PRgo o70

Oata

DDL DML

Dodo Monip ulation Lon

7|Dado Dinition language
9 dsall uith stwtuw d .9 daal i t a dota ktou
table. ik Tabl Namu inHouus-

Colum ns
29E Uususto inauud updad
dnop tabu gHDmdadabale dultethslHDuLs 6Mom tabl
E-CREA TE,ALTER, DROP E NSERT, UPDATE,DELET
SELECT.

Cha Vauaha
Y accapts Aixsd leugh tex >I acczphs yarlabu lengh tut
HmDHy adto4a Y does net uuasha
high mamoHy.
Eg NA ME CHAR(20) ENA ME VARCHAR (20
9 olaso AtoKnd in NAME
dada soned in NAME
Column u "RAM'", itwlu Colunn u "RAM", hin it
oC.cuup y mmonyApos wU anly ocwpy Apau o
20 choHa dI Nuik haOton3
a having uss no, d
chaovs in terh.
 Pago Mo.: 11
Date 26/10/21

DATABASE QUERY USING SQL

S.QL siuucdud Quy kamquag

DDL DML
Dada Deinikon LanguagL Data MamipulaHon LonguaAL
eREATE SELECT
ALTERthtd rtuma rt 1NSERT
DROP cA or UPDATE
LyTRUNEATE d+ mpy DELETE BEo
my tably
Studeat
Name Andan Maikh DO8
1 ABC M 13 01-04-92
2 ACB E 04-03-01
3 PaR M 83 01-11 96
XYZ M 12-12-03
wPQ E 89 1-03-03
MNO 81 30-1299
tDisplas the Lnine takle.
SELECI
2v
EROM Student
fhing_ Claule Tab Nama.

Syntax: SELECT (LDlLlist) FROMHaklu-nam)i-

DiAplay thi namna aaad gamdu_A all hi uLDHds.

SELECT Namt, ndu EROM Atudent2-
 Osta

All Rouu
Some Coumn4
AU Rouus
R L Columns
SELEOT Name enden FROM Stud. dt
SELECT FROM Studant lumsduu d all HA
(Ditplau Nama b
(DisplausEntine Taslu

Bome Rouus 4
Some Rous Some Coumns
AU Cownns. DOB FROHStudintwHERC.
SELECT FROM SHudunt WHERE HankoSELECT Nama,
tuho a n
Nan 6 DOB4hDA
Diaplays kuconds 5 host uko ACOMl(Dilplay
mO ham 90 manki mal)

WHERE (condition)uskd to litn

Heus basis an condiion.
Claus

mployL
£ Lado E NamAqDpantmeratSalaty sadu
101 Raju 25 Physics 56000 M
2 Amam 45 Physics 65000 M
169 Akash 32
Chemisn 50000 M
Rakul 26 Phusics 20000 M
Mukesh 50 Chumispsspu500003 Ma1e
106 Aamin 25
Chemathy 450 00 M
J07 Jaya 3.6 anl
Etonomitu 55oo a E
Puiti 25
Eeenamizs L0a E
h Wnite a
quny to
dibplay: hu cokda
ahou 30
ytans dp ag
hitimptojtus zako aHL
a

SELECT* FROM Employue wHERE Aqe) 30.

( wita queny o
diap lay nama and
ha employsus uokking In dpandmunt ans balaky o5
SELECTP Noml, Dapantm ent Chemistty,
Aalas ,
FROM WH ERE epar
Employe
mployer WHE
 gC NO:
Su, FnOm, Wht , Grtoup, fo ving C
, Ey,
Pago lo. 13
Dato:
ouvA|

u Display ths nami d male pmployees

SELECT E Name EROM EmployeL WHERE Lendenz "F "

