1 Systems of Equations and Linear Algebra 3

1.1 Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Exercise 1 (Systems of linear equations) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Exercise 2 (Matrix algebra) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
Exercise 3 (Determinants) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
Exercise 4 (Inverse matrices) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
Exercise 5 (Systems of nonlinear equations) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
1.2 Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
Problem 1 (Flux networks) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
Problem 2 (Leontief models in economy) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

2 Introduction to several variable functions 8

2.1 Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
Exercise 6 (Set theory background) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
Exercise 7 (Function domains) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
Exercise 8 (Homogeneous functions) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
Exercise 9 (Composite functions) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
Exercise 10 (Implicit functions) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
Exercise 11 (Graph of functions: level curves) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
Exercise 12 (Limits and continuity) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16

3 Derivability of functions 18
Exercise 13 (Derivatives of single variable functions) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
Exercise 14 (Partial derivatives of scalar and vector functions) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
Exercise 15 (Higher order derivatives) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
Exercise 16 (Gradient Jacobians and Hessians) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21

4 Differentiability of functions 25
Exercise 17 (The differential of a function) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
Exercise 18 (Continuity–derivability–differentiability) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
Exercise 19 (Directional derivatives) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
Exercise 20 (The Chain Rule) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
Exercise 21 (Derivative of the implicit function) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36

5 Introduction to integral calculus and differential equations 40

Exercise 22 (Elementary techniques of integral calculus) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
Exercise 23 (Riemann integral: integrability conditions and the Barrow’s rule) . . . . . . . . . 40
Exercise 24 (Improper integrals) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
Exercise 25 (Separable differential equations) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43

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DMEE

1 Systems of Equations and Linear Algebra

1.1 Exercises

EXERCISE 1 : Systems of linear equations

1. (a) (x1 , x2 , x3 ) = (1, 0, 0) (e) (x1 , x2 , x3 ) = (2, 7, 1)

(b) (x1 , x2 , x3 ) = (1, 0, −1) (f) (x1 , x2 , x3 ) = (− 21 , 12 , 0, 1)
(c) (x1 , x2 , x3 ) = (1, 2, 3) (g) (x1 , x2 , x3 ) = (−13, − 27 , −1)
(d) (x1 , x2 , x3 ) = (−1, −1, −2) (h) (x1 , x2 , x3 ) = (2, −1, 0, 0)

2.            
x 2 x −4 x 3
           
y  = 4 , y  = −7 , y  = 4
           
z 5 z −8 z 4
1 2 2

3.        
π
sin α 1 α
       2 
cos β  = −1 −→ β  = −π 
       
tan γ 0 γ 0

4. Gaussian elimination leads to  

−1 3 −2 1
 
 0 1 −1 −1 
 
0 0 0 1

The last line stands for the equation

0 · x + 0 · y + 0 · z = 1,

which has no solutions, yielding an inconsistent system.

5.      
−1 3 −2 4 −1 3 −2 4 −1 3 −2 4
     
 −1 4 −3 5  −→  0 1 −1 1  −→  0 1 −1 1 
     
−1 5 −4 6 0 2 −2 2 0 0 0 0

The last line stands for the equation

0 · x + 0 · y + 0 · z = 0,

which is satisfied for all values of (x, y, z), so it can be removed. The resulting system is
dependent (it has two equations and three unknown variables).

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DMEE 1.1 Exercises

2 , −2)
6. (a0 , a1 , a2 ) = (−3, 11 3

7. Suppose x1 and x2 are distinct solutions for the system of equations Ax = b, that means,
Ax1 = b and Ax2 = b. Then consider the points defined by y = λx1 + (1 − λ)x2 with
λ ∈ [0, 1], which are the points in the segment connecting x1 and x2 . The points y are also
solutions to the system since

Ay = λ Ax1 + (1 − λ)A x2 = λb + (1 − λ) b = b ,

and they form an infinite set, which is obviously distinct from (x1 , x2 ): Take for instance λ =
1
2 , then y = 12 (x1 + x2 ).

EXERCISE 2 : Matrix algebra

1. (a) (d) " # (g) " #

" #
3 5 1 1 2 5 7
3 6 3 10 −7 −1 1
(e) " # (h)
(b)
" # " #
5 −2 3 2
1 7
5 −3 1 7
−3 3
(f)  
(c) 4 −3
" #  
−1 5 1 −1
 
22 −9 7 −4

2. (a) True.
(b) False. The number of columns of C = AB is equal to the number of columns of B.
(c) False. True if B −1 exists (that is if |B| ̸= 0).

3. (a) False.
(b) False: (AB)2 = ABAB ̸= AABB since AB ̸= BA in general.
(c) False: (A + B)2 = (A + B)(A + B) = A2 + AB + BA + B 2
(d) False: (A + B)(A − B) = A2 + BA − AB − B 2

4. (a) True. (d) True.

(b) True. (e) True.
(c) False: (AB)T = B T AT (f) True.

5. (a) Not symmetric (actually anti-symmetric since (B − B T )T = B T − B = −(B − B T )).

(b) Symmetric.
(c) Symmetric.

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DMEE 1.1 Exercises

(d) Symmetric.

6. (a) If the matrix A with elements Aij is anti-symmetric then A = −AT implies for the
diagonal elements Aii = −Aii −→ 2Aii = 0.
(b) (B − B T )T = B T − B = −(B − B T ), so B − B T is indeed anti-symmetric.

EXERCISE 3 : Determinants

1. a) 0 b) −120 c) −30 d) 120

2. (a) det(A) = −7 , det(B) = 3 , det(AB) = −21

(b) det(A) = −24 , det(B) = −30 , det(AB) = 720

3. (a) True, since det(AAT ) = det(A) det(AT ) and det(AT ) = det(A).

(b) True if dim(A) is an odd number, because det(λA) = λdim(A) det(A) for λ ∈ R.
(c) False, we can also have det(A) = −1: If AT = A−1 , then det(AT ) = det(A−1 ) −→
det(A) = 1/ det(A) −→ (det(A))2 = 1, which implies that det(A) = ±1.
(d) False. For instance, a diagonal matrix A ̸= 0 with some element in the diagonal equal
to zero also has det(A) = 0.
(e) True. If det(A) ̸= 0 there exists A−1 and we can solve the system as x = A−1 0 = 0.
(f) True: det(P AP −1 ) = det(P ) det(A) det(P −1 ) = det(A) since det(P −1 ) = 1/ det(P ).
(g) False: det(A4 ) = (det(A))4 = 1 implies det(A) = ±1.
(h) True: If A2 = A then det(A2 ) = det(A) −→ det(A)(det(A) − 1) = 0. The later
equation has solutions det(A) = 0 and det(A) = 1. In the second case there exists A−1
and multiplying both sides of the equation A2 = A by A−1 one gets A = I. Therefore
if A2 = A either det(A) = 0 or A = I.

EXERCISE 4 : Inverse matrices

1. (a) det(A) ̸= 0 −→ ∃ A−1 (e) det(A) = 0 −→ ∄ A−1 .

(b) det(A) = 0 −→ ∄ A−1
(f) det(A) = 0 −→ ∄ A−1
(c) Since A is triangular det(A) =
(g) det(A) = 12 ̸= 0 −→ ∃ A−1
5(−7)(−1) = 35 ̸= 0 −→ ∃ A−1
(d) det(A) = 0 since it has a column with (h) Since A is triangular det(A) = 1 · 5 · 2 ·
zeros −→ ∄ A−1 . 10 = 100 ̸= 0 −→ ∃ A−1

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DMEE 1.2 Problems

2. (a) (f) ∄ A−1

" #
2 7
A−1 = 3 9 (g)  
− 13 − 95 9 1
−2 1
 2 2 
− 25 − 14 2
0
∄ A−1  12 
(b) A−1 =  2 3

− 0 1
0
 3 3 
(c)  
1
− 34 − 14 0 1
0 0
 5 
A−1 = 
− 35
3
− 17 0
(h)  
41
− 57 −1 1 − 35 − 45 3
35  5 
0 1 − 10
9 3 
 
(d) ∄ A−1 A−1 = 5 5

0 0 1 2
−5
 2
(e) ∄ A−1 0 0 0 1
10

EXERCISE 5 : Systems of nonlinear equations

1. (a) (d) (g)

(b) (e)
(c) (f)

2. (a) (c) (e)

(b) (d) (f)

1.2 Problems

PROBLEM 1 : Flux networks

1. The system is dependent with 3 free variables (rank(A)=rank[A|b] = 4 and there are 7
unknown variables). Choosing x1 , x2 , x6 as free parameters, the solution reads:

x3 = 120 − x1 + x2
x4 = x2 + x6
x5 = 100 + x1 − x2 − x6
x7 = 10 − x1 + x2

2. Closing the street x6 means setting x6 = 0. The number of unknowns is reduced to 6, and
the solution above depends on two free parameters. How many streets could be closed for
works without traffic collapsing in that neighborhood?

