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[Title Here, up to 12 Words, on One to Two Lines]

[Author Name(s), First M. Last, Omit Titles and Degrees]

[Institutional Affiliation(s)]

Author Note

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Experiment 1: DNA Extraction

1. Introduction

All living organisms are made up of cells that contains deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), which

carries genetics information and determines the inner working of cells as it signifies the growth

and development of cells.

The objective of this experiment is to demonstrate DNA extraction from fruit (strawberries) with

popular household items that can be find in everyday life.

2. Methodology

a. Equipment and material:

3 strawberries

2 teaspoon of dish soap solution

½ cup of water

1 teaspoon of salt

½ of cold rubbing alcohol

1 plastic zip lock bag

1 paper cup

1 beaker

1 stirrer

1 strainer

1 toothpick
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b. Procedure

1. Extraction mixture:

- In the paper cup, mix 2 tablespoon of

detergent liquid, 1 tablespoon of salt and ½
cup of water together.

2. DNA extraction

Place the strawberries into the Ziplock bag

(pulling out the green part). Crush the
strawberries until it has a jam-like texture
(with no bubbles)

Add extraction mixture into the bag

Massage the bag for the 2 mixtures to blend

3. Collecting DNA
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Set up the beaker and strainer and pour the

mixture in the Ziplock through the strainer
into the beaker.

Pour ½ cup of cold rubbing alcohol into the

beaker with the strawberry’s mixture

Collect any DNA that precipitate with a

toothpick

3. Results and observation

Almost instantly (less than a minute) after

adding the cold alcohol solution, visible thick
layer of white foam (DNA) appears.
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Our group were able to collect a thick layer of

DNA compared to other group. This process
take place within 2 minutes.

Discussion:

The choice of strawberries in this experiment: Strawberries have large genomes that possesses 8

of each type of chromosome in each cell (octoploid) (DNA Extraction Lab: Strawberry, n.d.).

Besides, when compared to other fruits strawberries has the most DNA.

The use of household items is explained as follow:

- Salt: break down the protein chain that surrounds the Nucleic Acid

- Dish soap solution: Dissolve cell membrane’s phospholipid bilayers and organelles.

- Cold rubbing alcohol: DNA is not soluble in alcohol therefore aid in creating a separate

layer of DNA, making it easier to collect (DNA Extraction Lab: Strawberry, n.d.).

Experiment 2: Cell Observation

1. Introduction

Cells are an essential unit in constructing and maintaining living organisms. When cells

cooperate, tissues are form, acting as the main component in the construction of multicellular

organisms.
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With the help of a microscope, this experiment aims to have a general view of cells as well as

view the differences in structure of a plant cell and an animal cell.

2. Methodology

a. Equipment and material

- Onion sample

- Distilled water

- Cotton swab

- Toothpick

- Glass slide

- Tweezers

- Microscope

b. Procedure

Plant cell collection and observation:

- Pull a transparent peel form the surface of an onion bulb

- Place the epidermis flat on a glass slide and add a drop of distilled water. Place cover slip onto

the slide and observe with the microscope.

Animal cell collection and observation:

-Collect sample with a cotton swab by scraping the inside of the cheeks lightly.

- Stir the end of the cotton swab in the glass slide and throw it away

- Place coverslip onto the glass slide and observe with the microscope.

3. Result

- Plant cell observation (Onion sample)

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The sample are tightly compacted with soft

edges rectangle cells which are all about the
same size and shape. The plant cells in the
onion sample include a tight cell wall,
cytoplasm and nucleus.

Discussion:

The nature of onion is that it is a eukaryotic plant which explain the uniform size and shape of

the cells. This observation provides a between understanding of how plant cell is structure and

how it differs from the structure and formation of animal cells.

2. Animal cell observation (sample from human cheek)

In this sample, the cells are shapeless and is

scattered freely. There are no cell wall,
cytoplasm, present in this sample.
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Discussion:

-This experiment gives us a better idea of the cell structure of a human cheek sample including

its structures and distribution. It also provides us with the understanding of the differences

between animal cells and plant cells.

4. Discussion

From the two observations above, there are some differences between animal cells and plant

cells.

Components Plant Cell Animal Cell

Cell Wall Present Absent

Cytoplasm Present Present

Nuclear Present Present

Distribution Tightly structured Scattered

Experiment 3: Bacterial Gram Staining

1. Introduction

Gram staining is a crucial part in bacterial identification. This method helps separate bacteria into

two different group bases on the cell wall composition: gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria

2. Methodology

a. Equipment and material

- Water

- Bacterial culture

- Spirit lamp
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- Microscope

- Staining stray

- Solution: Alcohol, Gram’s iodine, Safranin, Oil

b. Procedure

- Collect fresh cell cultures

- Flood the air-dried, heat fixed cell smear with crystal violet stain for 1 minute. Keep in mind,

the thickness of the smear can affect the staining result.

- Rinse the slide in water for 2 seconds

- Apply Gram’s iodine for 1 minute

- Repeat the rinsing step

- Add decolorizing agent drop by drop in 15 seconds interval until the decolorizing agent running

from slide runs clear.

-Flood slide with safranin and let sit for 30 seconds to 1 minute

-Repeat rinsing step until no color is present

- Dry with absorbent paper

- Observe result under the oil immersion using a microscope.

3. Result
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From the picture above, our team might have failed during the staining process leading to an

unclear indication of the color in the bacteria. When observing the sample more closely, I think

the bacteria here could have had a slight hint of purple in it, indicating a gram-positive bacteria

sample.

Discussion: