READINGS IN PHILIPPINE HISTORY

FIRST VOYAGE AROUND THE WORLD - MARCH 16, 1521

FERDINAND MAGELLAN - Pigafetta reported that they reach the isle of Zamal,
now Samar, but Magellan decided to land in another
-February 3 1480- April 25, 1521 uninhabited island for greater security where they could
-Portuguese Explorer who organized the Spanish rest for a few days
Expeditions to the East Indies from 1519-1522 to search -After two days, March 18, nine men came to them and
for western route to the Maluku Isiands ( the Spice show joy and eagerness in seeing them and welcomed
Island) resulting in the first circumnavigation of the them with food, drinks, and gifts.
Earth, completed by Juan Sebastian Elcano
- The natives gave them Fish, Palm, wine ( uraca ), figs, 2
ANTONIO PIGAFETTA
cochos, Rice (umai), cocos Pigafeta described what
1491-1551 seemed like a coconut

-around 1491 when he was born at Vicenza, Republic of "This palm produces a fruit names cocho, which is
Venice or was known now as Italy and died at the age of large as the head, or there abouts: its first husk is green,
39-40 around 1531 and two fingers in thickness, in it they find certain
threads, with which they make the cords for fastening
-he studied astronomy; geography and cartography their boats. Under this husks there I5 another very hard,
-Italian scholar and explorer from the republic of Venice and thicker than that or a walnut. They burned this
second rind, and make with it a powder which is useful
-he travelled with the portuguese explorer Ferdinand to them. Under this rind there is à white marrow of a
Magellan and his crew on their first voyage around the fingers thickness, which they eat fresh with meat and
world fish, as we do bread, and it has the taste of almond, and
if anyone dried it he might make bread of it”.
- His work became a classic that prominent literary men
in the West like William Shakespeare, Michel de - "very familiar and friendly”
Montaigne and Giambattista Vico referred to the book
in their interpretation of the New World. -- They went to Humunu Island (Homonhon)
(Watering Place of Good Signs) where they found the
-His travelogue is one of the most important primary first signs of gold in the isiand.
sources in the study of precolonial Philippines
- They named the island with the nearby islands as the
- The First Voyage Around the World by Archipelago of St. Lazarus
Magellan
- March 25, they saw two ballangai (balangay).
- Published after Pigafetta returned to Italy.
BALANGAI (balangay)
- Antonio Pigafetta wrote his firsthand observation and
general impression of the Far East inciuding their - A long boat full of people in Mazzava/ Mazaua.
Experiences in the Visayas . - The leader (king) (Raia Siagu) sent his men to the ship
-In Pigafetta's account, their fleet reached what he of Magellan.
called the Ladrones lslands or the "Islands -The king offered to give Magellan a bar
of the Thieves "These people have no arms, but of gold and chest of ginger, Magellan
use sticks, which have a fish bone at the end. They are declined. Instead Magellan asked for money for the
poor, but ingenious, and great thieves, and for the sake needs of his ships. The king responded by giving them
of that we called these three islands the Ladrones the needed provisions and food in chinaware.
Islands"
-- The two men expressed their desire to become
LADRONAS ISLANDS brothers.
- Presently known as Marianas Islands-t is located -Magellan was introduced to the king's brother who
south-southeast of Japan, west-southwest of Hawaii, was also king of another island.
north of New Guinea, and east of Philippines
- They went to this island and they saw mines of gold.
READINGS IN PHILIPPINE HISTORY

