What is Matter?

 Anything made of particles. It has mass and volume (takes up space).

States of Matter
1. Solid
2. Liquid
3. Gas
4. Plasma
5. Bose-Einstein Condensate

 Based upon particle arrangement

 Based upon energy of particles
 Based upon distance between particles

Kinetic Theory of Matter

 Matter is made up of particles which are in continual random motion.

1. Solids
 Particles of solids are tightly packed, vibrating about a fixed position.
 Solids have a definite shape and a definite volume.

2. Liquids
 Particles of liquids are tightly packed, but are far enough apart to slide over
one another.
 Liquids have an indefinite shape and a definite volume.

3. Gas
 Particles of gases are very far apart and move freely.
 Gases have an indefinite shape and an indefinite volume.

Phase Change
 Freezing: liquid to solid.
 Melting: solid to liquid.
 Condensation: gas to liquid.
 Vaporization: liquid to gas.
 Sublimation: solid to gas.
 Deposition: gas to solid.

4. Plasma
 A plasma is an ionized gas.
 A plasma is a very good conductor of electricity and is affected by magnetic
fields.
 Plasmas, like gases have an indefinite shape and an indefinite volume.
 Plasma is a common matter

Cold Plasma
• Cold plasma is a partially ionised gas comprising ions, electrons, ultraviolet
photons and reactive neutrals such as radicals, excited and ground-state
molecules.
 5. Bose-Einstein Condensate
 In condensed matter physics, a Bose–Einstein condensate (BEC) is a state of
matter that is typically formed when a gas of bosons at very low densities is
cooled to temperatures very close to absolute zero (−273.15 °C or
−459.67 °F or 0 K).
Under such conditions, a large fraction of bosons occupy the lowest quantum
state, at which microscopic quantum-mechanical phenomena, Bose–Einstein
condensate was first predicted, generally, in 1924–1925 by Albert Einstein,
[2]
crediting a pioneering paper by Satyendra Nath Bose on the new field now
known as quantum statistics.
particularly wavefunction interference, become apparent macroscopically.

Properties of Matter

1. Physical Property- A trait of matter that can be observed or measured

without changing the chemical composition of the matter. No chemical
reaction allowed.
a. Color – how the object absorbs and reflects light
b. Texture – how the substance looks and feels.
c. Temperature - A measure of the average kinetic energy (energy of motion)
of particles in a substance.
d. Mass - The amount of matter in an object (in g or kg).
e. Volume - The amount of space an object occupies (in mL, L, cm 3, m3, etc.)
f. Density - the ratio of mass to volume; reflects the degree of packing of
particles in matter.
Lowest density element – Hydrogen = 0.0009 g/cm 3
Highest density element – Osmium 23 g/cm 3
g. Luster - The way that a substance reflects light (metallic, non-metallic,
glassy, pearly, dull).
h. Ductility - Ability of a substance to be stretched into a wire.
i. Malleability - Ability of a substance to be hammered flat and to retain the
new shape.
j. State (phase) of matter
k. Melting Point/Freezing Point -The exact temperature at which a solid
becomes a liquid or a liquid becomes a solid.
l. Boiling Point/ Condensation Point - The exact temperature at which a liquid
becomes a gas or a gas becomes a liquid
m. Hardness - Measure of how easily a material is scratched.
n. Streak - The color left behind when a material is rubbed against a
porcelain plate (warning: streak can be white).
o. Shape - (the shape of crystals is called “habit”).

Intensive vs. Extensive Properties of Matter

Intensive property- One that DOES NOT depend on the amount of the substance
present.
Extensive property- One that DOES depend on the amount of the substance
present.

Intensive properties are determined by the chemical composition of the

particles and their structure (arrangement). (intensive ~ internal)

Intensive Physical Property

• This is the characteristic or trait of matter that does not depend on the
amount. If we are going to identify the color and shape of the chalk. Those
properties of chalk will fall under intensive physical property because if you
increase the amount of chalk, the color and its shape will remain the same
which is white and cylindrical in shape. In addition, temperature, malleability,
diffusion and ductility are also under intensive physical property of matter

Extensive Properties
• Depend only on the number of particles, not on their composition or internal
arrangement.
(extensive ~ external)

