7 Application

Electrical & Engineering technical college

6 Presentation
Computer Engineering Dept

5 Session
Network layers protocols
4 Transport

3 Network

2 Data Link

1 Physical

1
7 Application

6 Presentation Source & References

1. Computer Networks, Andrew S.
5 Session Tanenbaum
2. top to down-computer networking,James
Kurose.
4 Transport 3. www.cisco.com
4. www.novell.com
3 Network 5. www.rad.com
6. www.3com.com

2 Data Link

1 Physical

2
7 Application

6 Presentation

5 Session

4 Transport INTRODUCTION
3 Network

2 Data Link

1 Physical

3
7 Application NETWORK ARCHITECTURES

6 Presentation A set of layers and protocols is called the network

architecture.

5 Session Protocol Hierarchies

Networks are organized as layers to reduce design
4 Transport complexity. Each layer offers services to the higher
layers. Between adjacent layers is an interface.
3 Network Services – connection oriented and
connectionless.
2 Data Link Interface – defines which primitives and services
the lower layer will offer to the upper layer.
1 Physical Primitives – operations such as request, indicate,
response, confirm.

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7 Application NETWORK ARCHITECTURES

6 Presentation Design Issues for the Layers(functions)

• Mechanism for connection establishment
• Rules for data transfer
5 Session
• Error control
• Fast sender swamping a slow receiver
4 Transport • Inability of processes to accept long messages
• Routing in the case of multiple paths
3 Network

2 Data Link

1 Physical

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 Network Protocols
• Protocol: is a format order of messages sent and
received among the net entities and action taken on
messages transmission receipt.
Protocol process :
• The format or structure of the message
• The process by which networking devices share information
about pathways with other networks
• How and when error and system messages are passed
between devices
• The setup and termination of data transfer sessions

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 Layering In Networked Computing
• OSI Model (open system interconnection)
• TCP/IP Model
• Protocols at each layer

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 Learning outcomes
• Understand the need of layering in Networked computing
• Understand the OSI model and the TCP/IP model
– Understand the function protocols and their role at
each layer.
• TCP protocol
• UDP protocol
• Understand the role of header in communication between layers
• Understand how data sent from one host arrive to the target
host.

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 Why a layered model?
– Easier to teach communication process.
– Speeds development, changes in one layer does not
affect how the other levels works.
– Allows different hardware and software to work
together.
– Reduces complexity
– Breaks down communication into smaller, simpler
parts.

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 What is “THE MODEL?”

• the OSI reference model.

• The OSI model

– is a theoretical blueprint that helps us understand how
data gets from one user’s computer to another.

– It is also a model that helps develop standards so that all

of our hardware and software talks nicely to each other.

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 7 Layer OSI Model
• Q. Why use a reference model?
– Serves as an outline of rules for how protocols can be used to allow
communication between computers.
– Each layer has its own function and provides support to other
layers.

• Q. What are Other reference models are in use.

– Most well known is the TCP/IP reference model.
– We will compare OSI and TCP/IP models

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 Evolution of the 7-Layers
• Single Layer Model - First Communication Between Computer Devices
– Dedicated copper wire or radio link
– Hardware & software inextricably intertwined
– Single specification for all aspects of communication

Hardware Hardware
& &
Software Software

1
DEVICE A DEVICE B
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 Evolution of the 7-Layers

Application Application

Technical Technical
Standards Standards

• Two Layer Model

– Problem: Applications were being developed to run over ever-increasing
number of media/signaling systems.
– Solution: Separate application aspects from technical (signaling and routing)
aspects
– Application Layer: Concerned with user interface, file access and file transfer

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 Evolution of the 7-Layers

Application Application

Network Network
Data-Link Data-Link
Physical Physical

• Four Layer Model - Network connectivity inherently requires travel over

intermediate devices (nodes)
• Technical Standards Level divided into Network, Data-link and Physical
Layers 1
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 Evolution of the 7-Layers
Application Application

Transport Transport
Network Network
Data-Link Data-Link
Physical Physical
• Five Layer Model – Increase Quality of Service (QOS)
•Variable levels of data integrity in network
•Additional data exchanges to ensure connectivity over worst conditions
1
•Became the Transport Layer

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Application Application
Session Session
Transport Transport
Network Network
Data-Link Data-Link
Physical Physical

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 Evolution of the 7-Layers
Application Application
Presentation Presentation
Session Session
Transport Transport
Network Network
Data-Link Data-Link
Physical Physical

• The Seven Layer OSI Model - Addition of Management and Security

– Standardizing notation or syntax for application messages (abstract syntax)
– Set of encoding rules (transfer syntax) 1
– Became the Presentation Layer

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What Each Layer Does

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