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DMEE 1.2 Problems

PROBLEM 2 : Leontief models in economy

The system of equations that have to satisfy the equilibrium prices reads:

0.4pE + 0.6pS = pC
0.6pC + 0.1pE + 0.2pS = pE
0.4pC + 0.5pE + 0.2pS = pS

whose solution reads

28
pE = pC
31
33
pS = pC
31

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DMEE

2 Introduction to several variable functions

2.1 Exercises

EXERCISE 6 : Set theory background

1. (a) {6}
(b) {1, 2, 3, 5, 6}
(c) ∅
(d) {(0, 2, −6)} ∩ R4
(e) ∅
(f) {(x, y) ∈ R2 | x2 + y 2 ≤ 9 and x2 + y 2 ≥ 14}
(g) {(x, y) ∈ R2 | x + 2y ≤ 4 and 3x + y ≥ 3}
(h) {x ∈ R | x ≥ 14}
(i) [0, 14]

2. (a) 1 ∈ {6, 1, 4}
(b) (3, −2) ∈ R2
(c) {(3, −2)} ⊆ R2
(d) {(3, −2), (0, 0), (2/3, 8)} ⊆ R2
(e) {x ∈ R | 3 ≤ x ≤ 18} = [3, 18]
(f) {x ∈ R | 3 ≤ x < 18} = [3, 18)
(g) [−2, 9] ∩ {x ∈ R | 3 ≤ x ≤ 10} ⊆ [3, 9]
or [−2, 9] ∩ {x ∈ R | 3 ≤ x < 10} ⊆ [3, 9]
(h) [−2, 9] ∪ {x ∈ R | 3 ≤ x ≤ 10} ⊆ [−2, 10]
or [−2, 9] ∪ {x ∈ R | 3 < x ≤ 10} ⊆ [−2, 10]
(i) {x ∈ R | x ≥ 13} ⊆ [2, +∞)
(j) {(x, y) ∈ R2 | x + 2y ≤ 4} ⊆ R2

EXERCISE 7 : Function domains

x2
1. (a) f (x) = 1+x

(b) f (x, y, z) = 1 − 2x + 3y 2 − xz
√
(c) f (x, y) = x 1 + y
(d) f (x, y, z) = (2y, x − 6z)
(e) f (x) = (2x , log(1 + x), 2) vector function
√
(f) f (x, y) = (exp (x + y), 2 − x, 5−y 1
, x2 + 3y) with Domf = {(x, y) ∈ R2 : x ≥
2 and y ̸= 3}.

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DMEE 2.1 Exercises

1
(g) f (x, y) = (xy, 5+y 2 , exp (x + y), sin y)

(h) 
 1
if (x, y) ̸= (2, 1)
x−2y
f (x, y) =
0 if (x, y) = (2, 1).

2. (a) Dom F = {x ∈ R : x ̸= 2 and x ̸= 3}

(b) Dom F = {x ∈ R : x ̸= −2 and 1−x
2+x ≥ 0}
(c) Dom F = {(x, y, z) ∈ R3 : x > 0 and x + y + z > 0}
(d) Dom F = R2
(e) Dom F = {(x, y) ∈ R2 : x > y}

(f) Dom F = {(x, y) ∈ R2 : x ≥ 0 and y ̸= 2x}

(g) Dom F = R2
(h) Dom F = {(x, y) ∈ R2 : x ≥ y} ∪ {(x, y) ∈ R2 : x < y and xy ≥ 0}

(i) Dom F = {(x, y) ∈ R2 : x > 1} ∪ {(x, y) ∈ R2 : x ≤ 1 and xy ≥ 0}

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DMEE 2.1 Exercises

(j) Dom F = {(x, y) ∈ R2 : y ≥ 0 and x ̸= 1 and x ̸= −1} ∪ {(x, y) ∈ R2 : y < 0}

(k) Dom F = {(x, y) ∈ R2 : x > 1 and y ≥ 0}

(l) Dom F = {(x, y, z) ∈ R3 : x + z > 0 and x − y ≥ 0}

(m) Dom F = {(x, y, z) ∈ R3 : z > 0 and z ̸= exp(2x)}
(n) Dom F = {(x, y, z) ∈ R3 : y ̸= 0 and x + z > 0}

3. (a) Dom D = {(I, p, p′ ) ∈ R3 : Ip′ ≥ 0 and p ̸= 0}

Ec.Dom D = {(I, p, p′ ) ∈ R3 : I > 0 and p′ > 0 and p > 0}
(b) Dom C = R
Ec.Dom D = {q ∈ R : 1 > 0}
(c) Dom Q = R2
Ec.Dom Q = {K, L) ∈ R2 : K > 0 and L > 0}
(d) Dom U = {(C, S) ∈ R2 : CF 3 ≥ 0}
Ec.Dom U = {(C, S) ∈ R2 : C > 0 and S > 0}

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DMEE 2.1 Exercises

EXERCISE 8 : Homogeneous functions

1. (a) Homogeneous of degree 2 (g) Homogeneous of degree 1

(b) Non-homogeneous (h) Non-homogeneous
(c) Homogeneous of degree 0 (i) Homogeneous of degree 0
(d) Homogeneous of degree 1 (j) Non-homogeneous
(e) Homogeneous of degree − 13 (k) Homogeneous of degree −1
(f) Homogeneous of degree −1 (l) Homogeneous of degree 1
6

2. (a) Homogeneous of degree α + β. Increasing returns to scale if α + β > 1, decreasing if

α + β < 1, and constant if α + β = 1.
(b) Homogeneous of degree 0. Returns to scale are always decreasing (since Q(aL, aK) <
aQ(L, K) for any constant a greater than 1).
(c) Homogeneous of degree 1. Returns to scale are constant (since Q(aL, aK) =
aQ(L, K) for any constant a greater than 0).

EXERCISE 9 : Composite functions

1.
z  
 z 2  z 2 2
z2
C(x(z), y(z)) = 200 + 3 + 10 + 2 + 0.02 + 10
2 10 2 10
3z z 2 z 4 z 5 z 6
= 230 + + + + +
2 5 50 500 20000
 
2x 2y
2. (a) (g ◦ f )(x, y) = ,
y x
(f ◦ g)(t) = t2
 p p 
(b) (g ◦ f )(x, y) = sin( x2 + y 2 ), cos( x2 + y 2 )
p
(f ◦ g)(t) = cos2 t + sin2 t = 1
!
1 p
(c) (g ◦ f )(x, y) = |x2 − y 2 |, p , ln( x2 − y 2 )
x2 − y 2
(f ◦ g) does not exist.

3. (a) g(y, u) ≡ f (x(u), y, z(u)) = y + 6u − u2

(b) g(x) ≡ f (x, y(x)) = 3(x + 1) − x2
(c) g(x, z) ≡ f (x, y(x, z), z) = xex , g(0, 1) = f (0, y(0, 1), 1) = 0
2
(d) g(x, y, z) = t(u(x, y, z), v(x, z)) = xy + z + ez+x
g(2, 1, 0) = t(u(2, 1, 0), v(2, 0)) = 2 + e4

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DMEE 2.1 Exercises

EXERCISE 10 : Implicit functions

√
1. (a) KLM = 200 −→ Relation to be satisfied by the amounts of capital (K), number of
workers (L) and number of machines M , in order to have a production of 200 units.
40000
(b) M (K, L) = KL

(c) M (100, 10) = 40 −→ 40 machines are needed to guarantee a level of production of

200 units when the capital and the number of workers are 100 and 10, respectively.

2. (a) y(x, z) = 2−z

x(1+x) , Dom y = {(x, z) ∈ R2 : x(1 + x) ̸= 0}
4−y 2
(b) x(y) = e y , Dom x = {y ∈ R : y ̸= 0}
√
(c) y = ± 9 − x2 , y = y(x) does not exist (it is a multivalued function)
35
(d) z(x, y) = x2 y 4
, Dom z = {(x, y) ∈ R2 : xy ̸= 0}

EXERCISE 11 : Graph of functions: level curves

1.

(a) f (x) = ex−1

(b) f (x) = ln(x + 1)

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DMEE 2.1 Exercises

(c) f (x) = sin(x + π)

2.


2x + 1 if − 1 ≤ x ≤ 2
(a) F (x) =
9 − x2 if x > 2


4x2 if x ≤ 3
(b) F (x) =
x + 6 if x > 3

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DMEE 2.1 Exercises



1 if x ≤ 2


3.
(f − g)(x) = 9 + 2x if 2 < x ≤ 3




3x if x > 3

4.

5. (a) C = 200 + 0.6Y

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DMEE 2.1 Exercises

(b) I = 80Q−0.2Q2

(c) C = 200e0.05T

6.

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DMEE 2.1 Exercises

EXERCISE 12 : Limits and continuity

1. (a) +∞ (e) does not exist

(b) 0
(f) does not exist
(c) −∞
(d) +∞ (g) 0

2. (a) 4 (b) (0, 2, 8)

3. (a) does not exist (b) 1 (c) 0

4. Discontinuous at x = 2. Continuous at x = 6.

5. Discontinuous at x = 2.

6. (a) f is continuous at {x ∈ R | x ̸= 2, 5}
(b) f is continuous at {(x, y) ∈ R2 | (x, y) ̸= (0, 0)}
(c) f is continuous at {(x, y) ∈ R2 | (x, y) ̸= (0, 0)}
(d) f is continuous at {(x, y) ∈ R2 | x − y > 0}
(e) f is continuous at {(x, y) ∈ R2 | x − y > 0}

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DMEE 2.1 Exercises

(f) f is continuous at {(x, y, z) ∈ R3 | x + y + z ̸= 0}

(g) f is discontinuous at x = −1
(h) f is continuous at {(x, y, z) ∈ R3 | y + z ̸= 0} ∩ {(x, y, z) ∈ R3 | x − y > 0}
(i) f continuous at {x ∈ R | x ̸= 1, 2}

7. (a) R2 → R
(b) Dom F = {(x, y) ∈ R2 : x − 2y ̸= 0} ∪ {(2, 1)}
(c) {(1, 1), (1, 2)} ∈ Dom F . {(0, 0), (1, 21 )} ∈
/ Dom F
(d) F continuous at points (0, 0) and (1, 2), and discontinuous at (2, 1)

8. (a) R2 → R
(b) Dom f = R2 − {(x, y) ∈ R2 : (1, −y) ̸= 0 when y ≥ 2}
(c) {(0, 0), (1, −1)} ∈ Dom F . {(−1, 0), (−1, 1)} ∈
/ Dom F
(d) (2, 1) , (1, 0) and (−1, −2) are boundary points. F continuous at points (1, 0) and
(−0.5, 1), and discontinuous at (2, 1) , (−1, −2) and (−1, 3)

9. (2, 0) is a boundary point. F continuous at point (0, 4) and discontinuous at (2, 0) and (1, 1)

10. Let f be the function 

0.3y + b if y ≥ 4
f (x, y) =
x + √y if y < 4.

4
(a) b = 5

(b) Dom f = {(x, y) ∈ R2 : y ≥ 0}. (0, 0) ∈ Dom F . (1, −1) ∈

/ Dom F
(c) F discontinuous at points (0, 4) and (1, 1) when b = 1

11. (a) Dom D = {(p, r) ∈ R2 : r ̸= 0 and p ̸= 0}

Ec.Dom D = {(p, r) ∈ R2 : r > 0 and p > 0}
(b) f is continuous in Dom D
(c) f is homogeneous of degree 0
(d)
2r2 (2m1 + m2 )2 r/(2m1 +m2 )
D(p(m1 , m2 ), r) = e ,
r4 + (2m1 + m2 )4

17
DMEE

3 Derivability of functions

EXERCISE 13 : Derivatives of single variable functions

1. f ′ (0) = 0 and f ′ (1) = −2

2. f is derivable everywhere except at x = 0 and x = 4 (note that the function is discontinuous

at those points)

x+1 x+1
3. (a) F ′ (x) = ′
(e) F (x) =
4e x−1 x
(x(x + 2))3/2 (x − 1)4



(b) F ′ (x) =
1 (f) F (x) = 16x sin 4x2 + 2 cos 4x2 + 2
x2
(g) F ′ (x) = 3x +2x+1 (2x + 2) log(3)
2

x2 +4 2x − 1
(c) F ′ (x) = (h) F ′ (x) = 3/2
x(x2 − 4) x
x 4x
(d) F ′ (x) = (i) F ′ (x) =
(x(x + 2))3/2 (x − 4)2
2

4. C ′ (100) = 203

5. (a) S ′ (Y ) = b (b) S ′ (Y ) = 10 + 4Y

dT
6. (a) = ab(bY + c)p−1 + k
dY
dT
(b) = 0.3361
dY Y =100000
7. (a) Ec.Dom C = {x ∈ R : x > 0}. Ec.Dom p = {x ∈ R : x > 0}
(b) C ′ (x) = 10−4x
(c) R(x) = p(x) − C(x) = 30 − 8x + 2x2
dR
(d) = −8 + 4x
dx

EXERCISE 14 : Partial derivatives of scalar and vector functions

1. You can obtain the results for all partial derivatives (including a step-by-step solution) at
https://www.wolframalpha.com
∂F (x,y)
For instance for case (a), type ”d/dx (1-1/sqrt(y-2x))” in the input box to get ∂x

2. Check using https://www.wolframalpha.com

df df
3. (a) =4 , =0
dx (x,y)=(2,0) dy (x,y)=(2,0)
df df
(b) =8 , =1
dx (x,y)=(4,3) dy (x,y)=(4,3)

4.
∂f f (a1 , . . . , ai + ∆x, . . . , an ) − f (a1 , . . . , ai , . . . , an )
(a) = lim
∂xi ∆x→0 ∆x

18
DMEE

∂f f (x, y, z + ∆z) − f (a, b, c)

(a, b, c) = lim
∂z ∆z→0 ∆z
dQ 25
5. (a) = − 2 : An increase on the price yields a decrease on the demand
dp p
dy
(b) = 10αk α−1 : Increase of capital induces an increase in the production
dk
∂F ∂F
(c) = 10 α K α−1 L1−α , = 10 (1 − α) K α L−α
∂K ∂L
An increase of either the capital (K) or the labour (L) input increases the production

∂U ∂U
axα−1 (axα + (1 − a)y α ) α −1 = (1 − a)y α−1 (axα + (1 − a)y α ) α −1
1 1
(d) = ,
∂x ∂y

The utility increases when the amounts of x or y increase

∂F
6. = A α K α−1 Lα : the marginal productivity of capital represents the increase in the
∂K
∂F
production (since > 0) for each additional unit of capital invested (while keeping L
∂K
fixed)
∂F
= A α K α Lα−1 : the marginal productivity of labour represents the increase in the
∂L
∂F
production (since > 0) for each additional unit of labour (while keeping K fixed)
∂L
∂B p30
7. = > 0 : the marginal profit with respect the selling price represents the
∂p0 16p2 p21
increase of the profit for each monetary unit of increase in the selling price (while keeping
the prices of the inputs fixed)
∂B p40
=− < 0 : the marginal profit with respect price of input 1 represents the de-
∂p0 32p2 p31
crease of the profit for each monetary unit of increase in the price of input 1 (while keeping
the selling price p0 and the price of input 2 fixed)
∂B p40
=− < 0 : the marginal profit with respect price of input 2 represents the de-
∂p0 64p22 p21
crease of the profit for each monetary unit of increase in the price of input 2 (while keeping
the selling price p0 and the price of input 1 fixed)
∂x 2Y p
8. = > 0 : the marginal demand with respect the country income represents the
∂Y 3p20
increase on the demanded quantity of the good (in physical units) for each € of increase in
the country’s income per capita
∂x 2Y 2 p
=− < 0 : the marginal demand with respect the price of the good represents
∂p0 3p30
the decrease on the demanded quantity of the good (in physical units) for each € of increase
in the price of the good
∂x Y2
= > 0 : the marginal demand with respect the price of other goods represents
∂Y 3p20
the increase on the demanded quantity of the good (in physical units) for each € of increase
in the price of other goods

19
DMEE

9. The partial derivative of the function f with respect variable x2 evaluated at the point
(x1 , x2 , x3 ) = (a, b, c), yields the approximate change of the function f per unit of change of
variable x2 from its current value x2 = b, with the rest of variables kept constant to values
x1 = a and x3 = c

10. (a) The wage (w) normally increases with the actual time spent working (T ). Thus
dw/dT > 0 and it is measured in monetary units per unit of time (hours, for example)
(b) A given good’s demand (D) normally decreases when the price of the good (p) in-
creases. Thus dD/dp < 0 and its measure units are quantity of the good (individual
units of physical units -kg, liters ...-) per monetary unit (€, $, etc.)
(c) Typically the volume of sales (S) of a company increases when the money they invest
in advertising (Ca ) raises. Thus dS/dCa > 0 and its measure units are the number of
units sold during a specific accounting period per monetary unit (€, $, etc.) spent on
advertising
(d) The average savings (s) of the citizens of a country grow when the price index (I) (i.e.
the general cost of living) decreases. Thus ds/dI < 0 and it is an adimensional quantity
since both the savings and the prince index are measured in monetary units
∂I
11. (a) (18, 20, 76) = −0.08208 units of % of GDP per unit of % weight of black economy :
∂y
The sign indicates that an increase of the country’s black economy induces a decrease
in the VAT incomes
(b)
∂I
I(20, 20, 76) ≈ I(18, 20, 76) + (18, 20, 76) × 2 (1)
∂x
= 6.5664 + (0.3648) × 2 = 7.296 % of GDP (2)

since ∆x = 20 − 18 = 2%
(c)
∂I x 18
E= = 0.3648 × = 1 %I /%x
∂x I (18,20,76) 6.5664

12. (a) 2750e

(b) iii. is the correct answer
i. ∆C(3, 7)(∆x = 2, ∆y = 0) ≈ 10 × 2 = 20 m.u.
ii. ∆C(3, 7)(∆x = 0, ∆y = −1) ≈ 15 × (−1) = −15 m.u.
iii. ∆C(3, 7)(∆x = 1, ∆y = 0) ≈ 10 × 1 = 10 m.u.
iv. ∆C(3, 7)(∆x = 0, ∆y = 1) ≈ 15 × 1 = 15 m.u.
(c) 500 u.

20
DMEE

EXERCISE 15 : Higher order derivatives

dU
1. (a) gives the approximate change in the utility for each unit of increment of the
dx 10
dU
consumed quantity x when x = 10, while stands for the corresponding
dx 1000
change when the consumed quantity is x = 1000
dU
(b) > 0 since the consumer typically finds more useful to have a larger quantity of a
dx
given good
dU dU
(c) > since an extra unit of a good normally is more valuable for the con-
dx 10 dx 1000
sumer when he has a small amount (for instance, a family would find more useful to
have a second car than a third one)
 
d2 U d dU dU
(d) 2
≡ < 0 because the function decreases as x increases
dx dx dx dx
dU
(e) U (10.5) ≈ U (10) + × ∆x = 3.65 + 0.22 × 0.5 = 3.76
dx 10
2. Given the functions
1 − x2 − y 2 2x
f (x, y) = g(x, y) = ,
x2 + (1 + y)2 x2 + (1 + y)2

defined on D = {(x, y) ∈ R2 | (x, y) ̸= (0, −1)}.

∂f 4x(y + 1) ∂g
(a) = 2 =
∂x 2
(x + (y + 1) )2 ∂y


∂f 2 x − (y + 1)
2 2
∂g
= 2 =−
∂y 2
(x + (y + 1) )2 ∂x
∂2f ∂2f
(b) + =0
∂x2 ∂y 2
∂2g ∂2g
2
+ 2 =0
∂x ∂y
∂f
3. (1, 1) = 1
∂x
∂2f
(1, 1) = 0
∂x∂y
∂2f ∂2f
4. (a) = = 2x cos y
∂x∂y ∂y∂x
∂3f ∂5f
(b) i. = 2 cos y ii. (1, 0) = −2 cos (0) = −2
∂x2 ∂y ∂x2 ∂y 3

EXERCISE 16 : Gradient Jacobians and Hessians

1. (a) ∇f (x, y) = 6x cos 3x2 − y , − cos 3x2 − y
 
1 2z 2y
(b) ∇f (x, y, z) = √ ,− √ ,− √
2 x 3 3 yz 3 3 yz
 
1 2 4
∇f (9, 4, 2) = ,− ,−
6 3 3

21
DMEE

!
4 2x2 − 3y 3 9y 2 3 2x2 − 3y 3
(c) ∇f (x, y, z) = − , − , −
z3 x2 z 3 xz 3 xz 4
∇f (2, 0, 1) = (2, 0, −12)

 
2. (a) Jf (x, y) = 3(x − y)2 , −3(x − y)2 5x3/2
 2 
  (c) Jf (x) = 
 − x12 

2x 1 − sin(x)
(b) Jf (x, y) =  y y 
− yex2
x ex  3/2

x 5x
0
!  2 
4 1 (d) Jf (x, y) = 
 − x12 0 

Jf (2, 0) =
0 1
2 − sin(x) 0

3.

