PSCMR COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

Department of Electronics& Communication Engineering

DIGITAL COMMUNICATION SOFTWARE LAB MANUAL

Contents

List of Scilab Solutions 06

1 TIME DIVISION MULTIPLEXING AND DEMULTIPLEX-

ING
PAGE NUMBER 03-06

2 BINARY AMPLITUDE SHIFT KEYING GENERATION

AND DETECTION
PAGE NUMBER 07-09

3 BINARY PHASE SHIFT KEYING GENERATION AND

DETECTION

PAGE NUMBER 10-12

4 FREQUENCY SHIFT KEYING GENERATION AND DE-

TECTION
PAGE NUMBER 13-16

5 PULSE CODE MODULATION GENERATION AND DE-

TECTION

PAGE NUMBER 17-20

6 DELTA MODULATION GENERATION

PAGE NUMBER 21-23

1
List of Experiments

Solution 1.1 Exp01 .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 03

Solution 2.0 Exp02 .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 07
Solution 3.0 Exp03 .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
Solution 4.0 Exp04 .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Solution 5.0 Exp05 .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
Solution 6.0 Exp06 .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21

2
 Experiment: 1

TIME DIVISION
MULTIPLEXING AND
DEMULTIPLEXING
14 clc;
15 close ;
16 cle ar
17 fs =100
18 t=0:1/ fs:1;
19
20 //GENERATION OF 3 MESSAGE SIGNALS FOR MULTIPLEXING
21
22 // Message S i g n a l 1
23 me ss age _ 1 = 2* sin (2* %pi *3* t ) ; // S i n e s i g n a l o f
f r e q u e n c y 3 hz
24 figure (1)
25 subplot (3 ,1 ,1)
26 plot2 d 3 (t , me ss age _ 1 )
27 xlabe l ( ’ TIME ’ ) ;
28 ylabe l ( ’AMPLITUDE ’ )
29 title ( ’MESSAGE SIGNAL 1 ( SINE WAVE) ’ );
30
31 // Message S i g n a l
32 me ss age _ 2 = 1* square wav e (2* %pi *3* t) ; // S q ua r e wa v e
s i g n a l o f f r e q u e n c y 3 hz
33 subplot (3 ,1 ,2)
34 plot2 d 3 (t , me ss age _ 2 )
35 xlabe l ( ’ TIME ’ ) ;
36 ylabe l ( ’AMPLITUDE ’ )
37 title ( ’MESSAGE SIGNAL 2 (SQUAREWAVE) ’ );
38
39 // Message S i g n a l 3
40 me ss age _ 3 = 3* cos (2* %pi *3* t) // C o s i n e s i gna l of
f r e q u e n c y 3 hz
41 subplot (3 ,1 ,3)
42 plot2 d 3 (t , me ss age _ 3 )
3
43 xlabe l ( ’ TIME ’ ) ;
44 ylabe l ( ’AMPLITUDE ’ )
45 title ( ’MESSAGE SIGNAL 3 ( COSINE WAVE) ’ );
46
47
48 // GENERATIONN OF TIME DIVISION MULTIPLEXED SIGNAL

49
50 tdm =0;
51 j =1
52
53 for i =1 :3 :3 * length ( t )
54
55 tdm ( i) = me ss age _ 1 ( j) ;
56 i= i + 1;
57 tdm ( i) = me ss age _ 2 ( j) ;
58 i= i + 1;
59 tdm ( i) = me ss age _ 3 ( j) ;
60 j= j +1
61
62 end
63
64 figure (2)
65 subplot (2 ,1 ,1)
66 plot2 d 3 ( tdm )
67 xlabe l ( ’ TIME ’ ) ;
68 ylabe l ( ’AMPLITUDE ’ )
69 title ( ’ TIME DIVISION MULTIPLEXED SIGNAL ’ );
70
71 // DEMULTIPLEXING OF TDM SIGNAL
72
73 n=1
74 for k =1:1: le ngth ( t )
75
76 m3 ( k ) = tdm ( n)
77 n=n +1;
78 m4 ( k ) = tdm ( n)
79 n=n +1;
80 m5 ( k ) = tdm ( n)
81 n=n +1;
82
83 end
4
 84
85
86 figure (3)