(ivDisplay
h idepautments in Ai company
SELECT DISTINCT DEpaHdment PROM Employuu

Physica
Chamisty4
Ecpnomicu

KDIST1NCT KColumn-nar 14 usd to HmDv duyplicadis sAom hr owput

Clause

W t a queny o display thi nasne cund ndur d hOsA Lmployes

Lwhds Mames ata uih 'A"
AÁ ASALELI£ NamaiyikLndn FROM Employte uHERE E Namu LIKE B%

LIKE Uause: ia used to maieh t i collumndada uih a paltexn,

% (hubsting RAplacement)..it uiu keplace O &H moKu chanacteNs
ai CARMacteu Rtplacamint).ituill mplak Lxaty ons chakaten._
Name Afands_eit 'A) ="A"i
NameLnds uwh 'ol = a
Name cpndains "a' ="% a /
Name has a as LLcond last a-

Rauisiona

SNasaae ClasaRollNoEmailaih
101 Vinau 12 01 yisay@moiliii
i02.4uvika 11 O2 yedgmail.toaJaipuw
Vikak 0
104Ketan 12 kulamailaoMumba
o5| Kaushik 12 05 kaumeil.ce Punse
 74
(0ate

ansun
hi foLDUu ng94esHan
HOm ta above taAls,

hu lash
( o gind all hi nams in
SELECT SNamme FROM tudintj
V
shudends uhos
namu slant uu h
()To ind WHERE SName. LIKEV
SName FRoH &udent
PSELECT

has a l as h a skcond lastak.

nanis
studsmts wuhos
)1o ind
WHER E SMamu LlkE "%a.
SELECT SNanu EROM Ahudint

udhieh _unlauuy idts

PRimay Kuy1 An athibuteanstkdpuattdhudeu
Lach Houu in a tabl.

nuld valuas.
*IS (Opnaton):tiu wsud fondetecting the
I AND/0pbiao): dOhon 'all th.cqiitnconiHansizamkintd ui A
aHL trusOnly thin wwll theuou bupuintd ad_am output.
kNULL(Flag1Depicting emptinesss ol u
nlaih
Betuwn (opeLaton) T0 sutetdomuthing betuuun kuoend poinit-
(Bothnd poinds inaluiue) A
Tablu:Employee £fd, EName, Dept Aila i Lpndsn
Find u nams,dptand salany thrsu employees uho kakn
hetuwen 20000 amd 50000._
SELECT ENam Dept, salary PROMEmployes WHERE Salany
BETWEEN 20000 and 50000;
Find ELd and ENama those employes uho rann moke than200
SELECT Eld, ENamt PRoH
Employe VHERE Sala y 200
20006
 PageNo 5
Dato
youvA

Find the detak q hosei amployees uho Hisile in Kolkasa, Delhi sr

Mumbaa
SELECT EROMEmployea wHERE City INKolkata', Delhi, 'Humkai);

IN (Opekaton): ussd to choosi AMoma eollecion dL valuis in

a table

the dtaila d- thosk employeesuho:upnkeithu hon

all
Physics
(iv) Find
dpaxdmunt AH Bíology dep.animent.
IN ('Physics",Biolog));
FROH Employee WHERE D4pt
DSELECT *
valuu d a condiion
NOT (Opekaton: To toq9lh the thuuth
aidHk fonPhysics ak Biolo9y
NEind hoae employes who do noE
depautmunt. MU2
SELECT EROH Emplayee wHEREDApE NOT IN (Physics, Biolegy);
databasa. tou=
has addrd a feu neuu Lmployees to the
-ViTh managen
hen assignsdo any dtparment. Eind out
LUe Hhy have not
tA nams & tho&e employzesx | A3Y NULL;
WHERE Dpt S
SELECT EName EROMEmployee

can niyLn be iquatid X

Note: NULL i nota vauuL and henee

unctions InSqL
O
aMath punctions iiyPOuWERL)Z (6)Dade funcriond (ij Now()
Aih.BQLN,D{) 2t1L2.2 iyDATE
in MoD ().2
itf MONTH ()
(iv) MONTHNAME( )
Fl.S3LMLI I(V DAY ()
(viyDAYNAME()
(viyEAR( )
 Oato

