Resin PDF

pharmacognosy
3rd stage/1stterm
Resins &Tannins
Dr. Zahraa Shubber

Lec .8
Resins and Resin Combinations
Resins are amorphous products with a complex
chemical nature.
physically, resins are usually hard, transparent
and when heated they become soft and finally
melt,
they are insoluble in water but dissolve in alcohol
or other organic solvents its believed that resins are
oxidation products of terpenes.
Resins occur as:
1. Oleoresins: they are more or less homogeneous
mixtures of resins with volatile oils.
2. Oleo-gum-resin: are mixtures of oleoresins with
gums.
3. Balsams: are resinous mixtures that contain
cinnamic acid.
Chemically Resins constituents can be classified
as follows:
1. Resin acids: contain large proportion of
diterpenoid oxyacids.
2. Resin alcohol: e.g. Resinols and resinotannols
(alcohols of high molecular weight ).
3. Resenes: are complex neutral substances have
a characteristic chemical properties.
Drugs
Podophyllum: Consists of dried rhizome and roots
of Podophyllum peltatum, family: Berberidaceae.
Podophyllum contains 3.5-6% of a resin.
It has antimitotic, purgative and caustic
properties.
Mastic: is the resinous exudates from
Pistacia lentiscus. Family: Anacardiaceae.
The resinous juice collects in cavities in the inner
bark.
 Long incisions are made in the trunk and in larger
branches, through which the resin exudes.
Mastic has long been chewed as a breeth sweetener.
Mastic contains about 90% of resin.
1. Oleoresins
Are homogenous mixture of resins and volatile oils.
Depending on the relative amount of the volatile oil in the
mixture, oleoresin may be liquid, semisolid or solid.
Usually there is a small amount of natural exudates from
oleoresin containing trees owing to insect damage, broken
branches, and other injuries, but the commercial supplies
are generally obtained by artificial incision through the
bark and even into the wood.
Example: turpentine and ginger
A. Turpentine, gum turpentine:
Gum thus is the oleoresin obtained from Pinus
palustris, family : Pinaceae.
 Turpentine occurs as yellowish, opaque mass
that are sticky when warm, and brittle in the cold.
The drug constituents are volatile oils and resin.
It is employed externally as a counterirritant.
turpentine
B. Ginger
Ginger or zingiber: is the dried rhizome of
Zingiber officinale, family: Zingiberaceae.
The characteristic pungency of the drug is
attributed to ginger oleoresin.
In addition ginger contains more than 50% of
starch.
Ginger is classed as a flavor, it's used as condiment,
and a carminative.
2. Oleo-gum-resins
Are mixture of resin, gum and volatile oil and
frequently small quantities of other substances.
Example is Myrrh
Myrrh or gum myrrh:
is an oleo-gum-resin obtained from Ommiphora
molmol, family: Burseraceae.
The name myrrh is from the Arabic murr meaning
bitter.
The oleo gum resin exudes naturally or from
incisions made in the bark.
Myrrh has a protective effect and it is used in
mouthwash.
3. Balsams
are resinous mixtures that contain large proportions
of benzoic acid, cinnamic acid or both, or esters of
these acids.
A. Peruvian Balsam:
(peru balsam or balsam of peru) Is obtained from
Myroxylon pereirae, family: Fabaceae.
 Peru balsam is a local protectant and rubefacient,

it is also a parasiticides in certain skin diseases.
 It is an antiseptic and is applied externally either
alone in alcoholic solution, or in the form of an
ointment.
The drug is employed for its astringent properties
in various preparations used to treat hemorrhoids.
B. Tolu Balsam:
is obtained from Myroxylon balsamum, family:
Fabaceae.
Tolu balsam is a pharmaceutic aids for compound
benzoin tincture.
 It is sometimes used as an expectorant and is
extensively used as a pleasant flavoring on
medicinal syrups, chewing gum and perfumery.
Tannins
Are large group of complex substances that are widely
distributed in plants.
They found in specific plant parts such as leaves, fruits,
barks or stems.
 Chemically, tannins occur as mixtures of polyphenols
that are difficult to separate because they do not crystallize.
Tannins are classified into two groups depending on
the phenolic nuclei involved and on the way they are
joined:
1. Hydrolysable tannins: they consist of ester linkage
that are readily hydrolyzed to yield phenolic acids and
sugar.
2. Nonhydrolyzable or condensed tannins: they

contain only phenolic nuclei linked to carbohydrates
or protein.
these tannins tend to polymerize, yielding insoluble,

usually red colored products known as phlobaphenes.
Plants containing tannins
A. Hamamelis leaf
Hamamelis leaf or witch hazel leaves are the dried
leaf of Hamamelis Virginia. Family:
Hamamelidaceae.
Constituents: this plant contains hydrolysable tannins
gallitannin and ellagitannin. In addition to little
volatile oil and gallic acid.
Uses: hamamelis leaves have astringent properties,
so it's found in hemorrhoidal products, also it is
found in teeth preparations and preparations for
treating insect bites.
B. Nutgall
Is the excrescence obtained from the young twigs
of Quercus infectoria. Family: fagaceae.
 The excrescence (gall) is caused by the puncture
of insect.
Constituents: nut gall contains tannic acid about
50-70%; gallic acid; ellagic acid; starch and gum.
Uses: nut gall is the chief source of tannic acid, is
used in the tanning and dying industry and in the
manufacture of ink.
Medicinally it has astringent properties.
Tannic acid
Also called gallotannic acid or tannins, is
obtained from nut gall.
It's not a single homogenous compound but is a
mixture of esters of gallic acid with glucose.
 It's used in the treatment of burns but now its
use is restricted to the treatment of bed sores, and
minor ulceration.
Thank you

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pharmacognosy

Dr. Zahraa Shubber

 Peru balsam is a local protectant and rubefacient,

2. Nonhydrolyzable or condensed tannins: they

these tannins tend to polymerize, yielding insoluble,

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