87
88 subplot (3 ,1 ,1)
89 plot2 d 3 ( m3 )
90 xlabe l ( ’ TIME ’ ) ;
91 ylabe l ( ’AMPLITUDE ’ )
92 title ( ’DEMUX MESSAGE SIGNAL 1 ( SINE WAVE) ’ ) ;
93
94 subplot (3 ,1 ,2)
95 plot2 d 3 ( m4 )
96 xlabe l ( ’ TIME ’ ) ;
97 ylabe l ( ’AMPLITUDE ’ )
98 title ( ’DEMUX MESSAGE SIGNAL 2 (SQUAREWAVE) ’ ) ;
99
100
101 subplot (3 ,1 ,3)
102 plot2 d 3 ( m5 )
103 xlabe l ( ’ TIME ’ ) ;
104 ylabe l ( ’AMPLITUDE ’ )
105 title ( ’DEMUX MESSAGE SIGNAL 3 ( COSINE WAVE) ’ ) ;

Figure 1.1: Exp01

5
Figure 1.2: Exp01

Figure 1.3: Exp01

6
 Experiment: 2

BINARY AMPLITUDE SHIFTKEYING

GENERATION
AND DETECTION

14 clc
15 cle ar
16 close
17
18 n =[0 1 0 1 0 0]; // Random b in a r y Input
19
20 // Binary to p o l a r c o n v e r s i o n o f Bi t s
21
22 for m =1: length (n )
23 if n( m ) == 0
24 nn ( m ) = -1;
25 else
26 nn ( m ) =1;
27 end
28 end
29
30
31 // Ge n e ra t in g NRZ Waveform from b i t sequence of bit
duration 1 sec
32
33 i =1;
34 t =0 :0 .01 : leng th ( n) ;
35
36 for j =1: length (t )
37 if t( j ) <= i
38 data ( j ) = nn ( i );
39 else
40
41 i= i + 1;
42 data ( j ) = nn ( i );
43

7
44 end
45
46 end
47
48 figure (1)
49 subplot (3 ,1 ,1) ;
50 plot (t , data ’)

51 h= gca ();
52 h. d at a_ bound s =[0 , -1.5; le ngth ( n) ,1.5]
53 xlabe l ( ’ TIME ’ ) ;
54 ylabe l ( ’AMPLITUDE ’ )
55 title ( ’BINARY INPUT ’ ) ;
56
57 // C a r r i e r Ge n e ra t io n
58 carrier = sin (2.* %pi *4* t) ;
59 subplot (3 ,1 ,2) ;
60 plot (t , carrier ) ;
61 xlabe l ( ’ TIME ’ ) ;
62 ylabe l ( ’AMPLITUDE ’ )
63 title ( ’ CARRIER SIGNAL ’ );
64
65
66 //AMPLITUDE SHIFT KEYING SIGNAL GENERATION
67 for j =1: length (t )
68 if data ( j) ==1
69 ask ( j ) = carrier ( j );
70 else
71 ask( j) =0;
72 end
73
74 end
75
76
77 subplot (3 ,1 ,3) ;
78 plot (t , ask ’) ;
79 xlabe l ( ’ TIME ’ ) ;
80 ylabe l ( ’AMPLITUDE ’ )
81 title ( ’AMPLITUDE SHIFT KEYING SIGNAL ’ ) ;
82
83

8
84 // De m o d u al at i o n o f ASK S i g n a l
85 for j =1: length (t )
86 if ask ( j ) == carrier ( j )
87 demod ( j) =1
88 else

89 demod ( j) =-1
90 end
91
92 end
93
94 figure (2)
95 subplot (3 ,1 ,1)
96 plot (t , demod ’)
97 xlabe l ( ’ TIME ’ ) ;
98 ylabe l ( ’AMPLITUDE ’ )
99 title ( ’DEMODULATED MESSAGE SIGNAL ’ );
100 h= gca ();
101 h. d at a_ bound s =[0 , -1.5; le ngth ( n) ,1.5 ]

9
 Experiment: 3

BINARY PHASE SHIFT KEYING GENERATION

AND DETECTION

14 cle ar
15 clc
16 close
17
18 n =[1 0 1 0 1 1]; //INPUT RANDOM BINARY SEQUENCE
19
20 // BINARY TO POLAR CONVERSION
21 for m =1: le ngth ( n)
22 if n( m ) == 0
23 nn ( m ) = -1;
24 else
25 nn ( m ) =1;
26 end
27 end
28
29 // Ge n e ra t in g NRZ Waveform from b i t sequence of
bit duration 1 sec
30
31 i =1;
32 t =0 :0 .01 : leng th ( n) ;
33
34 for j =1: length (t )
35 if t( j ) <= i
36 data ( j ) = nn ( i );
37 else
38
39 i= i + 1;
40 data ( j ) = nn ( i );
41
42 end
43 end
44
45 // P l o t t i n g o f NRZ Data Waveform
46 figure (1)
47 subplot (3 ,1 ,1) ;
48 plot (t , data ’) ;
49 h= gca ();
10
50 h. d at a_ bound s =[0 , -1.5; le ngth ( n) ,1.5]