(Tx unctionstiyUCASE (O/UPPERC)

(i) LCASEC)/LOwER ().
SuBsTRING ()/SugSTR/MID () .3
(h) LENGTH ()
(LEFT):Z
(viy RiGHT(). L
viíiy 1NSTR ()
(viy 1TRIM ().L
(ix)RIRIM()L

aAggugate haunchons th MAX l a

MuttplKons
(i MIN
iíAVG)
TA (iv) SuMC)
(vij CoUNT()
Math dutmettons
*POWER Tofsnd the. eeponirt - a numbeH.
Suntax POWER X,Y).
Example
SELECT POwER(10,3);
Output
|1000
ROUND ) 3 t Hounds up the declmal numba to he.
spacifhe Umit
1aAiSyntax: ROUND ( numbut, pHLeision).)Even ame
KDefailtvalua d pe cidi@n u0tMi (Odda+1
3MExani plu
Y SELECT ROUND ( 100, 234567, 2).
13 utpuit iv)
100.23,il
 7 youvA

SELECT ROUND (11 23. 75, 2)

utpat A
100

is usd do ind ths nemnaindeh d.- uhen dvided

x MOD (XY)-J
by Y
SELECT MOD (5,2)
Qudpu
1. MAM 2
T t uneions
into p p r
XUCASE )/vPPER=3t convzds. louwncasi leiHenu
cas

uttens.
Syndax: UPPER ("TEXT")UCASE (UTEXr")
AExampleudi n ta
SELECT UPPER("Helo uWould ") AS UPPECASES3
Aias Name
OR.

SELECT2UCA`E ("Helb Wonld" AS UPeER CASE';

Qudput
UPPECASE
A
HELLO wORLDI

tUPPER CASSE
DuHELLOiHWORLD .LA taauls Dl

a nlcknamt..
uúhla keyuuakdIn othen tuoKds ,
Alias Name Led Liant uith
Auas Name Can conlaln a numben butkhould not
Nole

convekIS Caáe ltleks iuto loutn

LppeH
LCASE (O/LOWER )-3t
Cas lettLns
TEXT")
Synta LOwÉR (TEXT)LCASE)
i

14
 Paga Ho.: 18
Dato:

pacebrtuuten wwnds is also courdrd

Example
SELECT owER
LowER_ {HELLO Oonld!"AS "LOWER CASE"
iGAO.

Output
LowER CASE
hullo wONld

LEFT Tet, n)4 used to eXHat ln umbeh _chou

chanat
gomthLest dz hu tewt..
Example
SELECT LEET ("HARDIN `CeTT",6) AS ENAME;
Ouwput
LEFT HARDIN ScoTT",6).as
HARDIN
2 XAT" 19
RICHT (Text,n-IH iAuuad to Lxthat In' numhuu charatu
Lom t e uíght he t r t aggu TAA2
Example-
2SELECT RIÇHT ("TESSA YoUNG ASILNAME
Oudput
RI4HT "TESSA YaUNG", 7) 32A 29a
A YoUNG

SUBSTR(Txt Pn)/SDBSTRING (Tut, Pan)/ MIDTOHp,

used to xttact chaua ders jxom the teHstanting NDma
position text.
4 p , it-iu countedias plast eluiment
|Example i i
0 SELECT SUB.STR"FIENNES TIFFIN", 4, 6) As. MIDNAME
Owtpu
MIPNAME iuu
NNES T

SELECTMID ( PIENNES TIEFIN",5; 3) As LSTN

 cURDATE- foma
Page Ho 79
CURRENLDATE() YYYY-MM- DD pats
youvA

Oupu
LSTNAME

SELECT SUBSTRING ("HAPPY PLACE", 6,3) AS ABC;

