Importance of Chemistry

Why do atoms form chemical bond?
Everyone in the world desires to be stable in their life. Atoms are just like that, they
are also trying to become more stable, so atom try to shares required number of
electrons with each other to obtain the electronic configuration of noble gases.
What are valence electrons?
Electrons present in the outermost shell of any atom play an important role in
determining the chemical properties of the atom, including its ability to form chemical
bonds. These electrons in the outermost shell of an atom are called as valence electrons.
Explain Ionic Bonds and Ionic Compounds and its Characteristics.
Ionic Bonds.
The electrostatic force of attraction that holds the oppositely charged ions together is
called as ionic bond or electrovalent bond.
Ionic Compounds.
Ionic bond is formed between the atoms of two different groups, metal and non-
metal. Compounds that contain ionic bonds are called ionic compounds. Such as
Sodium Chloride, Potassium Chloride, Magnesium Fluoride etc.
Example of Ionic Bond of Sodium Chloride:
Sodium (Na) is a metal in Group 1A of the periodic table with an electron

arrangement of 2, 8, 1. It loses one electron from its outermost shell to form a Na⁺ ion.
Chlorine (Cl), a nonmetal in Group 7A, has an electron arrangement of 2, 8, 7. It gains
one electron to complete its octet, forming a Cl⁻ ion. The oppositely charged Na⁺ and
Cl⁻ ions are attracted to each other by electrostatic forces, creating an ionic bond that
results in the formation of sodium chloride (NaCl).
Characteristics of Ionic Bond:
1. Ionic compounds form crystalline structures.
2. They are hard but brittle in nature.
3. Due to strong electrostatic forces, they have high melting and boiling points.
4. They are generally soluble in water.
5. They can conduct electricity only when molten or in aqueous state.
6. They are good conductors of heat.
Explain Covalent Bond and Covalent Compounds and its Characteristics.
Covalent Bonds:
A covalent bond is formed by the mutual sharing of electrons between two

atoms. Electrons are not gained or lost by the atoms; instead, they are shared.
This is called as Covalent Bonds.
Covalent Compounds:
This type of bonding occurs between two atoms of the same element or atoms
of different elements. It primarily occurs between non-metals is called Covalent
Compound.
Types of Covalent Bond:
Single Covalent Bond:
A covalent bond which is formed by the mutual sharing of one bond pair is called a
4
single covalent bond and it is represented by a straight line. The formations of H-H, H-
Cl, CH are few examples of this type of bonding. Below is the example of the formation
of chlorine molecule by a dot and cross diagram.
Double Covalent Bond:
A covalent bond which is formed by the mutual sharing of two bond pair is called a
2
double2covalent
4 bond and it is represented by two short straight lines. The examples of
molecules having double bonds are oxygen (O ) and ethane/////////////////////// (C H ).
Triple Covalent Bond:
A covalent bond which is formed by the mutual sharing of three bond pair is called a
triple covalent bond and it is represented by three short straight lines. For example,
Molecule of nitrogen (N (three straight lines) N) and ethyne (CH (three straight lines)
CH).
Characteristics of Covalent Compounds:
1. Covalent compounds usually exist as molecule i.e. H2, O2, and H2O but also can
exist as crystals, examples, include sugar crystals and diamond.
2. The melting and boiling points of most covalent compounds are usually low.
3. They are usually bad conductors of electricity.
4. They are usually insoluble in water, but soluble in non-polar solvents like oil, petrol,
kerosene, etc.
Explain Co-ordinate Covalent Bond.
Co-ordinate Covalent Bond:
The type of covalent bond in which bond pair electrons belongs to one atom is
called Co-ordinate Covalent Bond.
Concept of Donor and Acceptor:
Donor: The atom who shares both electrons is known as Donor.

Acceptor: The atom who accepts both electrons is known as Acceptor.
Explain Polar and Non-Polar Bond:
Polar Bond:
The bond present between two non-identical atoms is known as polar bond.
Non-Polar Bond:
The bond present between two identical atoms is known as non-polar bond.
Important thing to identify Polar and non-polar compound:
Criteria:
1. There are different terminal atoms.
2. Lone pairs on central atom.
3. Otherwise, its non-polar compound.
What are the periodic trends, and how do they change across periods and groups?
1. Atomic Size or Radius:

o Definition: The distance from the nucleus to the other atom’s nucleus.
o Trend:
 Decreases across a period: More protons pull electrons closer,
shrinking the atom.
 Increases down a group: New electron shells are added, making
atoms larger.
2. Ionization Energy:
o Definition: The energy required to remove an electron from an atom.
o Trend:
 Increases across a period: More protons hold electrons more tightly,
so it’s harder to remove one.
 Decreases down a group: Electrons are far from the nucleus, so
they’re easier to remove.
3. Electronegativity:
o Definition: The ability of an atom to attract electrons in a bond.
o Trend:
 Increases across a period: Atoms are closer to filling their outer
shells, so they attract electrons more.
 Decreases down a group: Larger atoms with more shells have a
weaker pull on electrons.
4. Electron Affinity:
o Definition: The energy change when an atom gains an electron.
o Trend:
 More negative across a period: Atoms release more energy when
gaining electrons, becoming more stable.
 Less negative down a group: Bigger atoms don’t attract electrons as
strongly, so less energy is released.

Importance of Chemistry

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Importance of Chemistry

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Why do atoms form chemical bond?

What are valence electrons?

Explain Ionic Bonds and Ionic Compounds and its Characteristics.

Sodium (Na) is a metal in Group 1A of the periodic table with an electron

1. Ionic compounds form crystalline structures.

2. They are hard but brittle in nature.

4. They are generally soluble in water.

5. They can conduct electricity only when molten or in aqueous state.

6. They are good conductors of heat.

Explain Covalent Bond and Covalent Compounds and its Characteristics.

A covalent bond is formed by the mutual sharing of electrons between two

Types of Covalent Bond:

Single Covalent Bond:

Double Covalent Bond:

Characteristics of Covalent Compounds:

3. They are usually bad conductors of electricity.

Explain Co-ordinate Covalent Bond.

Co-ordinate Covalent Bond:

Concept of Donor and Acceptor:

Donor: The atom who shares both electrons is known as Donor.

Explain Polar and Non-Polar Bond:

Important thing to identify Polar and non-polar compound:

2. Lone pairs on central atom.

3. Otherwise, its non-polar compound.

1. Atomic Size or Radius:

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