- The gold was abundant that the parts of the ship and eldest child of the king, who happened to be a daughter,
the house of the second king were made of gold. would be the next in line.
RAIA CALUMBA APRIL 14
-King of Zuluan and Calagan ( Butuan and Caragua) -The people gathered with the king and other principal
men of the island.
-Pigafeta described him as the most handsome of all
men that he saw in this place. -After eight days, all of the islands inhabitant were
already baptized.
-He was adorned with sick and golden accessories like
golden dagger, which he carried with him in a wooden - The Mass was conducted by the shore everyday.
polished sheath.
-When the queen (Hara Amihan) came to the Mass one
--the first catholic mass in the day, Magellan gave her an Image of the Infant Jesus
philippines was held on MARCH 31, 1521 made by Pigafetta himself.
(Easter Sunday)
APRIL 26
-Father Pedro De Valderrama
- Zula, a principal man from the island of Matan
-Located at the Southern Leyte (Mactan) went to see Magellan and ask him a boat full
of men so that he could fight the chief name
-a popular known as the birthplace of the church in the
Silalapulapu (Lapulapu).
Philippines
-According to Zula, Lapulapu refused to obey the king
-Holy first mass marked the birth of Roman Catholicism
and was also preventing him from doing so.
in the Philippines
-Magellan offered three boats and went to Mactan
-Magellan ordered the chaplain to preside a Mass by
himself to fight Lapulapu.
the shore.
"When we reached land we found the islanders fifteen
-The king sent two dead pigs and attended the Mass
hundred in number, drawn up in three squadrons; they
with the other king. “When the offertory of the mass
came down upon us with terrible shouts, two squadrons
came, the two kings, went to kiss the cross like us, but
attacking us on the flanks, and the third in front. The
they offered nothing, and at the elevation of the body of
captain then divided his men in two bands. Our
our Lord they were kneeling like us, and adored our Lord
musketeers and crossbow-men fired for half an hour
with joined hands"
from a distance, but did nothing, since the bullets and
-After the Mass, Magellan ordered that the cross be arrows, though they passed through their shields made
brought with nails and crowned in place. of thin wood, and perhaps wounded their arms, yet did
not stop them.
-APRIL 7, 1521
- They arrived in Mactan in daylight with 49 in
- Magellan and his men reached the port of Cebu, the numbers while the islanders of Mactan were estimated
largest and the richest of the islands with the helped of to number 1500.
Raia Calambu.
- The captain shouted not to fire, but he was not
- The king of Cebu (Rajah Humabon) demanded that listened to. The islanders seeing that the shots of our
they pay tribute as it was customary but Magellan guns did them little or no harm would not retire, but
refused. shouted more loudly, and springing from one side to the
-Magellan said that he was the captain himself and thus other to avoid our shots, they at the same time drew
would not pay tribute to the other king nearer to us, throwing arrows, javelins, spears hardened
in fire, stones and even mud, so that we could hardly
-Magellan spoke about peace and God. People took defend ourselves. Some of them cast lances pointed
pleasure in his speech. with iron at the captain-general -Magellan died in the
battle.
-Magellan asked the people who would succeed the
king after his reign and the people responded that the
READINGS IN PHILIPPINE HISTORY

-The natives perceiving that the bodies of the enemies EUROPE

were protected with armors, aimed for their legs
-Dominated by the Holy Roman Empire.
instead.
- That's why Pigafetta always mention the abundance of
-Magellan was pierced with a poisoned
gold in the islands as shown in his description of leaders
arrow in his right leg
wearing gold rings and golden daggers, and of the gold
-The king offered the people of Mactan's gifts of any mines.
value and amount in exchange of Magellan's body but
the chief refused. They wanted to keep Magellan's body CUSTOMS OF TAGALOGS
as a momento of their victory. JUAN DE PLASENCIA
-Duarte Barbosa is elected as the new captain.  Fray Juan was born to the illustratious family of the
-- The two conspired and betrayed what was left of Portocarreros in Plasencia in the region of
Magellan's men. Extremadura, Spain in the early 16th century.

- The fleet departed and abandoned Serrano.  His father, Don Pedro Portocarrero, was a captain
of a Spanish schooner, who died in Naples, Italy in
- They left Cebu and continued their journey around the 1574. Juan De Plasencia died in Liliw, Laguna in
world. 1590
-From the original five ships set to  He wrote the Doctrina Christiana en Lengua in the
sail( San Antonio, Concepcion, Victoria, Philippines in 1593.
Trinidad and Santiago) only Victoria
returned to Spain. BACKGROUND OF THE AUTHOR