51 xlabe l ( ’ TIME ’ ) ;
52 ylabe l ( ’AMPLITUDE ’ )
53 title ( ’BINARY INPUT ’ ) ;
54
55 // C a r r i e r Ge n e ra t io n
56
57 carrier = sin (2.* %pi *2* t) ;
58 subplot (3 ,1 ,2) ;
59 plot (t , carrier ) ;
60 xlabe l ( ’ TIME ’ ) ;
61 ylabe l ( ’AMPLITUDE ’ )
62 title ( ’ CARRIER SIGNAL ’ );
63
64
65 // Ge n e ra t io n o f BPSK S i g n a l
66 z = carrier ’;
67 bpsk= data .* z;
68 subplot (3 ,1 ,3) ;
69 plot (t , bpsk ’) ;
70 xlabe l ( ’ TIME ’ ) ;
71 ylabe l ( ’AMPLITUDE ’ )
72 title ( ’BINARY PHASE SHIFT KEYING SIGNAL ’ ) ;
73
74
75 // De m od ul at ion o f BPSK S i g n a l
76 for j =1: length (t )
77 if carrier ( j) == bpsk ( j )
78 demod ( j) =1;
79 else
80 demod ( j) = -1;
81 end
82
83 end
84
85 figure (2)
86 subplot (3 ,1 ,1) ;
87 plot (t , demod ’) ;
88 xlabe l ( ’ TIME ’ ) ;

89 ylabe l ( ’AMPLITUDE ’ )

11
90 title ( ’RECOVERED BINARY DATA ’ );
91 h= gca ();
92 h. d at a_ bound s =[0 , -1.5;6 ,1.5]

Figure 3.1: Exp03

Figure 3.2: Exp03

12
 Experiment: 4

FREQUENCY SHIFT
KEYING GENERATION
14 clc
15 cle ar
16 close
17
18 n =[1 0 1 0 0 1]; // Random b in a r y Input
19
20 // Binary to p o l a r c o n v e r s i o n o f Bi t s
21
22 for m =1: length (n )
23 if n( m ) == 0
24 nn ( m ) = -1;
25 else
26 nn ( m ) =1;
27 end
28 end
29
30
31 // Ge n e ra t in g NRZ Waveform from b i t sequence of bit
duration 1 sec
32
33 i =1;
34 t =0 :0 .01 : leng th ( n) ;
35
36 for j =1: length (t )
37 if t( j ) <= i
38 data ( j ) = nn ( i );
39 else
40
41 i= i + 1;
42 data ( j ) = nn ( i );
43
44 end
45
46 end
13
47
48 // P l o t t i n g o f NRZ Data
49

51 subplot (3 ,1 ,1) ;
52 plot (t , data ’) ;
53 h= gca ();
54 h. d at a_ bound s =[0 , -1.5; le ngth ( n) ,1.5]
55 xlabe l ( ’ TIME ’ ) ;
56 ylabe l ( ’AMPLITUDE ’ )
57 title ( ’BINARY INPUT ’ ) ;
58
59 // C a r r i e r Ge n e ra t io n
60 carrie r _ 1 = sin (2.* %pi *8* t ) ; // H i g h e r F r eq u e n c y
Carrier
61 subplot (3 ,1 ,2) ;
62 plot (t , car rie r_ 1 );
63 xlabe l ( ’ TIME ’ ) ;
64 ylabe l ( ’AMPLITUDE ’ )
65 title ( ’ CARRIER SIGNAL 1 ’ );
66
67 carrie r _ 2 = sin (2.* %pi *3* t ) ; // Lower F r e q u e n c y
Carrier
68 subplot (3 ,1 ,3) ;
69 plot (t , car rie r_ 2 );
70 xlabe l ( ’ TIME ’ ) ;
71 ylabe l ( ’AMPLITUDE ’ )
72 title ( ’ CARRIER SIGNAL 2 ’ );
73
74 //FSK SIGNAL GENERATION
75 for j =1: length (t )
76 if data ( j) ==1
77 fsk ( j ) = carr ie r_ 1 ( j );
78 else
79 fsk ( j ) = carr ie r_ 2 ( j );
80 end
81
82 end
83
84 figure (2)
85 subplot (3 ,1 ,1) ;
86 plot (t , fsk ’) ;
14
 87 xlabe l ( ’ TIME ’ ) ;
88 ylabe l ( ’AMPLITUDE ’ )
89 title ( ’FREQUENCY SHIFT KEYING SIGNAL ’ ) ;
90
91
92 // De m o d u al at i o n o f FSK S i g n a l
93 for j =1: length (t )
94 if fsk ( j ) == carr ie r_ 1 ( j )
95 demod ( j) =1
96 else
97 demod ( j) =-1
98 end
99
100 end
101
102 figure (2)
103 subplot (3 ,1 ,2)
104 plot (t , demod ’)
105 xlabe l ( ’ TIME ’ ) ;
106 ylabe l ( ’AMPLITUDE ’ )
107 title ( ’RECOVERED BINARY DATA ’ );
108 h= gca ();
109 h. d at a_ bound s =[0 , -1.5; le ngth ( n) ,1.5]

Figure 4.1: Exp4

15
Figure 4.1: Exp4

16
 Experiment: 5

PULSE CODE MODULATION

GENERATION AND
DECTION
14 clc;
15 close ;
16 cle ar ;
17 f=2;
18 fs =20* f;// Sampling Frequ enc y
19 t=0:1/ fs:2;
20 a=2;
21
22 msg = a * sin (2.* %pi * f* t) ;
23 subplot (3 ,1 ,1) ;
24 plot (t , msg )
25 xlabe l ( ’ TIME ’ ) ;
26 ylabe l ( ’AMPLITUDE ’ )
27 title ( ’ M es s a g e S i g n a l ’ );
28
29
30 x1 = msg + a ; // L e v e l S h i f t i n g t o o n e s i d e d s i g n a l
31 disp ( x1 , ’ D i s c r e t e Sam pl ed V a l u e s o f M es s a g e S i g n a l ’ )
// Di s p l a y s sampled v a l u e s
32
33 quant= round ( x1 ) ;// Qu a n t i z a t i o n
34 disp ( quant , ’ Q u a n t i z e d Sam pled V a l u e s ’ ); // D i s p l a y s
quantized values
35 enco = de c2 bin ( quant ) ; // E n c o d i n g i n t o b i nar y data
36
37
38
39 deco = bin 2 de c ( enco ) ; // R e c o v e r i n g Ana l o g Mes sa g e
signal
40 recover=deco - a;
41 subplot (3 ,1 ,2) ;
17
42 plot (t , re cover )
43 xlabe l ( ’ TIME ’ ) ;
44 ylabe l ( ’AMPLITUDE ’ )
45 title ( ’ R e c o v e r e d S i g n a l ’ );
46 h= gca ();
47 h. d at a_ bound s =[0 , -3;2 ,3]
49
50 subplot (3 ,1 ,3) ;
51 plot (t , msg ,t , re cove r , ’ r ’ );
52 xlabe l ( ’ TIME ’ ) ;
53 ylabe l ( ’AMPLITUDE ’ )
54 title ( ’ R e c o v e r e d VS O r i g i n a l S i g n a l ’ );
55 h= gca ();
56 h. d at a_ bound s =[0 , -3;2 ,3]
57
58
59 // D i s c r e t e Sampled V al ue s o f Me ssage S i g n a l
60
61
62 // column 1 to 12
63
64 // 2. 2.618034 3.1755705 3.618034 3.902113
4. 3.902113 3.618034 3.1755705
2.618034 2. 1.381966
65
66 // column 13 to 23
67
68 // 0.8244295 0.381966 0.097887 0. 0.097887
0.381966 0.8244295 1.381966 2.
2.618034 3.1755705
69
70 // column 24 to 34
71
72 // 3 . 6 1 8 0 3 4 3.902113 4. 3.902113 3.618034
3.1755705 2.618034 2. 1.381966
0.8244295 0.381966
73
74 // colu mn 35 to 46
75
76 // 0 . 0 9 7 8 8 7 0. 0.097887 0.381966 0.8244295
1.381966 2. 2.618034 3.1755705
3.618034 3.902113 4.
18
77

