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Operation and Composition of Function: University of Duhok College of Science Department of Mathematic

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31 views13 pages

Operation and Composition of Function: University of Duhok College of Science Department of Mathematic

Pdf

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berrynewton41
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University Of Duhok

College Of Science
Department Of Mathematic

operation and composition of function

Prepared By: Supervised By:


Bnyat.W Miss.Fatima
Avraz.E

1
Content:

1. Introduction…………………………………………………………………3

2. Operations of functions…………………………………………….…4

3. Composition of Function…………………………….……………….9

4. References……………………………….…………………………………13

2
Introduction:

Functions are fundamental tools in mathematics that allow


us to relate inputs to outputs. The composition of functions
involves applying one function to the output of another,
while the operation of functions involves combining
functions using operations such as addition, subtraction,
multiplication, and division. These concepts are essential for
understanding complex mathematical relationships and for
solving a wide range of problems in fields such as
engineering, physics, and economics.

3
What are operations of function?

Function operations are the arithmetic rules we can apply to


two or more functions. Functions can be added, subtracted,
multiplied, or divided against each other, and we can divide
function operations into four types.

1. Addition of the functions


2. Subtractions of the functions
3. Multiplication of the functions
4. Division of the functions

Addition of the Functions:

When two or more functions are added together, it is called the


addition of functions or functions addition rule. For example,
we have two functions 𝒇(𝒙) and 𝒈(𝒙) and if we add them
together then we will get (𝒇 + 𝒈)(𝒙) = 𝒇(𝒙) + 𝒈(𝒙) .

4
Example 1: If f (x) = 3x+2 and g(x) = 4−5x, find out the function
(f+g)(x).
(f+g)(x) = f(x)+g(x)
Solution:
= [3x+2] + [4−5x]
= 3x+2+4−5x
= 3x−5x+2+4
= −2x+6
Example 2: if 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝟐𝒙𝟐 + 𝟐 and 𝒈(𝒙) = 𝟔𝒙– 𝟏, find out the
function (𝒇 + 𝒈)(𝒙) at 𝒙 = 𝟐 .
Solution:
(𝑓 + 𝑔)(𝑥 ) = 2𝑥 2 − 1 + 6𝑥 + 2 = 2𝑥 2 + 6𝑥 + 1
At 𝑥 = 2
(𝑓 + 𝑔)(2) = 2(2)2 + 6(2) + 1 = 8 + 12 + 1 = 21
𝒙𝟐 −𝟑𝒙 𝟓𝒙−𝟑𝒙𝟐
Example 3: if 𝒇(𝒙) = and 𝒈(𝒙) = , find out the
𝒙−𝟏 𝒙−𝟏
function (𝑓 + 𝑔)(𝑥) .
Solution:
𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 5𝑥 − 3𝑥 2 𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 + 5𝑥 − 3𝑥 2
(𝑓 + 𝑔)(𝑥 ) = + =
𝑥−1 𝑥−1 𝑥−1
−2𝑥 2 + 2𝑥
=
𝑥−1

5
Subtraction of the Functions:

When two or more functions are subtracted, it is called the


subtraction of functions or functions subtraction rule. For
example, we have two functions 𝒇(𝒙) and 𝒈(𝒙) and if we
subtract them, then we will get (𝒇– 𝒈)(𝒙) = 𝒇(𝒙)– 𝒈(𝒙) .

Example 1: If 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝟕𝒙 − 𝟑 and 𝒈(𝒙) = −𝟒𝒙 + 𝟏𝟏 , find out


the function (𝒇 − 𝒈)(𝒙) .
Solution:
(𝑓– 𝑔)(𝑥 ) = 7𝑥 − 3– (−4𝑥 + 11) = 7𝑥– 3 + 4𝑥 − 11
= 11𝑥– 14

Example 2: If 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝟒𝒙𝟐 – 𝟐 and 𝒈(𝒙) = 𝟓𝒙 + 𝟑 , find out the


function (𝒇– 𝒈)(𝒙) at 𝒙 = 𝟑 .
Solution:
(𝑓– 𝑔)(𝑥) = 4𝑥 2 – 2– (5𝑥 + 3) = 4𝑥 2 – 2– 5𝑥– 3
= 4𝑥 2 − 5𝑥 − 5
At 𝒙 = 𝟑
(𝑓– 𝑔)(3) = 4(3)2 – 5(3)– 5 = 36– 15– 5 = 16

6
Multiplication of the Functions:

Let us consider an example of function operations


multiplication. we have two functions f(x) and g(x) and if we
multiply them together, then we will get (𝒇 × 𝒈)(𝒙) =
𝒇(𝒙) × 𝒈(𝒙) .