∇f (x, y) =
( [ ( ) ] )
2( 2 ) sin x2 + xy √ ( 2 ) 2( 2 ) ( 2 )
sin x + xy √ 3/2
+ 3 x(2x + y) cos x + xy , 3x sin x + xy cos x + xy
2 x

 
x cos(x)+sin(x)+ x1 sin(x))
4. ∇f (x, y) = y 2 +1
− 2y(log(x)+x
(y 2 +1)2
1
∇f (a, 0) = ( , a) −→ a = e
a
 
0 √1 √1
5. Jf (x, y, z) =  1 2 y+z 2 y+z 
x−3y − x−3y
3 √1
2 y+z
!
0 14 1
Jf (2, −1, 5) = 4
1
5 − 3
5
1
4

6. No, because the mixed second-order partial derivatives that result from the partial deriva-
∂2f ∂2f
tives written in that gradient do not satisfy the identity = (Schwarz’s theorem)
∂x∂y ∂y∂x
7. (a) f (x, y) = sin(3x2 − y)



!
6 cos 3x2 − y − 36x2 sin 3x2 − y 6x sin 3x2 − y
Hf =


6x sin 3x2 − y − sin 3x2 − y

(b) f (x, y, z) = x1/2 − (yz)2/3

 
− 4x13/2 0 0
 
Hf =  2z 2 
2yz
 0 9(yz)4/3 9(yz)4/3
− 3√ 2
3 yz

2yz 2y 2
0 9(yz)4/3
− 3√ 2
3 yz 9(yz)4/3
 
− 108
1
0 0
 
Hf (9, 4, 2) = 
 0 1
18 − 92 

0 − 29 2
9

22
DMEE

2x2 − 3y 3
(c) f (x, y, z) =
xz 3
 2(2x2 −3y 3 ) 3(2x2 −3y 3 )

9y 2
− xz4 3 − 12
 x3 z 3 x2 z 3 x2 z 4 z4 
Hf =  
9y 2 18y 27y 2
 x2 z 3
− xz 3 xz 4 
3(2x2 −3y 3 ) 27y 2 12(2x2 −3y 3 )
x2 z 4
− 12
z4 xz 4 xz 5
 
0 0 −6
 
Hf (2, 0, 1) = 
 0 0 0 

−6 0 48

8. ∇f (x, y) = (6xy + 10xy 3 , 3x2 + 15x2 y 2 − 6y 5 )

!
6y + 10y 3 6x + 30xy 2
Hf =
6x + 30xy 2 30x2 y − 30y 4

9. f (x, y, z) = x ln y + e2z  
1
0 0
 y 
Hf = 

1
y − yx2 0 

0 0 4e2z
At (2, 1, a):  
0 1 0
 
Hf (2, 1, a) = 
 1 −2 0 

0 0 4e2a
so a = 0 yields H(f )33 = 4

10. f⃗(x, y) = (f1 (x, y), f2 (x, y), f3 (x, y), f4 (x, y))
 
∂f1 ∂f1
 ∂x (a, b) ∂y (a, b) 
 
 ∂f2 ∂f2 
 (a, b) (a, b) 
 ∂x ∂y 
Jf (a, b) =  ∂f 
 3 ∂f 3
(a, b) 
 (a, b) 
 ∂x ∂y 
 ∂f4 ∂f4 
(a, b) (a, b)
∂x ∂y
 2 
∂ f1 ∂ 2 f1
 ∂ 2 x (a, b) ∂x∂y (a, b) 
Hf1 (a, b) =  ∂ 2 f1


∂ 2 f1
(a, b) (a, b)
∂y∂x ∂2y




!
4x cos x2 + y 2 sin x2 + y 2 4y cos x2 + y 2 sin x2 + y 2
11. (a) Jf = 2y
1
x−y 2
− x−y 2




!
4x cos x2 + y 2 sin x2 + y 2 4y cos x2 + y 2 sin x2 + y 2
Jf = 2y
1
x−y 2
− x−y 2
!
4 cos(1) sin(1) 0
Jf (1, 0) =
1 0

23
DMEE

(b) !
2 −y
2 −y
2ex 2x2 + 1 −2xex
Hf = 2 −y 2 −y
−2xex ex
!
6e −2e
Hf (1, 0) =
−2e e
 
(a) ∇f (x, y) = 2xex −y , −ex −y
2 2
12.
∇f (1, 1) = (2, −1)
(b) !
6 −2
Hf (1, 1) =
−2 1

y xy
!
x+1 − (x+1)2
x
x+1
13. (a) Jf =
y cos(xy) x cos(xy)
(b) g(x, y) = sin(xy)
!
−y 2 sin(xy) cos(xy) − xy sin(xy)
Hg =
cos(xy) − xy sin(xy) −x2 sin(xy)

 
∂f ∂f ∂f
14. ∇f (a, b, c) = (a, b, c), (a, b, c), (a, b, c)
∂x ∂y ∂z

24
DMEE

4 Differentiability of functions

EXERCISE 17 : The differential of a function

1. All the functions have continuous partial derivatives in their domain, so they are differen-
tiable in all points of their domain

(a) df = (3x2 y − 3yz + 2z 2 )dx + x(x2 − 3z)dy + x(4z − 3y)dz

1
(b) df = 4xdx + dy
y
(c) df = − sin(x + y)(dx + dy)
(d) df = y 2 zdx + 2xyzdy + xy 2 dz
(e) df = −y cos(x) sin(x) log(y)dx + cos(x)y cos(x)−1 dy


8x3 + 3x2 y 2 − 2y 3 2x −x2 y − 4x + y 2
(f) df = dx + dy
(4x + y 2 )2 (4x + y 2 )2

2. (a) df (1, 1) = − 54 dx − 43 dy
(b)

f (1.1, 0.8) ≈ f (1, 1) + df (1, 1)(∆x = 0.1, ∆y = −0.2)

 
1 5 3 1 1 19
= − + − × 0.1 − × (−0.2) = − + =−
2 4 4 2 40 40

3. f is differentiable in all points (x, y) ∈ R2

∂C
4. (a) (36, 20) = 76 e : producing an extra unit of good A when the production is (x, y) =
∂x
(36, 20) implies an increase in the production cost of 76 €
∂C
(36, 20) = 92 e : producing an extra unit of good B when the production is (x, y) =
∂x
(36, 20) implies an increase in the production cost of 96 €
(b) The function C has continuous partial derivatives in all points (x, y) ∈ R2 , therefore is
differentiable at (x, y) = (36, 20)
(c)

C(38, 18) ≈ C(36, 20) + dC(36, 20)(∆x = 2, ∆y = −2)

= 2288 + (76 × 2 + 96 × (−2)) = 2248 e

5. (a) Current situation: V0 = 1000 e, i0 = 0.04 and n0 = 10 years

∂P 1 − (1 + i)−n − in(1 + i)−n−1 P inV (1 + i)−n−1

=V = −
∂i (1 − (1 + i)−n )2 i (1 − (1 + i)−n )2

∂P
∆P ≈ (V0 , i0 , n0 )∆i = 613.76 × 0.0025 = 1.5344 e
∂i

25
DMEE

(b)
∂P i ∂P iV (1 + i)−n
= , =− ln(1 + i)
∂V 1 − (1 + i)−n ∂n (1 − (1 + i)−n )2

∂P ∂P
∆P ≈ (V0 , i0 , n0 )∆V + (V0 , i0 , n0 )∆n
∂V ∂n
= 0.12329 × (−100) + (−10.069) × 1 = −22.398 e

∂f ∂f ∂f
6. (a) df (a, b, c) = (a, b, c) dx + (a, b, c) dy + (a, b, c) dz
∂x ∂y ∂z
df
(b) df (a) = (a) dx
dx
(c)

df(a, b) = (df1 (a, b), df2 (a, b))

∂f1 ∂f1 ∂f2 ∂f2

= (a, b)dx + (a, b)dy, (a, b)dx + (a, b)dy
∂x ∂y ∂x ∂y

∂B
7. (a) : Me/ ($/barrel)
∂p
∂B
: Me/ .%
∂g
∂B
: Me/ e
∂w
(b) If the function B(p, g, w) is differentiable at the current situation, S = (p0 , g0 , w0 ) =
(90, 2.5, 2000), then:

∂B ∂B ∂B
B(82, 4, 2050) ≈ B(S) + ∆p + ∆g + ∆w
∂p S ∂g S ∂w S

= 500 + (−15) × (−8) + 50 × 1.5 + 0.5 × 50 = 720 Me

(c)
∂B ∂B ∂B
L(p, g, w) = L(p0 , g0 , w0 ) + (p − p0 ) + (g − g0 ) + (w − w0 )
∂p S ∂g S ∂w S

= 500 + (−15) (p − 90) + 50 (g − 2.5) + 0.5 (w − 2000)

8.
∂B ln(1 + i) ∂B 2x ln(1 + i) ∂B x
= , =− , = 2
∂x p2 ∂p p3 ∂p p (1 + i)
∂B
(a) • (1000, 2, 9) = 0.5756 m.u./unit : producing an extra unit at the current situa-
∂x
tion (x, p, i) = (1000, 2, 9) implies an approximate increase in the company’s profit
of 0.5756 m.u.
∂B
• (1000, 2, 9) = 575.64 : increasing the price of the product by one m.u. at the
∂p
current situation (x, p, i) = (1000, 2, 9) yields an approximate decrease in the
company’s profit of 575.64 m.u.

26
DMEE

∂B
• (1000, 2, 9) = 25 : investing an additional m.u. in advertising at the current
∂i
situation (x, p, i) = (1000, 2, 9) yields an approximate increase in the company’s
profit of 25 m.u.
(b)

∆B = B(1100, 2.5, 15) − B(1000, 2, 9)

∂B ∂B ∂B
≈ ∆x + ∆p + ∆i
∂x (1000,2,9) ∂p (1000,2,9) ∂i (1000,2,9)

= 0.5756 × 100 + (−575.64) × 0.5 + 25 × 6 = −80.26 m.u.

