Menoufia University

Faculty of Electronic Engineering

Department of Computer Science and Engineering
Computer and Information Security (CSE 316)

Lecture 2
Computer and Network Security Basics
Presented By
Dr.Marwa Sharaf el-Din
Department of Computer Science and Engineering
Faculty of Electronics Engineering
Menoufia University

10/15/2024 1
Types of Networks
The two most common types of network infrastructures are:

1. Local Area Network (LAN)

2. Metropolitan Area Network (MAN)

3. Wide Area Network (WAN).

Local Area Networks (LAN)
✓ Local Area Network (LAN): An individual network usually spans a single geographical area, providing
services and applications to people within a common organizational structure, such as a single business,
campus or region.
Metropolitan Area Networks (MAN)
✓ Metropolitan Area Network (MAN): is a group of LANs that are interconnected within small area.
Wide Area Networks (WAN)
✓ Wide Area Networks (WANs): are LANs separated by geographic distance are connected by a
network known as a Wide Area Network (WAN).
Network Types

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The Internet
✓ The Internet is defined as a global mesh of interconnected networks.
Intranet and Extranet
Connecting Remote Users to the Internet
 Reference Models

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Reference Models
▪ A framework (guideline) for network implementation and troubleshooting.
▪ Divides complex functions into simpler components.

Importance of reference model:

✓Vendor interoperability “standardization”.
✓Better understanding of data transfer.

Reference model types :

✓Open System Interconnection (OSI).
✓TCP/IP (DOD Model)
Reference Models & Interoperability problem
✓ In the mid-1980s, the network technologies that had been created with a variety of
different hardware and software implementations.

✓ Each company that created network hardware and software used its own company
standards.

✓ Therefore, many of the new network technologies were incompatible with each other.

✓ Need: Achieve open interconnection between multi vendors

✓ Solution : OSI-RM.
OSI Model
✓ It standardizes network components to allow
multiple vendor development and support.

✓ It allows different types of network hardware

and software to communicate with each
other. S/W

✓ It prevents changes in one layer from

affecting other layers.
S/W
H/W
✓ It divides network communication into smaller
parts to make learning it easier to understand.
Protocol in Network Communication
✓ Protocol are the rules that govern communications.

✓ Protocol suite is a group of inter-related protocols that are necessary to

perform a communication function.

✓ TCP/IP Model and Protocol Suite is an open standard. No one company

controls it.

✓ Governed by IETF Working Groups with standards proposed using Request

for Comments (RFCs).
Protocol Suites and Standards
✓Early days – branded network equipment and protocols.

✓Now – Industry standards

✓Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)

▪ Develops standards in telecommunications, information technology and
power generation.
▪ Examples: 802.3 (Ethernet), 802.11 (WLAN)

✓Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF)

▪ Internet standards
▪ RFCs (Request for Comments)
▪ Example: TCP, IP, HTTP, FTP
OSI-RM
OSI Model

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Layer 7: The Application Layer
7 Application •It’s the S\w on our pcs that
is used to represent a user
6 Presentation
interface to the network &
5 Session so aids the user to make
4 Transport applications.

3 Network Examples:
2 Data Link •Email (SMTP,POP3)
•Web browsers (HTTP)
1 Physical
•FTP
•Telnet
Application Layer

Application Layer : Network Application

HTTP , HTTPS , FTP ,

SMTP , TELNET ,
DHCP , POP3

FTP HTTP SMTP

S Text POP3
Hyper Simple Male
File Transfer Transfer Transfer
Post Office
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Protocol Protocol
Protocol Secure Protocol
Layer 6: The Presentation Layer

7 Application This layer is responsible

6 Presentation for presenting the data in
the proper format .
5 Session
4 Transport Examples:
ASCII, AVI,JPG,….
3 Network
2 Data Link
1 Physical
Presentation Layer

Application Translation
ASCII
10 MB
Hello !
Presentation 72 101 108 108 111 1010111100110101
How Are U ? 32 33 32 11 72
111 119 32 65 114 101 Data Compression
32 85 32 63 32 10
3 MB 100101
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Data Encryption
SSL 011000
Secure
Socket
Layer
Layer 5: The Session Layer
7 Application •Ensure that all information
required for opening a
6 Presentation
session is available.
5 Session •Give orders for:
4 Transport establishment, management,
and termination of the
3 Network session.
2 Data Link
1 Physical
Session Layer
Application

Presentation
Server
Session Computer

Authentication Who Are U ?