Oupu
ABC

PL
tKs Lxi
LENGTH (TtSh is used to pind thu length d
Exampl
SELECT LENGTH ("Handin Scott")as LEN
Output I9 2A(
LEN

12

h
|INSTRText, Austxd)- uill jind hu stanting posiHon,i}
subtezt is pHesent in thu t u t .
Examplemuulin hn tua
0 SELECT INSTR/'MEMBERSH1PSHIP)
AS SVB CHECK;
Output
SURCH£CK

SELECT INSTRMEMBERSHIP 'EMBER) AS SUBCHECK;

Oudput
SUBCHECK.
2 lab t

unru cessary udite.

LTRIM (Tt)E Ihi unction ii uuedto mcmave
Apac om thu lef he sfHÍng.

Eramplu =-
SELECT LTRIM (' hello' AS LEFTTRIM
Qudpud
LEFTTRIM
hullo
 al- D ate Na. 4 days
Y A

RTRIMTerd)Aisfunttion iu used to numove wnnicsAsay uhj

4paces nom th wighN o ha stning.
Examph
SELECT RTRIM ('Hello AS RIGHT TRIM;
Qdput
R1G HTTRIM
Hlo

TRIM T i ) - his feunetion ia usd to Kemouu unnecss any ui

spaces inom both siodes s hu stning.
Erample
SELECT TRIM (' hullo wuorld ) AS TRIM.
Output
TRIM
hulle uuonld.

Dadi unions
NOW()- dois not Hakt any inpw and KUwns +Au Lxat hm
and daiL thi momint.
(YYYY MM-DD HH MM: SS)
Examplu
SELECT NoW)
-1i492
Oudput
Now) :
2022 01-22 11:25:30

DATE (Dade/ Dade time/ Atrina)-1 ex tHa ds hs dade dnom she

inpu.
Exampl
SELECT DATE(2022- 01- 22 1125
30) AS DATE;
Ouwput
DATE
2022-01-22
 Pag9 N7 81 Youv
Oato

MONTH (Dade) - 34 u i l l e w t n a t He mo ndh n u m b u r f r o m h e d a t a .

Example i

SELECT MONTH (NoW);

Oudput.
MONTH(NOwe) .

MONTHNAME (DA TE)=IHwil give YoUHu ionth name.

ExampluSELECT
MO NTH (NOwJ) AS MM,MONTH NAME (NOJ) AS MNAMEE

Ourpu
MM MNAME
Januany.
J

DAY (DATE)-3 uill ertHocd he day numhu 6hi dade

Exampl
SELECT DAY_(NOUWU) AS DD
taOudput l v u a

DD
6

th Dadi. altn.
DAYNAHE(DATE) -Jtitderhatk h i day naime6
Eamplu-
u Lsua SELECTDAYNAME-(NOu As DAYNAME
Qudput
DAYNAME
Sadwnday
YEAR (DATE34 erHatts t h ytan 6 hi date..

Example
SELECT YEAR (NOW)) AS NEAR
Cudput
YEAR
20222
 Pags tHo82
Oate

AggAgade funchions
MAX-J+ i ed to find thu maximum valuu tn a column.
Eramp-
SELECT MAX(Masks) FROM tudint
Exampl- M
MIN)-d used to ind tha minimum Valuu in a coumn.
SELECT MIN (Manks) EROM AtudLnt

AVG)- u used. to findthuaiekaeldthucnlumn.

Examp- nt
SELECT AVG (Manku FROM hudint3MAUMM
SUM-31 A uutd to ind hi sum 6 all valuu in a cou.
Examp=
SELECT SUM (Hanu) EROH Atudint;

COUNUU-S2u usd to cound thnot null' valuuutiatal column.