Example 1: If 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝟑𝒙 − 𝟏 and 𝒈(𝒙) = 𝟒𝒙 , find out the


function (𝒇 × 𝒈)(𝒙) .
Solution:
(𝑓 × 𝑔)(𝑥 ) = (3𝑥 − 1)(4𝑥 ) = 12𝑥 2 – 4𝑥

Example 2: If 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝟐𝒙 + 𝟏 and 𝒈(𝒙) = 𝟐𝒙– 𝟏 , find out the


function (𝒇 × 𝒈)(𝒙) at 𝒙 = −𝟏 .
Solution:
(𝑓 × 𝑔)(𝑥) = (2𝑥 + 1)(2𝑥 − 1) = (2𝑥)2 – (1)2
= 4𝑥 2 − 1
At 𝒙 = −𝟏
(𝑓 × 𝑔)(−1) = 4(−1)2 − 1 = 3

7
Division of the Functions:

To understand the function operations division, suppose we


have two functions 𝒇(𝒙) and 𝒈(𝒙) and if we divide them, then
𝒇 𝒇(𝒙)
we will get (𝒈)(𝒙) = 𝒈(𝒙) but 𝒈(𝒙) ≠ 𝟎 .

Example 1: If 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝟐𝟏𝒙𝟐 and 𝒈(𝒙) = 𝟑𝒙 , find out the


𝒇
function (𝒈)(𝒙) .

Solution:
𝑓 21𝑥 2
( ) (𝑥 ) = = 7𝑥
𝑔 3𝑥

Example 2: If 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝟒𝒙𝟐 + 𝟖𝒙 + 𝟏𝟔 and 𝒈(𝒙) = 𝟒𝒙 , find out


𝒇
the function (𝒈)(𝒙) at 𝒙 = 𝟐 .

Solution:
𝑓 4𝑥 2 + 8𝑥 + 16 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 4
( )(𝑥) = = 4( )
𝑔 4𝑥 4𝑥
𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 4 𝑥 2 2𝑥 4 4
= = + + =𝑥+2+
𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 𝑥
At 𝑥 = 2
𝑓 4
( ) (2) = 2 + 2 + = 6
𝑔 2

8
Example: If 𝒇(𝒙) = √𝒙 and 𝒈(𝒙) = √𝟏 − 𝒙 , find each of the
following and give the domain .
A)(𝒇 + 𝒈)(𝒙) B) (𝒇 × 𝒈)(𝒙)
C) (𝒈 ∕ 𝒇)(𝒙) D) (𝒇 ∕ 𝒈)(𝒙)
Solution:
A)(𝑓 + 𝑔)(𝑥 ) = 𝑓(𝑥 ) + 𝑔(𝑥)
= √𝑥 + √1 − 𝑥 on [0,1] .

B) (𝑓 × 𝑔)(𝑥 ) = 𝑓(𝑥 ) × 𝑔(𝑥 )


= √𝑥 × √1 − 𝑥 = √𝑥 (1 − 𝑥 ) = √𝑥 − 𝑥 2 on [0,1] .

C) (𝒈 ∕ 𝒇)(𝒙) = 𝒈(𝒙) ∕ 𝒇(𝒙)


1−𝑥
= √1 − 𝑥 ⁄√𝑥 = √ on (0,1] .
𝑥

D) (𝒇 ∕ 𝒈)(𝒙) = 𝒇(𝒙) ∕ 𝒈(𝒙)


𝑥
= √𝑥⁄√1 − 𝑥 = √1−𝑥 on [0,1) .

9
What is Composition of Function?

Consider if we are given two functions, we can construct


another function by composing one function into the other.
Such a formation of functions is said to be a composition of
functions.

In mathematics, the composition of a function is a procedure


where 2 functions say f and g generate a fresh function say h
such that h(x) = f(g(x)). The result tells here function g is applied
to the function of x. In simple terms, we can read that a
function is applied to the result of another function.

