ELECTROSTATICS by Sailesh

ELECTROSTATICS.
The Electric Charge:

• In electrostatics ,we have two charges namely positive
and negative.
• The number of charges or the amount of current flowing
in a conductor is measured in electric charge.
• Simply we can say that movement of electrons is called
electricity. In electrostatics, we study about the
electrons at stationary or moving slowly in the
conductor.
• The SI unit of electic charge is coulomb(c).
• The basic properties of electric charges are :
1. Additive.
2. It is conserved quantity.
3. Quantizaion of charge.
• The positively charged particles are called as “protons”.

• The negatively charged particles are called as
“electrons”.
• The uncharged particles called as “neutrons”
Electric charge density:
• In electromagnetism, charge density is the amount of
electric charge per unit length, surface area, or volume.
• Volume charge density (symbolized by ρ) is the quantity

of charge per unit volume, measured in the SI system in
coulombs per cubic meter (C⋅m−3), at any point in a
volume.
• Suppose q is the charge and a is the area of the surface

over which it flows, then the formula of surface charge
density is σ = q/A, and the S.I. unit of surface charge
density is coulombs per square meter (cm−2).
• Charge density depends on the distribution of electric charge

and it can be positive or negative. The charge density will be
the measure of electric charge per unit area of a surface, or per
unit volume of a body or field.
• The charge density describes how much the electric charge is

accumulated in a particular field. Mainly, it finds the charge
density per unit volume, surface area, and length
• It measures the amount of electric charge per unit measurement

of the space.
COULOMB’S LAW
• The force of attraction or repulsion between two charged bodies

is directly proportional to the product of their charges and
inversely proportional to the square of the distance between
them. It acts along the line joining the two charges considered
to be point charges
• If the force between two charges in two different media is the

same for different separations,
• F=1K14π∈0q1q2r2=constant
• 2. Kr2 = constant or K1r12 = K2r22
• If the force between two charges separated by a distance ‘r0’ in
a vacuum is the same as the force between the same charges
separated by a distance ‘r’ in a medium, then from Coulomb’s
law, Kr2 = r02
• Two identical conductors having charges q1 and q2 are put to
contact and then separated, after which each will have a charge
equal to (q1 + q2)/2. If the charges are q1 and –q2, each will have
a charge equal to (q1 – q2)/2.
• Two spherical conductors having charges q1 and q2 and radii
r1 and r2 are put to contact, and then separated the charges of the
conductors after contact is
• q1 = [r1/(r1 + r2)] (q1 + q2) and q2 = [r2/(r1 + r2)] (q1 + q2
ELECTRIC INTENSITY
• All electrically charged particles have electric fields associated
with them. The electric field intensity is characteristic of this
electric field.
• The strength of the electric field can be determined with the
help of the electric field intensity.
• The force that a unit test positive charge experiences when
placed in an electric field, is regarded as the electric field
intensity.
• The electric field intensity is a quantity vector in nature which
means it has direction as well as magnitude associated with it.
• The electric field intensity does not depend on the velocity of
the charged particle placed in the electric field and also doesn’t
depend on the mass of that charged particle.
• The only quantity it depends on is the quantity of force
experienced by that particle.
• The test particle, in general, is a positive particle, but it can also
be a negative particle.
• Electric field intensity = Force/Charge In symbol its form, this
can be represented as: E = F/q Let us derive a unit for electric
field intensity.
• The formula of electric intensity is the ratio of force and charge.
The standard unit of Force is Newton and the charge is
generally measured in Coulomb.
• Hence the unit of electric field intensity will become
Newton/Coulomb or N/C.
• The formula for electric field intensity can also be had with the
help of Coulomb’s law equation.
• Coulomb’s law equation tells that the electric force that exists
between two charges is directly proportional to the
multiplication of their charges.
• If the distance between the centres is squared, then the electric
force that exists between them will be inversely proportional to
the square of this distance.
ELECTRIC POTENTIAL
• The electric field E is not just any old vector function. It is a
very special kind of vector function: one whose curl is zero. E =
yxˆ,
• For example, could not possibly be an electrostatic field; no set
of charges, regardless of their sizes and positions, could ever
produce such a field.
• We’re going to exploit this special property of electric fields to
reduce a vector problem (finding E) to a much simpler scalar
problem.
• The asserts that any vector whose curl is zero is equal to the
gradient of some scalar.
• What I’m going to do now amounts to a proof of that claim, in
the context of electrostatics.
• Electric potential is a point in an electric field which is the
amount of work done in moving a unit positive charge from
infinity to that point against electric forces.
• Electric potential energy is a measure of the potential energy
between two charged particles. Electric potential energy is the
amount of energy required to separate two particles based on
their individual charges and the distance between them.
• It is imperative to use correct units when calculating electric
potential energy. Charges are measured in Coulombs, C, and
distance is measured in meters, m. Using these values with the
Coulomb's constant results in an electric potential energy value
in J (kg*m2*s-2).
• The amount of work needed to move a unit charge from a
reference point to a specific point against an electric field.
Typically, the reference point is Earth, although any point
beyond the influence of the electric field charge can be used.
• Electric Potential is the work done per unit charge in order to
bring the charge from infinity to a point in electric field while
Electric potential difference is the Potential developed while
moving a charge from one point to another in the field itself.
Gauss law
Gauss law states that the total electric flux out of a closed surface is
equal to the charge enclosed divided by the permittivity. The electric
flux in an area is defined as the electric field multiplied by the area.
According to Gauss law, the total flux linked with a closed surface is
1/ε0 times the charge enclosed by the closed surface.
∮E→.d→s=1∈0q
For example, a point charge q is placed inside a cube of the edge ‘a’.
Now, as per Gauss law, the flux through each face of the cube is
q/6ε0.
but to calculate the electric field distribution in a closed surface, we
need to understand the concept of Gauss law. It explains the electric
charge enclosed in a closed surface or the electric charge present in
the enclosed closed surface.
MULTIPOLE DISTRIBUTON OF CHARGE

A multipole expansion is a mathematical series representing a
function that depends on angles—usually the two angles on a sphere.
These series are useful because they can often be truncated, meaning
that only the first few terms need to be retained for a good
approximation to the original function.
Multipole expansions are very frequently used in the study of
electromagnetic and gravitational fields, where the fields at distant
points are given in terms of sources in a small region.
The multipole expansion with angles is often combined with an

expansion in radius. Such a combination gives an expansion
describing a function throughout three-dimensional space.
The multipole expansion is expressed as a sum of terms with
progressively finer angular features. For example, the initial term—
called the zeroth, or monopole, moment—is a constant, independent
of angle.
The following term—the first, or dipole, moment—varies once from
positive to negative around the sphere.
Higher-order terms (like the quadrupole and octupole) vary more

quickly with angles.
A multipole moment usually involves powers (or inverse powers) of

the distance to the origin, as well as some angular dependence.

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ELECTROSTATICS.

The Electric Charge:

• The positively charged particles are called as “protons”.

• Volume charge density (symbolized by ρ) is the quantity

• Suppose q is the charge and a is the area of the surface

• Charge density depends on the distribution of electric charge

• The charge density describes how much the electric charge is

• It measures the amount of electric charge per unit measurement

• The force of attraction or repulsion between two charged bodies

• If the force between two charges in two different media is the

MULTIPOLE DISTRIBUTON OF CHARGE

The multipole expansion with angles is often combined with an

Higher-order terms (like the quadrupole and octupole) vary more

A multipole moment usually involves powers (or inverse powers) of

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