8

Mechanical Properties of Solids P-131

Mechanical Properties
of Solids
5. The elastic limit of brass is 379 MPa. What should be the
TOPIC 1 Hooke's Law & Young's Modulus minimum diameter of a brass rod if it is to support a 400
N load without exceeding its elastic limit?
1. If the potential energy between two molecules is given by [10 April 2019 II]
A B (a) 1.00 mm (b) 1.16 mm
U = - 6 + 12 , then at equilibrium, separation between
r r
molecules, and the potential energy are: [Sep. 06, 2020 (I)] (c) 0.90 mm (d) 1.36 mm
1 1
6. A steel wire having a radius of 2.0 mm, carrying a load of
A2
(a) æç ÷ , -
ö6
(b) æç ÷ , 0
B Bö 6
è 2 Aø è Aø 4kg, is hanging from a ceiling. Given that g = 3.1 À ms–2,
2B
1 1 what will be the tensile stress that would be developed in
æ 2B ö 6 A2 æ 2B ö 6 A2 the wire? [9 April 2019 I]
(c) ç ÷ , - (d) ç ÷ , -
è Aø 4B è Aø 2B (a) 6.2 × 106 Nm–2 (b) 5.2 × 106 Nm–2
2. A body of mass m = 10 kg is attached to one end of a wire of (c) 3.1 × 106 Nm–2 (d) 4.8 × 106 Nm–2
length 0.3 m. The maximum angular speed (in rad s–1) with 7. A steel wire having a radius of 2.0 mm, carrying a load of
which it can be rotated about its other end in space station is 4kg, is hanging from a ceiling. Given that g = 3.1 À ms–2,
(Breaking stress of wire = 4.8 × 107 Nm–2 and area of cross- what will be the tensile stress that would be developed in
section of the wire = 10–2 cm2) is _______ . the wire? [8 April 2019 I]
[9 Jan 2020 I] 6
(a) 6.2 × 10 Nm –2 (b) 5.2 × 10 Nm–2
6

3. A uniform cylindrical rod of length L and radius r, is made 6

(c) 3.1 × 10 Nm –2 (d) 4.8 × 106 Nm–2
from a material whose Young’s modulus of Elasticity 8. Young’s moduli of two wires A and B are in the ratio 7 : 4.
equals Y. When this rod is heated by temperature T and
Wire A is 2 m long and has radius R. Wire B is 1.5 m long
simultaneously subjected to a net longitudinal
compressional force F, its length remains unchanged. The and has radius 2 mm. If the two wires stretch by the same
coefficient of volume expansion, of the material of the length for a given load, then the value of R is close to :
rod, is (nearly) equal to : [12 April 2019 II] [8 April 2019 II]
(a) 9F/(pr 2YT) (b) 6F/(pr 2YT (a) 1.5 mm (b) 1.9 mm (c) 1.7 mm (d) 1.3 mm
(c) 3F/(pr 2YT) (d) F/(3pr 2YT) 9. As shown in the figure, forces of 105N each are applied in
4. In an environment, brass and steel wires of length 1 m opposite directions, on the upper and lower faces of a
each with areas of cross section 1 mm2 are used. The cube of side 10cm, shifting the upper face parallel to itself
wires are connected in series and one end of the combined by 0.5cm. If the side of another cube of the same material
wire is connected to a rigid support and other end is is, 20cm, then under similar conditions as above, the
subjected to elongation. The stress required to produce a displacement will be: [Online April 15, 2018]
net elongation of 0.2 mm is, F
[Given, the Young’s modulus for steel and brass are,
respectively, 120×109N/m2 and 60×109N/m2]
[10 April 2019 II] F
(a) 1.2×106 N/m 2 (b) 4.0×106 N/m 2
(a) 1.00cm (b) 0.25cm
(c) 1.8×106 N/m2 (d) 0.2×106 N/m2 (c) 0.37cm (d) 0.75cm
P-132 Physics

10. A thin 1 m long rod has a radius of 5 mm. A force of 50 pkN 14. A copper wire of length 1.0 m and a steel wire of length
is applied at one end to determine its Young's modulus. 0.5 m having equal cross-sectional areas are joined end to
Assume that the force is exactly known. If the least count end. The composite wire is stretched by a certain load
in the measurement of all lengths is 0.01 mm, which of the which stretches the copper wire by 1 mm. If the Young’s
following statements is false ? [Online April 10, 2016] modulii of copper and steel are respectively 1.0 × 1011 Nm–
2 and 2.0 × 1011 Nm–2, the total extension of the composite
(a) The maximum value of Y that can be determined is
2 × 1014N/m2. wire is : [Online April 23, 2013]
DY (a) 1.75 mm (b) 2.0 mm (c) 1.50 mm (d) 1.25 mm
(b) gets minimum contribution from the uncertainty 15. A uniform wire (Young’s modulus 2 × 1011 Nm–2) is
Y
in the length subjected to longitudinal tensile stress of 5 × 107 Nm–2. If
the overall volume change in the wire is 0.02%, the
DY
(c) gets its maximum contribution from the fractional decrease in the radius of the wire is close to :
Y [Online April 22, 2013]
uncertainty in strain
(a) 1.0 × 10–4 (b) 1.5 × 10–4
(d) The figure of merit is the largest for the length of the
(c) 0.25 × 10–4 (d) 5 × 10–4
rod.
16. If the ratio of lengths, radii and Young's moduli of steel
11. A uniformly tapering conical wire is made from a material
and brass wires in the figure are a, b and c respectively,
of Young's modulus Y and has a normal, unextended length
then the corresponding ratio of increase in their lengths is :
L. The radii, at the upper and lower ends of this conical
[Online April 9, 2013]
wire, have values R and 3R, respectively. The upper end of
the wire is fixed to a rigid support and a mass M is
suspended from its lower end. The equilibrium extended Steel
length, of this wire, would equal : [Online April 9, 2016]
M
æ 2 Mg ö æ 1 Mg ö
L ç1 + L ç1 +
(a) è 9 pYR 2 ÷ø (b) è 9 pYR 2 ÷ø Brass