10
There are some features. Here we list some of them:

1. The composition of functions is associative.If 𝒉: 𝑨 → 𝑩,


𝒇: 𝑩 → 𝑪 and 𝒈: 𝑪 → 𝑫, then (𝒇 ∘ 𝒈) ∘ 𝒉 = 𝒇 ∘ (𝒈 ∘ 𝒉).
2. The composition of functions is not commutative. If
𝒇: 𝑨 → 𝑩 and 𝒈: 𝑩 → 𝑪, then, as a rule, 𝒇 ∘ 𝒈 ≠ 𝒈 ∘ 𝒇.
Consider the sets 𝐴 = {1,2,3,4}, 𝐵 = {𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐, 𝑑 } and
𝐶 = {𝛼, 𝛽, 𝛾, 𝛿 }.The functions 𝑔: 𝐴 → 𝐵 and 𝑓: 𝐵 → 𝐶 are
defined as 𝑔 = {(1, 𝑏), (2, 𝑏), (3, 𝑎), (4, 𝑑 )},
𝑓 = {(𝑎, 𝛾), (𝑏, 𝛼), (𝑐, 𝛿), (𝑑, 𝛼)}.

(𝑓 ∘ 𝑔)(1) = 𝑓(𝑔(1)) = 𝑓(𝑏) = 𝛼


(𝑓 ∘ 𝑔)(2) = 𝑓(𝑔(2)) = 𝑓(𝑏) = 𝛼
(𝑓 ∘ 𝑔)(3) = 𝑓(𝑔(3)) = 𝑓(𝑎) = 𝛾
(𝑓 ∘ 𝑔)(4) = 𝑓(𝑔(4)) = 𝑓(𝑑) = 𝛼
Hence, the composition of functions 𝒇 ∘ 𝒈 is given by
𝑓 ∘ 𝑔 = {(1, 𝛼), (2, 𝛼), (3, 𝛾), (4, 𝛼)}

11
Example of Composition of Functions
Q.1: If 𝒇 (𝒙) = 𝟐𝒙 and 𝒈(𝒙) = 𝒙 + 𝟏, then find (𝒇 ∘ 𝒈)(𝒙) .
Solution: 𝑓(𝑥 ) = 2𝑥, 𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑥 + 1
Therefore, the composition of f from g will be;
(𝑓 ∘ 𝑔)(𝑥 ) = 𝑓(𝑔(𝑥 )) = 𝑓(𝑥 + 1) = 2(𝑥 + 1) = 2𝑥 + 2
Q.2: If 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝟐𝒙 + 𝟏 and 𝒈(𝒙) = −𝒙𝟐 , then find (𝑔 ∘ 𝑓)(𝑥).
Solution: 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝟐𝒙 + 𝟏, 𝒈(𝒙) = −𝒙𝟐
To find: 𝑔(𝑓(𝑥))
𝑔(𝑓 (𝑥 )) = 𝑔(2𝑥 + 1) = −(2𝑥 + 1)2 = −4𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 − 1
𝟏
Q.3: If there are three functions, such as 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒙𝟐 , 𝒈(𝒙) =
𝟐𝒙 − 𝟏 and 𝒉(𝒙) = 𝒙 + 𝟑 ,Then find the composition of these
functions such as (𝑓 ∘ (𝑔 ∘ ℎ)) (𝑥) for 𝑥 = −1.
𝟏
Solution: 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒙𝟐 , 𝒈(𝒙) = 𝟐𝒙 − 𝟏 , 𝒉(𝒙) = 𝒙 + 𝟑

To find: (𝒇 ∘ (𝒈 ∘ 𝒉)) (𝒙)


[𝑓 ∘ (𝑔 ∘ ℎ)] (𝑥) = 𝑓 ∘ (𝑔(ℎ(𝑥 )) = 𝑓 ∘ 𝑔(𝑥 + 3)
1
= 𝑓(2(𝑥 + 3) − 1) = 𝑓(2𝑥 + 5) =
(2𝑥 + 5)2
1
= 2
4𝑥 + 20𝑥 + 25
1 1
[𝑓 ∘ (𝑔 ∘ ℎ)](−1) = =
4(−1)2 + 20(−1) + 25 9

12
References

https://byjus.com/maths/composition-of-functions/

https://www.storyofmathematics.com/composite-functions/

https://www.cuemath.com/calculus/composite-funtions/

https://math24.net/composition-functions.html

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