- And from the original 237 men only 18 men survived.  He is believed to have arrived to the Philippines in
1578, after a stopover in Mexico. As soon as he
ANALYSIS OF PIGAFETTA'S CHRONICLE arrived, he joined forces with another missionary,
"The best storyteller is the one who not only knows the Fray Diego de Oropesa, and they both started
story but saw it" preaching around Laguna de Bay and Tayabas,
Quezon, in Quezon Province, where he founded
-One of the most cited documents by historians who several towns.
wished to study the pre - colonial Philippines.
About the Text
- One of the earliest written accounts.
 Plasencia’s Relacion de las Costumbres de Los
- Pigaffetta was seen as a credible source for a period, Tagalogs (Customs of the Tagalogs, 1589) contains
which was prior unchronicled and undocumented. numerous information that historians could use in
-Being a scholar of cartography and reconstructing the political and socio-cultural
geography, Pigafetta was able to give details on history of the Tagalog region.
geography and climate of the places that their voyage
 Miguel de Loarca, an encomendero of Panay wrote
has reached.
his Relacion de las Islas Filipinas (1582) and
- Pigafetta's description to people was coming from described the Filipinos’ way of life in the Western
sixteenth century European perspective. Visayas area.

-Pigaffeta regarded the indigenous belief systems and  Lieutenant Governor Antonio de Morga wrote
way of life as inferior to Christianity and of the Sucesos de las Islas Filipinas which provides
Europeans. information about the state of the Philippines in the
latter part of the 16th century.
- He emphasized the native s amazement and literacy to
the European artillery, merchandise and other goods.  The other Spanish missionaries who continued the
historiographical tradition were Fr. Pedro Chirino
-He repeatedly mentioned the abundance of spices like
S.J. (Historia General, 1751), Fr. Francisco Ignacio
ginger, and of precious metals like gold.
READINGS IN PHILIPPINE HISTORY

Alcina S.J. (Historia natural de sitio, fertilidad y Worships of the Tagalogs

calidad de las Islas e indios de Bisayas).
 They knew too the “seven little goats” [The
 Datos - the chief who governed the people and Pleiades] – as we call them-and, consequently, the
were captains in their wars whom they obey and change of seasons,which they call Mapolon; and
reverence. Balatic, which is our Greater Bear.

 Tagalog or Barangay The name originated when the  They possessed many idols called lic-ha, which were
people came to this land by means of boat called images with different shapes.
balangay. The head is called Dato.
 The distinctions made among the priests of the
 Borrowers become slaves and after the death of the devil were asfollows.
father, the children pay the debt
1. Catalonan – honourable one among natives and was
About the Text heldordinarily by people of rank.

 The three castes namely: 2. Mangangauay – witches who deceived by pretending

to heal the sick.
1. Nobles-the free-born whom they call Maharlica.
They do not pay tax or tribute to the Dato. 3. Mancocolam whose duty was to emit fire from
himself at night, once each month.
2. The Commoners- who are called Aliping
Namamahay. They live in their own houses and are lords 4. Hocloban – a mother kind of witch than the
of their own property and gold. mangangauay. Without use of medicine and by simply
saluting or raising hand, they killed whom they chose.
3. The Slaves-who are called Aliping Saguiguilid. They
serve their master in his house and on his cultivated 5. Silagan – if they saw anyone clothed in white, to tear
lands and may be sold. out his liver and eat it, causing his death.

About the Text 6. Magtatangal – his purpose was to show himself at

night to many persons, without his head or entrails.
 If two persons married of whom one was a
Maharlica and the other a slave, the children were 7. Osuang – equivalent to a “sorcerer”. They say they
divided. have seen him fly, murdered men and ate their flesh.

 Investigations made and sentences passed by the 8. Mangangayoma – made charms for lovers out of
datos must take place in the presence of those of herbs, stones and wood.
his barangay.
9. Sonat – equivalent to “preacher.” Help one die at
 For inheritance, the legitimate children of a father which time be predicted the salvation or condemnation
and mother inherit equally. of the soul.
10. Pangatojan – was a soothsayer, and predicted the
Worships of the Tagalogs
future.
 Simbahan – a temple or place of adoration 11. Bayoguin – signified a “cotquean” a man whose
 “Pandot” – a festival means worship, they nature inclined toward that of a woman
celebrated it in a large house of a chief. IMPORTANCE OF HISTORY
 There, they constructed, for the purpose of A. Bridging the gap between the present and the past
sheltering assembled people, a temporary shed on
each side of the house, with a roof called sibi, to B. Explaining causes of things and events
protect people from getting wet when it rained. C. Projecting the future
D. Interpreting conditions of a given space and time
READINGS IN PHILIPPINE HISTORY