Exampl kuppaks h i a dahle CovLD TEST? uith_column Cld,N
lyundn, Age, RAT, RT PCRFind out hu otal rumbr dpatntd uhe
hava tru_ vauu in RTPcR
SELECT COUNT (RTPER) FROMAcaVIDTEST DHERE RTPCR Trua
CoUNT( 3 i uAid
to count ti #ofal runhiuHous satisy
thL Condi Hon.
Examplu-A panson uanla to knou A total nunbikdAkOul
hi tab OKdanu'. Help him uitt Hi
code
SELECT COUNTKAS Hotalkous
EROM Ondans
 youvA

Note
JAL a9KLgatt unctrons camnot be. ulrd ín eombinaHon uih non-
agggade altributs.
Jhe output haaggnagiate funetlon(s) unhem taken In iaatasion uwill
aluays pkoduce ont Hou.
(i Lwhen he ayghagae unciona) i/au usd uith g u p hs clause,

mtipleMouldcam.be gemenatad as oudput.

ALeq iuL
GROUP BY : o guoup dada and tind some solutions on the basis
Clause
o n eH moKLatttibusLA.
SyniaxSELECT (talimnliat ànd agqktgabe functian) FRoM
Ktab
e-o)
uhene tondition GRoUP BYlcolumn-ust) ;
Exaaplu kacmáy employcesuokgoH 2ach.dtpaument?
SELECT Dept, LoUNT(*) EROM Employee GROUP BY Pept
Find he eityuse total salany soH Lach depantment.
SELECT Dept, Cy, SUM(Aalasy EROM Employea GROUP BY Dpt,C,

2 MAING A0aed talgis conditiani tothan H

CLAL t
9Houps in contrast to WHERE Claisi,A
whieh pHDvides condiHons to indivtaual nous.
xample- O Rou londition

o up Condiian
d .LiCoUNT ()>10. 2 a i
Nate HAVING lAülz eàmnoterl+1LGROuP BY clause doesn

Exampla
=

lnd he depant ments uich has mot han 10 2mploykes

('DeptNamu )
Count.('EmpCount).
DIsplay thu depantment naminand Lmployu
S£LEAT DepkAS DeptNama', CoUNT (*AS EmpCqunt'FRDH
Emaloyea
btN
a GROUPBY DepkiiHAVING CiQUNT( 10d uiu
. Lxia.i kuati à o
 ORDE R BY a sCenddng.
Deau t valur

RMIGnmn: Pind H marimum salwny in oCk u 7 d Lmplou.

yua
uAeN thal sanployes in hu i y u mou iam115 AC

oution
SELECT City, MAXLdalany) FROM Employz GROUAB YACA
,

HAVING coUNT (*)>15

* ORDER BY : 41 wd to axHangt he okduedaltieple in
CLaull tas l . (7ust
a jon pHinting puupoaks).
Example-OArang heEmploy TabiAsin'asCLmding ord
ala
SELECTK EROM.Empioiyeë ORDER BYÁalay
AHAm Hu Emplbyte Tabl inidesaLndbiny ched Lalan
SELECT FROM Enploye ORDER BY saloy DESE
y2hAunl4at MRAhunshad TaJa2
CTSAMamaL hs n a m a Dmd depadmant H the iployLA in
nding dndin Hik dtpantmènd4bd desuLndiaekdin
hin 4alanis
SELECT EName Dapit EROM
EmployeeORDER BY Dept ASC,
llihio 1skiyaiu
SQL:t a
languaga hat enablu You do drude amd
dasabases operatz
Prronounud as SEQ VEL.O TMuopenald p.
Original venion' uaia divloped by 1BM's s t ichambexbn
Rrsuakah
CLnhL. and Raymánd F. Boye
CHAR
Eixd wngth stHdngs MuG VARCHAR
Y wsd wh numbin S chanat Vauakhilungth &igi
AAid aihinanim bnschana
Hoh tndus u fird. fo bu
7 fast, no
endind u not Liked L1ks no
memony allbeation addrss ete
2ULRy tim.
1Blou, as it takis Apaa