It is not worth to make the change since it yields a decrease in the company’s profit

9.
∂f ∂f
1.5 = df (5, 9)(0.1, 0.2) = (5, 9) × 0.1 + (5, 9) × 0.2
∂x ∂y
∂f
= 7 × 0.1 + (5, 9) × 0.2
∂y
∂f 1.5 − 0.7
−→ (5, 9) = =4
∂y 0.2

Statement (b) is the correct one

∂C
10. (a) • (1200, 6, 7) = 12 e/unit : producing an extra unit at the current situation
∂x
(x, p, q) = (1200, 6, 7) implies an approximate increase in the company’s cost of
12 e
∂C
• (1200, 6, 7) = 4 : increasing the price of the first input by one euro at the cur-
∂p
rent situation (x, p, q) = (1200, 6, 7) yields an approximate decrease in the com-
pany’s cost of 4 e
∂C
• (1200, 6, 7) = 6 : increasing the price of the second input by one euro at the
∂q
current situation (x, p, q) = (1200, 6, 7) yields an approximate decrease in the
company’s cost of 6 e
(b)

∆C = C(1200, 4, 7) − C(1200, 6, 7)
∂C
≈ × ∆p = 4 × (−2) = −8 e
∂p (1200,6,7)

(c)

∆C = C(1200, 4, 10) − C(1200, 6, 7)

∂C ∂C
≈ × ∆p + × ∆q
∂p (1200,6,7) ∂q (1200,6,7)

= 4 × (−2) + 6 × 3 = 10 e

27
DMEE

11. (a) √

∂D 30 p′ 2 ∂D 60 p′ 1 + x p′ ∂D 60 1 + 32 x p′
= √ , =− , = √
∂x p 1 + x p′ ∂p p2 ∂p p 1 + x p′
∂D
• (0, 15, 15) = 450 units/.% : a 1% increase of the marketing effort at the cur-
∂x
rent situation, (x, p, p′ ) = (0, 15, 15), increases the estimated demand of the good
approximately by 450 units
∂D
• (0, 15, 15) = −4 units/e : increasing the selling price of the good by 1 m.u. at
∂p
the current situation, (x, p, p′ ) = (0, 15, 15), decreases the estimated demand of
the good approximately by 4 units
∂D
• (0, 15, 15) = 4 units/e : if the average selling price of the competitors in-
∂p′
creases by 1 m.u. at the current situation, (x, p, p′ ) = (0, 15, 15), increases the
estimated demand of the good approximately by 4 units
(b) All three partial derivatives are continuous at the point (x, p, p′ ) = (0, 15, 15), so D is
differentiable
∂D ∂D ∂D
dD(0, 15, 15) = dx + dp + dp′
∂x (0,15,15) ∂p (0,15,15) ∂p′ (0,15,15)

= 450 dx − 4 dp + 4 p′

(c)

∆D = D(0.01, 16, 13) − D(0, 15, 15)

∂D ∂D ∂D
≈ × ∆x + × ∆p + × ∆p′
∂x (0,15,15) ∂p (0,15,15) ∂p′ (0,15,15)

= 450 × 0.01 − 4 × 1 + 4 × (−2) = −7.5 units

EXERCISE 18 : Continuity–derivability–differentiability

1. Since f is differentiable at (3, 1) it is also continuous at (3, 1). The definition of continuity
of a function at a given point implies that the function value agrees with the limit of the
function at that same point. Therefore f (3, 1) = lim f (x, y) = 6
(x,y)→(3,1)

2. (a) True
(b) False
(c) True
(d) False
(e) False
(f) False

3. (a) True
(b) False

28
DMEE

(c) True
(d) True
(e) True

4. If the partial derivatives of the function exist and are continuous at (x0 , y0 ) then the func-
tion is differentiable at (x0 , y0 )

5. The function must be continuous at (x0 , y0 ) in order to be differentiable at that point

EXERCISE 19 : Directional derivatives

 
4y 4
1. u0 = (α, β) , ∇f = 2 − 2 ,
x x

u0 · ∇f (1, −1) = 0 → α × 6 + β × 4 = 0
 
2
−→ u0 = α 1, − , α∈R
3

2. (a) ∇f (1, 0) = (e3 , 0)

∇f
umax = = (1, 0)
∥∇f ∥ (1,0)
∇f
umin = − = (−1, 0)
∥∇f ∥ (1,0)
u0 = α(0, 1) , α∈R
(b) ∇f (1, 1, 0) = (1, 0, 1)
∇f 1
umax = = √ (1, 0, 1)
∥∇f ∥ (1,1,0) 2
∇f 1
umin = − = − √ (1, 0, 1)
∥∇f ∥ (1,1,0) 2
u0 = α(1, 0, −1) + β(0, 1, 0) , α, β ∈ R

3. (a) df (1, 2)(dx, dy): differential of the function f at (x, y) = (1, 2) is a function R2 −→ R
df (1, 2)(3, 1): differential of the function f at (x, y) = (1, 2) evaluated at (dx, dy) =
(3, 1) is a real number
df (x, y)(3, 1): differential of the function f at (x, y) evaluated at (dx, dy) = (3, 1) is a
function R2 −→ R
∂f
(b) (x, y): partial derivative with respect to y of the function f evaluated at (x, y) is a
∂y
function R2 −→ R
∂f
: partial derivative with respect to y of the function f evaluated at the point
∂y (1,2)
(x, y) = (1, 2) is a real number
(c) ∇f (2, 3): gradient vector of function f evaluated at the point (x, y) = (2, 3) is a vector
in R2 (i.e. a two-component vector)
Hf (2, 3): Hessian of the function f evaluated at (x, y) = (2, 3) is a 2x2 matrix

29
DMEE

(d) The direction of maximum increase of f at the point (1, −1)is a two-component vector
∇Y  25 
4. umax = = √3 3,
∥∇Y ∥ (100,36)
706 3
At the present situation, (K, L) = (100, 36) the maximum increase of the production is
achieved changing K and L in the direction of umax , i.e. (∆K, ∆L) should be proportional
∆K 9
to umax : (∆K, ∆L) = λ umax −→ =
∆L 25
5. (a) ∇f (2, −3) = (−16, 6)
∇f
umax = = √1 (−8, 3)
∥∇f ∥ (2,−3) 73

∇f
umin = − = − √173 (−8, 3)
∥∇f ∥ (1,0)
u0 = α(3, 2) , α∈R
(b) ∇f (0, 2, 3) = (2, 0, −6)
∇f 1
umax = = √ (1, 0, −3)
∥∇f ∥ (0,2,3) 10
∇f 1
umin = − = − √ (1, 0, −3)
∥∇f ∥ (0,2,3) 10
u0 = α(3, 0, 1) + β(0, 1, 0) , α, β ∈ R
(c) ∇f (−1, 1) = (−1, 1)
∇f
umax = = √1 (−1, 1)
∥∇f ∥ (−1,1) 2

∇f
umin = − = − √12 (−1, 1)
∥∇f ∥ (−1,1)
u0 = α(1, 1) , α∈R
(d) ∇f (1, 1, 1) = (1, 1, log 2)
∇f 1
umax = =p (1, 1, log 2)
∥∇f ∥ (1,1,1) 2 + (log 2)2
∇f 1
umin = − = −p (1, 1, log 2)
∥∇f ∥(1,1,1) 2 + (log 2)2
u0 = α(1, −1, 0) + β(0, − log 2, 1) , α, β ∈ R

EXERCISE 20 : The Chain Rule

1. (a) f (x(t), y(t), z(t)) = t + t3 + et

df
= 1 + 3t2 + et
dt
(b) z(x(t), y(t)) = 9t2 + t4
df
= 18t + 4t3
dt
(c) f (x(t), y(t)) = tcos(t)
 
df cos(t) cos(t)
=t − ln(t)
dt t
2 +y 2 )
(d) z(u(x, y), v(x, y)) = ln(e2(x + x2 + y)

30
DMEE

( )
2 x2 +y 2 )
∂z 2x 2e ( +1
= 2(x2 +y2 ) 2
∂x e +x +y
2(x2 +y 2 )
∂z 4ye +1
= 2(x2 +y2 ) 2
∂x e +x +y
ex xz
(e) f (x, y(x, z), z) =
z
∂f x
= e (1 + x)
∂x
∂f
=0
∂z
2. (a)
   
∂f ∂x ∂f ∂y ∂f ∂z ∂f ∂x ∂f ∂y ∂f ∂z
df = + + dr + + + ds
∂x ∂r ∂y ∂r ∂z ∂r ∂x ∂s ∂y ∂s ∂z ∂s



2


2
6r 2s2 + 1 r2 2s2 + 1 + 2s4 6 r2 − 2s4 r2 2s2 + 1 + 2s4
= dr − ds
s6 s7
(b)
   
∂z ∂u ∂z ∂v ∂z ∂u ∂z ∂v
dz = + dx + + dy
∂u ∂x ∂v ∂x ∂u ∂y ∂v ∂y

2 x−y
3
3 
= 6x x2 + y 2 e − 1 + 3ex−3y (ex − ey )2 x2 + y 2 + 2x dx

2 x−y
3
3 
+ 6y x2 + y 2 e − 1 − 3ex−3y (ex − ey )2 x2 + y 2 + 2y dy

(c)
 
∂f ∂u ∂f ∂v

df = + du = 1 + u + (eu − 1)3 u3 du
∂u ∂u ∂v ∂u
(d)
   
∂z ∂u ∂z ∂v ∂z ∂u ∂z ∂v
dz = + dx + + dy
∂u ∂x ∂v ∂x ∂u ∂y ∂v ∂y
 
2
= ln(3) − dx + ln(3)dy
tan(x)
(e)
     
∂f ∂u ∂f ∂v ∂f ∂u ∂f ∂v ∂f ∂u ∂f ∂v
df = + dx + + dy + + dv
∂u ∂x ∂v ∂x ∂u ∂y ∂v ∂y ∂u ∂v ∂v ∂v




= vevx+y dx + evx+y dy + 1 + xevx+y dv

∂z ∂z ∂F ∂z ∂G
3. = +
∂u ∂x ∂u ∂y ∂u
∂z ∂z ∂F ∂z ∂G
= +
∂v ∂x ∂v ∂y ∂v
∂B
4. (a) = −3 : the benefit decreases approximately by 3 m.u. per extra unit of product
∂x
produced with D and P kept constant
∂B
= 8 : the benefit increases approximately by 3 m.u. for each additional unit of
∂D
increase of the demand with x and P kept constant
∂B
= −1 : the benefit decreases approximately by 1 m.u. for each additional m.u.
∂P
invested in advertising with x and D kept constant