Tracking
Downloading files.
You don’t have
Authorization A permission to
access this page 29
Layer 4: The Transport Layer
• Responsible for actual
7 Application mechanism of:
1. Establishment of connection.
6 Presentation 2. Management of connection:
2.1) segmentation.
5 Session 2.2) sequencing.
4 Transport 2.3) end-to-end check.
2.4) error detection &correction.
3 Network 2.5) flow control.
3. Termination of connection.
2 Data Link
1 Physical Examples:
• TCP (Transmission Control
Protocol).
• UDP (User Datagram Protocol).
Transport Layer
Application
Segmentation Data

Presentation
Flow Control

Session Error Control

Port , Port , Port ,

Seq. Seq. Seq.
Transport Data Unit Data Unit Data Unit

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Transport Layer
Application
Segmentation
The Speed Internet
Presentation Of Server is : 150 Mbps
Flow Control

Session Error Control

5 Mbps
Transport Computer
Server
50 Mbps
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The Speed Internet

of Computer is : 5 Mbps
Transport Layer
Application
Port , Port , Port ,
Segmentation Seq. Seq. Seq.
Data Unit Data Unit Data Unit

Presentation
Flow Control Automatic Repeat Request

Session Error Control

Checksum
Transport Port , Port ,
Seq. Seq.
27 Data Unit Data Unit
TCP : Transmission Control Protocol
UDP : User Datagram Protocol
Layer 3: The Network Layer

7 Application Responsible for:

1. End-to-end delivery.
6 Presentation
2. Logical addressing .
5 Session EX:
4 Transport IPv4,IPv6,IPX,APPLETALK

3 Network 3. Routing (choose the best

2 Data Link path to destination.)
EX: RIP,OSPF,IS-IS,EIGRP
1 Physical
Network Layer
Application Logical Address Sender Receiver
IP1 IP2
Presentation Routing
Path Determine Segment
Session IP1 & IP2

Transport Packets

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Network
Network Layer
Application Logical Address

Presentation Routing
Path Determine Facebook 192.168.1.8
Session
255.255.255.0
192.168.1.5
Transport 192.168.1.8

30
Network Network
Network 2
Packets
1

192.168.1.7 Mobile 192.168.1.5 Laptop

Network Types
Application Logical Address
Sender
Presentation Routing
Path Determine 1
Session
2

Transport 6
3
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5
Network Receiver
4
Layer 2: The Data Link Layer

7 Application
6 Presentation Responsible for:
5 Session 1. Hop-to hop data delivery.
2. Hop-to-hop addressing
4 Transport
(MAC Address in Ethernet).
3 Network 3. Hop-to-hop error detection
2 Data Link 4. Hop-to-hop flow control.

1 Physical
Data Link
Application MAC 1 : Sender
Data Packet
Presentation
MAC 2 : Receiver

MAC 1 MAC 2 IP 1 & IP2 Segment Tail

Session

Transport Frame

Network

Data Link 33
Layer 1: The Physical Layer

7 Application
6 Presentation
It’s responsible for all
5 Session Physical properties of the
4 Transport network :
1. Cable length.
3 Network
2. Cable type.
2 Data Link 3. Bit rate.
4. Voltage levels.
1 Physical
5. H/W interface types.
Physical
Application

Presentation Hi ! Transport Layer

Session
Packet
Transport Sender IP Receiver IP Segment Network Layer

Network
Frame
Data Link Sender Receiver 35
MAC MAC
Packet FCS Data Link Layer 5V 1

Physical
Frame Like : 10111001100110011111001010 0

Physical Convert it to : Electric Signal

Layers with TCP/IP and OSI Model
Compare OSI and TCP/IP model
TCP/IP Model
How each layer is implemented
The Application Layer
The Transport Layer

Connection oriented, reliable service

Connectionless, unreliable service

The Internet Layer
The Network Access Layer

L2 LAN technologies : Ethernet , Tokenring ,

FDDI
L2 WAN technologies : Point-to-Point (HDLC
PPP) , Frame relay ,
X.25 ,ATM
ARP, RARP, Proxy ARP
PORTS
URL Converted TO IP By DNS

IP:PORT Destination PORT : 80

12.154.26.1:80 Source PORT : 35012

HTTP 80
Computer SMTP 25
SERVER FTP 21
IP:PORT Destination PORT : 35012

15.81.3.52:35012 Source PORT : 80 42

TCP vs UDP

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TCP vs UDP

44
TCP vs UDP

45
Repeater

Repeater : Regenerate incoming electrical signal

In physical devices [Ethernet , WIFI] .

We use repeater in distance limitation in LAN.

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HUB

1 2

47

3
HUB

48
HUB (layer1 –physical )

49
Bridge

50
Bridge l2

51
SWITCH(l2-datalink)

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ROUTER(l3-networklayer)

192.168.1.0
10.2.3.0

53
Firewall

54
Firewall

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BUS Topology

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Star Topology

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Ring Topology

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Mesh Topology

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Encapsulation
Encapsulation is the process of adding control information as it passes down through the
layered model.
Data Link IP TCP HTTP Data Link
Data Trailer
Header Header Header Header

Server
HTTP Data
Decapsulation
Data Link IP TCP HTTP Data Link
Data Trailer
Header Header Header Header

Client

HTTP Data
Protocol Data Unit (PDU)
Protocol Data Unit (PDU) is The form that a piece of
data takes at any layer. At each stage of the process, a
PDU has a different name to reflect its new appearance.

PDUs are named according to the protocols of the TCP/IP suite.

✓ Data - The general term for the PDU used at the Application layer
✓ Segment - Transport Layer PDU
✓ Packet - Internetwork Layer PDU
✓ Frame - Network Access Layer PDU
✓ Bits - A PDU used when physically transmitting data over the medium
PDU in Peer to peer communication