Extensive Physical Property

• It is the characteristic or trait of matter which is dependent on the amount or
quantity. Examples of extensive physical properties of matter are size, mass,
volume, density, length and width. This means that if the amount of matter or
particles is increased, it may cause change in the size, mass, volume,
density, length and width of an object

2. Chemical Property- A trait of matter that can only be observed if a

substance has the property. In the process of testing the chemical property,
the substance changes composition if it has that property.

i.e. Does the substance chemically “react with” something else?

a. Reactivity with oxygen :
rusting (iron)
tarnishing (silver, copper, brass, etc)
b. Reactivity with water
c. Reactivity with acids or bases
d. Combustibility or Flammability
e. Chemical formula (chemical composition):
What something is made of is always a chemical property.
Ex: rust is Fe2O3
water is H2O
diamond is C

All chemical properties are intensive. None are extensive. Why?

• Because chemical properties never depend on how much of a substance is
present, but only on what kind of particles make up the substance.

Intensive properties make the best characteristic properties because…

Intensive properties are determined by the composition and structure of matter.
They never change!
 Classification of Matter

1. Pure Substance – Matter that has only 1 set of chemical and physical
properties.
Example: Pure water always has the exact same chemical and physical
properties under the same conditions.

2. Mixture – Two or more pue substances mixed together. Each substance in

the mixture retains its own set of chemical and physical properties. Two or
more pure substances mixed together. Each substance in the mixture retains
its own set of chemical and physical properties.
Example: Copper and Zinc can be mixed together to produce brass. Even
though it may look different, it is still copper and zinc. Each metal retains its own
properties like melting point.

Unlike pure substances, mixtures can always be separated by physical means.

• Some mixtures are more pure than others.

Heterogeneous mixture – Uneven distribution of substances. (Very
impure)
- You can see the different parts.
Examples:
Sand
Granite
Wood
Milk
Blood

Classification of Heterogeneous Mixtures

1. SUSPENSION - is a heterogeneous mixture in which some of the particles
settle out of the mixture upon standing. The particles in a suspension are
far larger than those of a solution, so gravity is able to pull them down out
of the dispersion medium (water).
2. COLLOID is a heterogeneous mixture in which the dispersed particles are
intermediate in size between those of a solution and a suspension. The
particles are spread evenly throughout the dispersion medium, which can
be a solid, liquid, or gas. Because the
dispersed particles of a colloid are not as large as those of a suspension,
they do not settle out upon standing.

Homogeneous Mixture – Components are evenly mixed. (More pure than

heterogeneous). Cannot see the parts.
Example: Salt water contains salt and water, but are mixed all the way to the
atomic level but it can still be separated by physical means.
 • Pure substances can also be divided into 2 categories: compounds
and elements.
Elements – Substances made up of only one type of atom.
- Cannot be separated by any physical OR chemical process.
Examples:
Carbon
Helium
Gold

Compound – Two or more elements chemically bonded together. Compounds

have only 1 set of properties. They cannot be separated by any physical
process.
- Can only be separated by a chemical reaction.
- Water can be separated into Hydrogen and Oxygen by a process called
Electrolysis.

Examples:
Carbon Dioxide (CO2)
Water (H2O)
Salt (NaCl)
Sucrose (C12H22O11)

SEPARATING MIXTURES

1. FILTRATION – the process of separating the components of a suspension.

2. DECANTATION – the solid particles are allowed to settle first at the bottom
and later, the liquid which is called supernatant is poured into another
container leaving the solid particles.
3. CENTRIFUGATION – the mixture is poured into a special tube in the centrifuge
apparatus, and is allowed to spin using centrifugal force.
4. MAGNETIC SEPARATION – the process makes use of a magnet in separating
elemental metals from particles in a mixtures.
5. EVAPORATION – the process of converting liquid to gas, is useful in sorting
mixtures such as salt solution.
6. SUBLIMATION – the process of changing solid to gas without passing through
the liquid state. Example: Naphthalene balls
7. MELTING – a process that can be used in extricating mixtures that contain two
substances with different melting points, such as alloys made of copper and
zinc.
8. DISTILLATION – a process of separating homogeneous mixture composed of
two substances with different boiling points. It is a method that generally
uses two phase change; evaporation and condensation.
9. CHROMATOGRAPHY – another method of separating complex mixtures. The
separation depends upon the solubility of each component in the solvents.
Example: the separation of each component of a water-based ink using
chromatogram paper or filter paper.