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DMEE

(b) B(x(D), D, P ) = 5D − P − 100

∂B
= 8 : the benefit increases approximately by 3 m.u. for each additional unit of
∂D
increase of the demand, when the production is adjusted to the demand (x = D) and
with P kept constant
∂B
= −1 : the benefit decreases approximately by 1 m.u. for each additional m.u.
∂P
invested in advertising, when the production is adjusted to the demand (x = D) and
with D kept constant
∂B
(c) < 0 means that an increase in advertising costs decreases the company’s benefit.
∂P
It could mean that the costs of advertising are not compensated by the increase in the
demand it produces
dD
(d) = 52 > 0 implies that the demand increases with further investment in ad-
dP P0
vertising (reasonable: that is in fact the main reason why companies advertise their
products)
(e) B(x(D(P )), D(P ), P ) = 5D(P ) − P − 100

dB ∂B ∂D ∂B ∂P
= +
dP P0 ∂D ∂P P0 ∂P ∂P P0
2
= 5 × + (−1) × 1 = 1m.u./m.u. in advertising
5
Each additional m.u. invested in advertising yields approximately 1 m.u. of increase of
the company’s benefits, and it is thus a worthwhile investment

5. The consumption expediture is a function of i, G = G(i). Therefore, the total change of the
vat receipts R due to a change in the tax rate i reads
dR ∂R ∂R dG dG
= + =G+i
di ∂i ∂G di di
dG
For G = 100 Me, i = 0.16 and = −150,
di 0.16

dR
== 100 + 0.16 × (−150) = 124 Me
di 0.16

i.e. an increase of one unit in the tax rate yields approximately 124 Me of increase in the
VAT receipts

6. (a)
p
I(x(s, r), y(s, r), z(s, r)) = 0.2 (2s + 5 ln r) + 0.35 s + 2r2 + 0.35 (s2 + 3r)
∂I
(b) • = 0.2 : the consumer price index increases approximately by 0.2 points when
∂x
the agriculture price index increases in one unit
∂I
• = 0.35 : the consumer price index increases approximately by 0.35 points
∂y
when the industry price index increases in one unit

32
DMEE

∂I
• = 0.35 : the consumer price index increases approximately by 0.35 points
∂z
when the services price index increases in one unit
∂I 0.35
• = 0.4 + √ + 0.7s : gives the approximate change in the consumer
∂s 2 s + 2r2
price when the wage level increases in one unit
∂I 1 0.7r
• = +√ + 1.05 : gives the approximate change in the consumer price
∂r r s + 2r2
when the interest rate increases in one unit
∂I ∂I ∂x ∂I ∂y ∂I ∂z 1
(c) • = + + = 0.2 × 2 + 0.35 × √ + 0.35 × 2s
∂s ∂x ∂s ∂y ∂s ∂z ∂s 2 s + 2r2
∂I ∂I ∂x ∂I ∂y ∂I ∂z 5 2r
• = + + = 0.2 × + 0.35 × √ + 0.35 × 3
∂r ∂x ∂r ∂y ∂r ∂z ∂s r s + 2r2
∂B ∂B
7. (a) • ∂x (100,30) = ∂x (100,30,32) = 4m.u./unit : the company’s profit increases ap-
proximately by 4 m.u. for each additional unit produced at (x, p) = (100, 30)
with the competitor’s priced varying as p′ = p + 2. Although numerically equal,
∂B
∂x (100,30,32) = 4m.u./unit is interpreted as that the company’s profit increases
approximately by 4 m.u. for each additional unit produced at the current situa-
tion (x, p, p′ ) = (100, 30, 32), where the competitor’s priced is kept fixed at p′ = 32
m.u.
∂p
• ∂B
∂p (100,30) = ∂B
∂p (100,30,32) + ∂B
∂p′ (100,30,32) ∂p′ = −2 + 3 × 1 = 1 : the company’s
profit increases approximately by 1 m.u. for each monetary unit of increase of the
selling price at (x, p) = (100, 30) with the competitor’s priced varying as p′ = p+2.
On the other hand, ∂B
∂p (100,30,32) = −2m.u./unit means that the company’s profit
decreases approximately by 2 m.u. when the selling price is increased by 1 m.u.
at the present situation (x, p, p′ ) = (100, 30, 32), where the competitor’s priced is
kept fixed at p′ = 32 m.u.
(b) If the function B(x, p, p′ ) is differentiable, then the composite function B(x, p) =
B(x, p, p′ (p)) is also differentiable, since the derivative dp′ /dp exists. Then:

∂B ∂B
∆B = B(102, 30.5) − B(100, 30) ≈ × ∆x + × ∆p
∂x (100,30) ∂p (100,30)

= 4 × 2 + 1 × 0.5 = 8.5 m.u.

∂C
8. (a) ∂x (50,30,0) = 20 m.u./unit
∂C
∂y (50,30,0) = 10 m.u./unit
∂C
∂t (50,30,0) = 0.01 (20 × 50 + 10 × 30) = 13 m.u./years
(b) The cost function C is differentiable in all (x, y, t) ∈ R3 since the partial derivatives
are continuous functions everywhere. Then, since C is differentiable in (x0 , y0 , 0)

∂C ∂C ∂C
C(49, 28, 1) ≈ C(50, 30, 0) + × ∆x + × ∆y + × ∆t
∂x (50,30,0) ∂y (50,30,0) ∂t (50,30,0)

= 1400 + 20 × (−1) + 10 × (−2) + 13 × 1 = 1373 m.u.

33
DMEE

(c)
dC ∂C dx ∂C dy ∂C
= + +
dt 0 ∂x (50,30,0) dt 0 ∂y (50,30,0) dt 0 ∂t (50,30,0)

= 20 × 1 + 10 × (−0.5) + 13 = 28 m.u./year

∂C
: marginal cost with respect to time keeping the units produced fixed at
∂t (50,30,0)
(x0 , y0 ) = (50, 30)
dC
: marginal cost with respect to time when the quantity of the goods produced
dt 0
varies over time as x = x(t), y = y(t)
(d)
dC
C(1) ≈ C(0) + × ∆t = 1400 + 28 × 1 = 1428 m.u.
dt 0

The hypothesis for this approximation to be valid is that the composite function
C(x(t), y(t), t) must be differentiable at t = 0. Since C(x, y) is differentiable at (x0 , y0 )
and the derivatives x′ (0) and y ′ (0) exist, then C(x(t), y(t), t) is differentiable at t = 0

9. At (u, v) = (1, 0) we have (x, y, z) = (0, 2, 0). Using the chain rule

∂f ∂f ∂x ∂f ∂y ∂f ∂z
= + +
∂u (1,0) ∂x (0,2,0) ∂u (1,0) ∂y (0,2,0) ∂u (1,0) ∂z (0,2,0) ∂u (1,0)
 
1
= [yze ](0,2,0) × 0 + [yze ](0,2,0) × 2 + [e ](0,2,0) ×
xy xy xy
u+v (1,0)

=0+0+1=1

10. (a) At (q1 , q2 ) = (6, 2) we have (p1 , p2 , p3 ) = (6, 18 10

5 , 3 ). Using the chain rule

∂B ∂B ∂p1 ∂B ∂p2 ∂B ∂p3

= + +
∂q1 (6,2) ∂p1 (6, 18 , 10 ) ∂q1 (6,2) ∂p2 (6, 18 , 10 ) ∂q1 (6,2) ∂p3 (6, 18 , 10 ) ∂q1 (6,2)
5 3 5 3 5 3
1 3 1 1 6 1 6053
= [22p1 ](6, 18 , 10 ) × + 2 × + × = 66 + + =
5 3 2 5 6 3 5 18 90
∂B ∂B ∂p1 ∂B ∂p2 ∂B ∂p3
= + +
∂q2 (6,2) ∂p1 (6, 18 , 10 ) ∂q2 (6,2) ∂p2 (6, 18 , 10 ) ∂q2 (6,2) ∂p3 (6, 18 , 10 ) ∂q2 (6,2)
5 3 5 3 5 3
3 1 2 1 1783
= [22p1 ](6, 18 , 10 ) × + 2 × 0 + × = 198 + 0 + =
5 3 2 6 3 9 9

(b)
∂B ∂B
B(6.5, 1.75) ≈ B(6, 2) + ∆q1 + ∆q2
∂q1 (6,2) ∂q2 (6,2)
1669 6053 1783 1907
= + × 0.5 + × (−0.25) = m.u.
45 90 9 90

11. Answer (and justify) the following questions:

34
DMEE

(a) Which of the following statements are true?

i. If a function is not continuous, then it will be differentiable only if the first order
partial derivatives are equal.
ii. If a function is constant, then the error is other than zero when approximating the
exact increment by the total differential.
iii. If
∂f ∂f ∂f
= 6x2 + 3y + 2xz, = 3x + 16y 3 − z, = x2 − y + sin z,
∂x ∂y ∂z

then f is differentiable.
(b) The demand of a commodity is given by D(p1 , p2 ) = 300 − 20p21 + 30p2 , being p1 the
unitary price of this commodity, and p2 the unitary price of a similar commodity pro-
duced by the competition. Price are thought to vary over time, following the formulas
√
p1 = 2 + 0.05t, and p2 = 2 + 0.1 t, where t is measured in months. Within 4 months:
i. Demand will increase.
ii. Demand will decrease.
iii. Demand will remain constant.
iv. With these data it is not possible to know how demand will vary.
(c) (c) Given the function f (x, y, z) = xy + 9z, the point (x, y, z) = (1, 2, 3), and the in-
crements ∆x = 0.1 and ∆y = −0.3. The increment of the variable z so that df (1, 2, 3)
equals 2.15, is:

i. 2.25 ii. 0.15 iii. 0.25 iv. 0.85

(d) Given the function f (x, y) = e2x+5y and the point (x, y) = (0, 0):
i. An increment ∆x = 0.1 produces an approximate increment in the function of 1
unit.
ii. Increments ∆x = 0.1, ∆y = −0.2 in the variables produce an approximate de-
crease of 0.8 units in the function.
iii. A decreasing of 1 unit in the variable y produces an approximate increment in the
function of 5 units.
iv. An increment of 1 unit in each variable produces an exact increment of 7 units in
the function.

12. Given the function f (x, y) = x2 + 7y 2 + axy with x = u2 + v 2 , and y = 3u − 5v, calculate
∂f
the value of the parameter a such that the partial derivative at the point (u, v) = (2, 1)
∂u
equals 272.

35
DMEE

EXERCISE 21 : Derivative of the implicit function

1. (a) F (x, y) = x2 y + y 2 x − 2
∂F
∂F dy
• y(1) = 1 : F (1, 1) = 0 3 (1, 1) = 3 ̸= 0 3 → (1) = − ∂x
∂F
= −1
∂y dx ∂y (1,1)
∂F
• y(−2) = 1 : F (−2, 1) = 0 3 (−2, 1) = 0 7
∂y
(b) F (x, y) = x2 + y + y 2 x − 4
• y(0) = 1 : F (0, 1) = −3 ̸= 0 7
∂F
∂F dy
• y(0) = 4 : F (0, 4) = 0 3 (0, 4) = 1 ̸= 0 3 → (0) = − ∂x
∂F
= −1
∂y dx ∂y (0,4)

(c) F (x, y) = x2 + y 2 − 9
∂F
• y(3) = 0 : F (3, 0) = 0 3 (3, 0) = 0 ̸= 0 7
∂y
∂F
∂F dy
• y(0) = 3 : F (0, 3) = 0 3 (0, 3) = 6 ̸= 0 3 → (0) = − ∂x
∂F
=0
∂y dx ∂y (0,3)

(d) F (x, y) = x2 + ln(yx) − 4

∂F
1 ∂F dy 9
y(2) = : F (2, 12 ) = 0 3 (2, 12 ) = 2 ̸= 0 3 → (2) = − ∂x
∂F
=
2 ∂y dx ∂y (2, 1 )
4
2

(e) F (x, y) = x2 ln(yx)

∂F
1 ∂F dy 1
y(2) = : F (2, 12 ) = 0 3 (2, 12 ) = 8 ̸= 0 3 → (2) = − ∂x
∂F
=
2 ∂y dx ∂y (2, 1 )
4
2

2. (a) F (x, y, z) = x2 y + y 2 z − yz 2 − 1
∂F
z(1, 1) = 1 : F (1, 1, 1) = 0 3 (1, 1, 1) = −1 ̸= 0 3
∂z

∂F
∂z 2xy 2
(1, 1) = − ∂x
=− =− =2
∂x ∂F
∂z (1,1,1)
y2 − 2yz (1,1,1) (−1)
∂F
∂z ∂y x2 + 2yz − z 2 2
(1, 1) = − =− =− =2
∂y ∂F
∂z (1,1,1)
y 2 − 2yz (1,1,1) (−1)

(b) F (x, y, z) = x2 + y 2 + z 2 − 4
∂F
z(0, 2) = 0 : F (0, 2, 0) = 0 3 (0, 2, 0) = 0 7
∂z
(c) F (x, y, z) = x2 yz − yz 2 − 2x + 2
∂F
z(1, 1) = 1 : F (1, 1, 1) = 0 3 (1, 1, 1) = −1 ̸= 0 3
∂z

∂F
∂z 2xyz − 2 0
(1, 1) = − ∂x
=− =− =0
∂x ∂F
∂z (1,1,1)
x2 y − 2yz (1,1,1) (−1)
∂F
∂z ∂y x2 z − z 2 0
(1, 1) = − =− =− =0
∂y ∂F
∂z (1,1,1)
y 2 − 2yz (1,1,1) (−1)

36
DMEE

(d) F (x, y, z) = x2 + z ln(xy) + ey+z − 5

 
1 1 ∂F
z 2, = − : F (2, 12 , − 12 ) = 0 3 (2, 12 , − 12 ) = 1 ̸= 0 3
2 2 ∂z
∂F
∂z 1 2x + xz 15
(2, ) = − ∂x
=− =
∂x 2 ∂F
∂z (2, 1 ,− 1 )
ln(xy) + ey+z (2, 21 ,− 12 ) 4
2 2
∂F z
∂z 1 ∂y y + e( y + z) 3
(2, ) = − =− =
∂y 2 ∂F
∂z (2, 1 ,− 1 )
ln(xy) + ey+z 4
2 2
(2, 21 ,− 12 )

(e) F (x, y, z) = ez + 2xy − yz − 1

∂F
z(1, 0) = 0 : F (1, 0, 0) = 0 3 (1, 0, 0) = 0 7
∂z
3. F (x, y, z) = x2 yz + x sin y − 2π
Implicit Function Theorem hypotheses:

1. F (1, π, 2) = 0 3
2. F (x, y, z) is a C 1 function at (x, y, z) = (1, π, 2) (i.e. the first order partial derivatives
are continuous) 3
3. ∂F
∂y (1, π, 2) = 1 ̸= 0 3

∂F
∂y 2xy + sin y
(1, π) = − ∂x
=− = −4π
∂x ∂F
∂y (1,π,2)
x2 z + x cos y (1,π,2)

∂F
∂y x2 y
(1, π) = − ∂z
=− = −π
∂z ∂F
∂y (1,π,2)
x2 z + x cos y (1,π,2)

∂y ∂y
dy = dx + dz → dy(1, 2)(dx = −0.2, dz = 0.1) = −4π × (−0.2) − π × 0.1 = 0.7π
∂x ∂z
4. F (x, y, z) = −x2 + y 2 z + z 3 − 1
Implicit Function Theorem hypotheses:

1. F (3, 1, 2) = 0 3
2. F (x, y, z) is a C 1 function at (x, y, z) = (3, 1, 2) (i.e. the first order partial derivatives
are continuous) 3
3. ∂F
∂x (3, 1, 2) = −6 ̸= 0 3

∂F
∂x ∂y 2yz 2
(1, 2) = − =− =
∂y ∂F
∂x (3,1,2)
−2x (3,1,2) 3
∂F
∂x y 2 + 3z 2 13
(1, 2) = − ∂z
=− =
∂z ∂F
∂x (3,1,2)
−2x (3,1,2) 6

5. F (x, y, z) = x2 + y 2 + z 2 − 14
Implicit Function Theorem hypotheses:

37
DMEE

1. F (1, 2, 3) = 0 3
2. F (x, y, z) is a C 1 function at (x, y, z) = (1, 2, 3) (i.e. the first order partial derivatives
are continuous) 3
3. ∂F
∂x (1, 2, 3) = 6 ̸= 0 3

∂F
∂z 2x 1
(1, 2) = − ∂x
∂F
=− =−
∂x ∂z (1,2,3)
2z (1,2,3) 3
∂F
∂z ∂y 2y 2
(1, 2) = − ∂F
=− =−
∂y ∂z (1,2,3)
2z (1,2,3) 3

6. F (x, y) = B(x, y) − B(20, 20) = ey−x + xy − 401

Implicit Function Theorem hypotheses:

1. F (20, 20) = 0 3
2. F (x, y) is a C 1 function at (x, y) = (20, 20) (i.e. the first order partial derivatives are
continuous) 3
3. ∂F
∂y (20, 20) = 21 ̸= 0 3

∂F
dy −ey−x + y 19
(20, 20) = − ∂x
∂F
=− =−
dx ∂y (20,20)
ey−x + x (20,20) 21

dy
RSP = − = 19
21 : if the production of the first commodity increases from 20 to 21 units,
dx
we need to decrease the production of the second to approximately (20 − 19/21) units in
order to keep the company profits in 401 m.u.

7. F (x, y) = 2 ln x + ln y + 0.5 ln z − ln 240

Implicit Function Theorem hypotheses:

1. F (4, 5, 9) = 0 3
2. F (x, y, z) is a C 1 function at (x, y) = (4, 5, 9) (i.e. the first order partial derivatives are
continuous) 3
3. ∂F
∂y (4, 5, 9) = 1
18 ̸= 0 3

∂F 2
∂z
4, 5) = − ∂x
∂F
=− x
0.5 = −9
∂x ( ∂z (4,5,9) z (4,5,9)
∂F 1
∂z ∂y y 18
4, 5) = − ∂F
=− 0.5 =−
∂y ( ∂z (4,5,9) z (4,5,9)
5

∂z ∂z 18 18
dz = 4, 5)dx + 4, 5)dy = −9 dx − dy → ∆z ≃ −9∆x − ∆y
∂x ( ∂y ( 5 5

38
DMEE

If the consumption of good z decreases by one marginal unit mantaining the current utility
level (ie. keeping F (x, y, z) = 0) the consumptions of goods x and y should vary according
to the relation
18
1 = −9 ∆x − ∆y
5
8. The production of the company remains constant if the productive factors satisfy the re-
dy
lation 25x1/2 y 1/2 = 1000. Calculate if the company uses 100 units of the first factor (x)
dx
and 16 units of the second (y), and give the economic interpretation of the result.

9. Let y be the profit function of a company which is given by the relationship 5x − 12z − xy +
y 2 = 393, where y is defined as an implicit function of the variables x and y, which represent
the quantities of goods A and B sold, respectively.

(a) Determine, using the implicit derivative, which is the best option for the company, sell-
ing one more unit of good A or selling one more unit of good B, when the quantity of
goods A and B sold are x = 5, and z = 11.
(b) Let’s assume that the quantity sold depend on the prices of both commodities, p1 and
p2 , through the relation x = −p1 + 4p2 , z = 5p1 − 2p2 . Calculate, using the chain rule,
the marginal profits being the current prices p1 = 3 and p2 = 2.

39
DMEE

5 Introduction to integral calculus and differential equations

EXERCISE 22 : Elementary techniques of integral calculus

1
1. (a) 1
2
sin(2x) + 31 cos(3x) + C (j) (x + 2)3/2 + C (t) (3x2 + 2)2/3 + C
3
2( )5/4 ( )
(b) − 1 − x2 +C (k)
1
log 9x2 + 1 + C 1
5 (u) +C
1
18
( ( x )) 6(5 − 2x)3
(c) − ecos(5x) + C (l) −2 log cos +C
5 2 1 ( )
4x3/2 3x4/3 x5 (v) sin 5x2 + 3 + C
(d) − − 1 3 10
3 4 5
+C (m) x (9x + 4) − log(x) + C
12 ( )3/2
4 4
2x +1 3x +3 (n) 2 log(x + 1) + C 1 − 2x2
(e) +C (w) − +C
log(6) 6
(o) 2x + ex + C
1
(f) − cos(3 − 2x) + C 1 ( ) 3 ( 2x )4/3
2 (p) sin x3 + 3x + C (x) 2e + 3 +C
3 16
x2
(g) 3 log(x) − +C 1
6 (q) (5x + 6)6/5 + C 3 2
( ) 6 (y) (x + 6x)2/3 + C
1 4
(h) log x3 + 1 + C 1
3 (r) (3x3 + 14)4 + C √
36 27 x
log(x) (z)
(i) (x − 2)x + +C (s) ex − log(x) − cos(x) + C log(7)
+C
2


2. (a) x sin(x) + cos(x) + C (c) ex x2 − 2x + 2 + C
1
(b) ex (sin(x) − cos(x)) (d) x log(x) − x + C
2

EXERCISE 23 : Riemann integral: integrability conditions and the Barrow’s rule

Z 3
1. (a) Riemman integrable: f (x) = 3
0
(b) f is not a bounded function in [0, 3] (it has a infinite discontinuity at x = 2) → it is not
Riemman integrable
Z 3 Z 2 Z 4
(c) Riemman integrable: f (x) = dx + 2dx = 6
0 0 2

2. You can obtain the results for all definite integrals at https://www.wolframalpha.com
For instance for case (a), just type ”int cos(2x) from 0 to pi” in the input box to get
Rπ
0 cos(2x)dx
Z 5 Z 3 Z 5
2
3. (a) f (x) = x dx + 9 dx = 27
0 0 3
Z 5 Z 5
1
(b) f (x) = x log xdx = (−24 + 25 log 25)
0 1 4
Z 5 Z 4 Z
41
(c) f (x) = x1/2 dx + =
0 0 3
Z 5 Z e Z 5
2 1 e
(d) f (x) = dx + dx = 1 − + 2 log(1 + e)
0 0 x+1 e 5 5
4. The total cost as a function of the meters built (in thousands of euros) reads
Z x Z x  x
dCT t2 t3 x2 x3
CT (x) = = (10 + t + 0.2 t2 ) dt = 10t + + 0.2 = 10x + + 0.2
0 dt 0 2 3 0 2 3
R 50 dCT
(a) ∆CT = 40 dt = CT (50) − CT (40) = 76.1667 Me

40
DMEE

(b) CT (50) = 137.5 Me

(c) Average cost per meter = CT (50)/50 = 2.75 Me

5. The function expressing the additional wage of a representative individual being a year
older is w(x) = −6 + 0.2x, where w is the additional wage in euros and x their age in years.

(a) Calculate the function of the total wage as a function of the age W (x), knowing that
when the individual is 30 years old, the annual wage is 20 520e.
(b) Calculate the total wage that the individual will earn during all their working life (be-
tween 25 and 65 years).
(c) Calculate the average annual salary between 25 and 65 years.

6. The cost function of a company is such that the fixed cost is CF = 80 and the marginal cost
C ′ is given by the following function of the commodity C ′ (q) = 2e0.2q . Determine the total
cost function C(q).

7. The marginal propensity to save in a given economy is expressed by the following income
function, Y :
1
S ′ (Y ) = 0.28–0.15 √ .
Y
If the savings are zero when the income Y is 90, find the saving function S(Y ).

8. The rate of capital formation of an economy at an instant t, K(t), is given by the net invest-
ment in t, I(t). If that function is:
dK
I(t) = = 3t1/2
dt
and the initial stock of capital is K(0) = 65 billion euros, find the time path of capital stock.
Calculate the net investment made during the interval [1, 3], this is, during the second and
the third year.

9. The future value, F V , of a continuous investment of capitals per unit of time, C(t), capital-
ized at an interest rate i during the period of time [0, b] is the following Riemann integral:
Z b
FV = C(t)ei(b−t) dt.
0

(a) Calculate the final value for a saver with a continuous investment of 1 000e per year
over the next ten years, period [0, 10], with i = 0.025.
(b) Calculate the final value if the capital is 1 000e0.01t e per year (increasing capital).
(c) Calculate the additional final value accumulated over the 10th year (in the interval
[9, 10]) if the capital flow is the one given in question (a).

10. A company devoted to trade with DIY (Do It Yourself) products has as marginal cost (in mil-
lions of euros per year)
Cm = t3 − 3t2 + 3t.

Which will the accumulated total cost of the company be from 2002 until 2010?

41
DMEE

11. A company was established with an initial capital of 200 000e and its marginal profit over
2 +2
the following 5 years has been given by Bm (t) = (5 − t)e5t−0.5t e/year. Calculate the
accumulated profit of the company over that period, the average profits and the final capital
of the company.

EXERCISE 24 : Improper integrals

1. Results for all improper integrals together with a plot of the function in the integrand can
be obtained at https://www.wolframalpha.com
For instance for case (a), just type ”int 1/x∧4 from 0 to infinity” in the input box and it will
tell you that the integral does not converge

(a) Not convergent (i) Not convergent

(b) 1 (j) Not convergent

(c) Not convergent (k) Not convergent

2
e 4
(d) 2
(l) 3

(e) −1 (m) Not convergent

1
(f) 2
(n) Not convergent

(g) Not convergent (o) Not convergent

(h) Not convergent (p) 9

2. (a) Riemann integral: I = 4e5 − 2e3 (g) Improper integral of the 3rd kind: Not convergent
√
(b) Improper integral of the 2nd kind: I = 2 3 (h) Improper integral of the 2nd kind: I = 2(e − 1)
(c) Improper integral of the 3rd kind: Not convergent(i) Improper integral of the 1st kind: Not convergent
3
(d) Improper integral of the 1st kind: I = 2 (j) Improper integral of the 2nd kind: Not convergent
(√ )
(e) Riemann integral: I = 12 3−1 (k) i. Riemann integral: I = 43 (2 + log(13))
(f) Improper integral of the 1st kind: Not convergent ii. Riemann integral: I = 8

R +∞ dx
3. The integral a xα , with a > 0, is an improper integral of the 1st kind which converges
only if α > 1

4. The present value, PV, of a continuous flow of capital per unit of time, C(t), deducted from
an interest rate i during a period of time [0, b] is given by the following Riemann integral:
Z b
PV = C(t)e−it dt.
0

(a) Calculate the present value of a continuous capital of 100e per month (constant cap-
ital) over two years (i.e. period [0, 24]), with i = 0.003.
(b) Calculate the present value if the capital is 100e0.001t e per month (increasing capital).
(c) Calculate the present value if the capital flow is of 100e per month (permanently), that
is, consider a time span of [0, +∞[.

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DMEE

EXERCISE 25 : Separable differential equations

1. Check if the given functions are solutions of the corresponding differential equations:

(a) y ′ + 2y = 0. Solutions: y(x) = e−2x , y(x) = 5e−2x .

(b) y ′ + xy = 0. Solution: y(x) = e−x
2 /2
.
1 1
(c) y’ + y = sin x. Solution: y(x) = e−x − cos(x) + sin(x).
2 2
2. Check if the given functions are general solutions of the corresponding differential equa-
tions. Find the only particular solution that satisfies, in each case, the given initial condition

(a) y’ + 2y = 0, y(0) = 2. Solution: y(x) = Ae−2x

1 1
(b) y’ + y = sin x, y(0) = −1. Solution: y(x) = Ae−x − cos(x) + sin(x)
2 2
1 1 1
(c) y’ + 2y = x2 , y(0) = 1. Solution: − x + x2 + Ae−2x .
4 2 2
3. Solve:
dy
(a) = 2y (g) y ln y dx + x dy = 0, y(1) = 1
dx
dy
dy x (h) + 2xy = 2x
(b) =− dx
dx y
dy
dy (i) + 2y = 1
(c) (1 + ex )y = ex , y(0) = 1 dx
dx dy
(j) + 2xy = 2x, y(0) = −1
(d) (1 + y 2 ) dy + xy dy = 0 dx
dy dy
(e) sin x = y cos x (k) + xy = x
dx dx
√ √ dy y 3
(f) x 1 − x2 dx + y 1 − y 2 dy = 0, y(0) = 1 (l) + =
dx x x

√
4. Find the solution of the differential equation y ′ = y cos x that satisfies the initial condi-
tion y(0) = 4.
y′
5. Find the solution of the differential equation = x − 3 that satisfies the initial condition
y2
y(2) = 1/4.

6. Let the following be the demand and supply functions of a commodity:

Qd (t) =60 − 3p(t)

Qs (t) = − 32 + 5p(t)

The adjustment produced in the commodity price, when there is a market instability, is
given by the following differential equation:
dp
= 0.3(Qd − Qs ).
dt
Find the time evolution of the market price of that commodity if its initial price is p(0) = 6e.
Determine if there is convergence to the equilibrium price or divergence in the long run.

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DMEE

7. A population of size P changes over time, as a function of the reproduction rate n and the
net number of immigrants arrived, I, following the differential equation
dP
= nP + I.
dt
Knowing that the initial population is P (0) = 44.2 million, n = 0.005 and I = 0.15:

(a) Calculate the total population function over the time, P (t).
(b) Find the moment t∗ when population reaches 50 million people.
(c) How long does it take for the population to increase in 3 million people?
√
8. Calculate the function y(x) that satisfies the equation 6yy ′ – x = 0 and the initial condition
y(1) = 0.

9. Calculate the function y(x) that satisfies the equation y ′ = 4x ln x and the initial condition
y(1) = 5.

10. Solve the linear differential equation y ′ + 2xy = x.

11. Solve the linear differential equation y ′ +y cos(x) = cos(x) with the initial condition y(0) =
−1.

44