E. Promoting nationalism and patriotism C. It points out the need for nationalism in nation
building
SOURCES OF HISTORY (BY CATEGORY)
HOW TO VERIFY THE AUTHENTICYTY, CREDIBILITY AND
A. Written or inscribed sources PROVENANCE OF A PARTICULAR HISTORICAL SOURCE?
B. Graphic/visual materials and art EXTERNAL CRITICISM
C. Folklore/oral literature  The practice or process of verifying the authenticity
D. Oral history of the evidence by examining its physical
characteristics
E. Interviews
 Consistency of time
PROBLEMS AND DIFFICULTIES IN THE WRITING AND
STUDY OF HISTORY  The material used

A. Scarcity of written materials, especially in the local INTERNAL CRITICISM

level  Examination of the truthfulness of the evidence
B. Problems of translation with regards to documents  Context of the author
written in Spanish and other foreign languages
 Background of the author
C. Biases and prejudice on the part of foreign writers
HISTORY - Derived from the greek word “historia”,
D. The lack of representative materials for the whole which means “to know” or “to see”
country
2 new words formed: his and story
MAJOR VIEWS OR PHILOSOPHIES IN THE STUDY OF
HISTORY HISTORY DEFINED:
A. Cyclical View TRADITIONAL DEFINITION
B. Providential View  The record of the past
C. Progressive view or linear view  Record of the human past from the time written
records began to appear.
D. The Marxist of Leftist-Socialist View
MODERN DEFINITION
E. Relativist View
 The reconstruction of the past based on available
REASONS FOR INTERPRETING PHILIPPINE HISTORY written records, oral history cultural artifacts, and
FROM A NATIONALIST FILIPINO POINT OF VIEW folk traditions
A. Foreign Interpretation is Biased and Prejudiced  The study of events and developments concerning
B. Filipinos have greater familiarity with and people in the past
understanding of their own culture and history FIELDS OF HISTORY
C. The Filipino point of view can help promote 1. GEOGRAPHICAL - The classification of historical data
nationalism and patriotism according to civilization, country or other territorial unit
HISTORY AS A TOOL IN UNDERSTANDING NATIONAL in which they occur
IDENTITY 2. CHRONOLOGICAL - Ordering information by time
A. It helps in tracing the roots of Filipino people and the sequence and dividing it up into periods.
struggle they underwent to attain unity and 3. TOPICAL
independence
a) Political History
B. It serves as a tool in identifying commonalities in their
culture and experiences b) Economic History
READINGS IN PHILIPPINE HISTORY

c) Social History C. Magazines

d) Cultural and Intellectual History D. Pamphlets
e) Urban and Ethnic History E. Typescripts
SOURCES F. Articles
PRIMARY SOURCES - a type of source which came into G. Journals etc.
existence during the actual period of the past which the
historians is studying such relics and traces left by the CATEGORIES OF HISTORICAL WRITING
past. 1. Text book
SECONDARY SOURCES - there are accounts written later 2. Doctoral Dissertation
but historians looking back upon a period in the past.
3. Synthetic works
VARITIES OF PRIMARY SOURCES
4. Formal writing
A. Documents of records
a. interpretative essay
- central government sources
b. Book review
- local records
5. Research paper
- united nations
- other formal records
USES OF HISTORY
- private business records
1. Hindsight
B. Summary and reports
2. Foresight
-centrally organized
3. Character building
-private and individual
4. Collective memory
C. Chronicles and histories
D. Family and personal sources
E. Polemical documents
F. Media communication
G. Guides and works of reference
H. Archeology, industrial archeology, history on the
ground and physical artifacts
I. Literary and artistic sources
J. Sources that are techniques as much as sources
K. Oral History
L. Observed behavior etc.
SECONDARY SOURCES
A. Books
B. Encyclopedia