79
80 // 3.902113 3.618034 3.1755705 2.618034 2.
1.381966 0.8244295 0.381966 0.097887
0. 0.097887
81
82 // column 58 to 68
83
84 // 0.381966 0.8244295 1.381966 2. 2.618034
3.1755705 3.618034 3.902113 4.
3.902113 3.618034
85
86 // column 69 to 79
87
88 // 3 . 1 7 5 5 7 0 5 2.618034 2. 1.38196 6
0.8244295 0.381966 0.097887 0.
0.097887 0.381966 0.8244295
89
90 // column 80 to 81
91
92 // 1.381966 2.
93
94 // Q u a n t i z e d Sampled V al ue s
95
96
97 // column 1 to 24
98
99 // 2 . 3. 3. 4. 4. 4. 4. 4. 3. 3.
2. 1. 1. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 1.
1. 2. 3. 3. 4.
100
101 // column 25 to 48
102
103 // 4 . 4. 4. 4. 3. 3. 2. 1. 1. 0.
0. 0. 0. 0. 1. 1. 2. 3. 3.
4. 4. 4. 4. 4.
104
105 // column 49 to 72
106

// 3 . 3. 2. 1. 1. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0.
1. 1. 2. 3. 3. 4. 4. 4. 4.
19
 4. 3. 3. 2. 1.

// column 73 to 81

// 1. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 1. 1. 2.

Figure 5.1: Exp5

20
 Experiment: 6

DELTA MODULATION
GENERATION

14 clc
15 clear
14 close
17
18 am = input ( ’ E n t e r t h e m e s s a g e s i g n a l a m p l i t u d e = ’ );
19 fm = input ( ’ E n t e r t h e m e s s a g e s i g n a l f r e q u e n c y = ’ );
20 // Hig h e r Sa m plig Fre q ue nc y gives better recovery of
me ss age S i g n a l
21 fs = input ( ’ E n t e r t h e s a m p l i n g f r e q u e n c y ( 5 0 − 3 0 0 ) = ’ );
22 t=0:1/ fs:1;
23
24 msg = am * sin (2.* %pi * fm * t );
25 p= le ngth ( msg ) ;
26
27 subplot (3 ,1 ,1)
28 plot (t , msg ) ;
29 title ( ’ M es s a g e S i g n a l ’ );
30 xlabe l ( ’ TIME ’ ) ;
31 ylabe l ( ’ A m pli t u d e ’ ) ;
32
33 de lta = (2.* %pi * am * fm ) / fs ; //To p r e v e n t slope overload
d i s t o r t i o n and Gran ual ar No i s e
34 disp ( delta , ’ The S t e p S i z e i s ’ )
35
36
37 // Ge n e ra t io n o f De l ta M o d u l at i o n
38 de lta_ mo d =0
39 for i =1: p
40 if msg ( i ) > de lt a_ mo d ( i)
41 d( i) =1;
42 de lta_ mo d ( i + 1) = de lt a_ mo d ( i) + de lta ;
21
43 else
44 d( i) =0;
45 de lta_ mo d ( i + 1) = de lt a_ mo d ( i) - de lta ;
46 end
47 end
48
49
50 subplot (3 ,1 ,2)

51 title ( ’ D e l t a M o d ula t e d Output ’ ) ;

52 xlabe l ( ’ TIME ’ ) ;
53 ylabe l ( ’AMPLITUDE ’ ) ;
55
56
57 // Rec ov ery o f Me ssage s i g n a l ( De m o dul at io n )
58 demod =0
59 for i =1: p
60 if d( i) = =1;
61
62 de mod ( i +1) = de lta_ m od ( i )+ de lta ;
63 else
64
65 de mod ( i +1) = de lta_ m od ( i ) - de lta ;
66 end
67 end
68
69 subplot (3 ,1 ,3)
70 plot ( de mod );
71 title ( ’RECOVERED MESSAGE SIGNAL ’ );
72 xlabe l ( ’ TIME ’ ) ;
73 ylabe l ( ’AMPLITUDE ’ ) ;
74
75 // Sample In p u t s f o r program
76 // Enter the me ss age s i g n a l a m p l i t u d e =2
77
78 // Ente r the me ss age s i g n a l f r e q u e n c y =4
79
80 // Ent e r the s a mp l i n g f r e q u e n c y (50 − 300 ) =150
81
82
83 // The Ste p Size is

22
84
85 // 0 . 3 3 5 1 0 3 2

Figure 6.1: Exp6

23