æ 1 Mg ö æ 2 Mg ö
L ç1 + L ç1 + 2M
(c) è 3 pYR 2 ÷ø (d) è 3 pYR 2 ÷ø
12. The pressure that has to be applied to the ends of a steel 3c 2a 2 c 3a 2ac
(a) (b) (c) 2
(d)
wire of length 10 cm to keep its length constant when its 2ab2 b 2b c b2
temperature is raised by 100ºC is: 17. A steel wire can sustain 100 kg weight without breaking. If
the wire is cut into two equal parts, each part can sustain
(For steel Young’s modulus is 2 ´ 1011 Nm -2 and a weight of [Online May 19, 2012]
coefficient of thermal expansion is 1.1 ´ 10-5 K -1 ) [2014] (a) 50 kg (b) 400 kg (c) 100 kg (d) 200 kg
18. A structural steel rod has a radius of 10 mm and length of
(a) 2.2 ´ 108 Pa (b) 2.2 ´ 10 9 Pa 1.0 m. A 100 kN force stretches it along its length. Young’s
modulus of structural steel is 2 × 1011 Nm–2. The percentage
(c) 2.2 ´ 10 7 Pa (d) 2.2 ´ 106 Pa
strain is about [Online May 7, 2012]
13. Two blocks of masses m and M are connected by means (a) 0.16% (b) 0.32% (c) 0.08% (d) 0.24%
of a metal wire of cross-sectional area A passing over a 19. The load versus elongation graphs for four wires of same
frictionless fixed pulley as shown in the figure. The system length and made of the same material are shown in the
is then released. If M = 2 m, then the stress produced in figure. The thinnest wire is represented by the line
the wire is : [Online April 25, 2013] Load D [Online May 7, 2012]
C
B
A

T
O Elongation
m (a) OA (b) OC (c) OD (d) OB
T
20. Two wires are made of the same material and have the
same volume. However wire 1 has cross-sectional area A
M
and wire 2 has cross-sectional area 3A. If the length of wire
1 increases by Dx on applying force F, how much force is
2mg 4mg mg 3mg needed to stretch wire 2 by the same amount? [2009]
(a) (b) (c) (d) (a) 4 F (b) 6 F (c) 9 F (d) F
3A 3A A 4A
Mechanical Properties of Solids P-133

21. A wire elongates by l mm when a load W is hanged from it. If a

the wire goes over a pulley and two weights W each are hung
at the two ends, the elongation of the wire will be (in mm) b
[2006]
(a) l (b) 2l (c) zero (d) l/2

Bulk and Rigidity Modulus and

TOPIC 2
Work Done in Stretching a Wire
(a) (pmB b) a (b) (2pmBb) Da
22. Two steel wires having same length are suspended from a
(c) (pmB b) Da (d) (4 pmB b) Da
ceiling under the same load. If the ratio of their energy 26. Steel ruptures when a shear of 3.5 × 108 N m–2 is applied.
stored per unit volume is 1 : 4, the ratio of their diameters The force needed to punch a 1 cm diameter hole in a steel
is: [9 Jan 2020 II] sheet 0.3 cm thick is nearly: [Online April 12, 2014]
(a) 2 :1 (b) 1 : 2 (a) 1.4 × 104 N (b) 2.7 × 104 N
(c) 3.3 × 104 N (d) 1.1 × 104 N
(c) 2 : 1 (d) 1 : 2 27. The bulk moduli of ethanol, mercury and water are given
23. A boy’s catapult is made of rubber cord which is 42 cm as 0.9, 25 and 2.2 respectively in units of 109 Nm–2. For a
long, with 6 mm diameter of cross-section and of negligible given value of pressure, the fractional compression in
mass. The boy keeps a stone weighing 0.02 kg on it and DV
stretches the cord by 20 cm by applying a constant force. volume is . Which of the following statements about
V
When released, the stone flies off with a velocity of 20 ms–
1. Neglect the change in the area of cross-section of the DV
for these three liquids is correct ?[Online April 11, 2014]
cord while stretched. The Young’s modulus of rubber is V
closest to : [8 April 2019 I] (a) Ethanol > Water > Mercury
(a) 106 N/m–2 (b) 104 N/m–2 (b) Water > Ethanol > Mercury
(c) 108 N/m–2 (d) 103 N/m–2 (c) Mercury > Ethanol > Water
24. A solid sphere of radius r made of a soft material of bulk (d) Ethanol > Mercury > Water
modulus K is surrounded by a liquid in a cylindrical 28. In materials like aluminium and copper, the correct order of
container. A massless piston of area a floats on the surface magnitude of various elastic modului is:
of the liquid, covering entire cross-section of cylindrical [Online April 9, 2014]
container. When a mass m is placed on the surface of the (a) Young’s modulus < shear modulus < bulk modulus.
piston to compress the liquid, the fractional decrement in
(b) Bulk modulus < shear modulus < Young’s modulus
æ dr ö (c) Shear modulus < Young’s modulus < bulk modulus.
the radius of the sphere çè ÷ø ,is : [2018]
r (d) Bulk modulus < Young’s modulus < shear modulus.
Ka Ka 29. If ‘S’ is stress and ‘Y’ is young’s modulus of material of a
mg mg
(a) (b) (c) (d) wire, the energy stored in the wire per unit volume is [2005]
mg 3mg 3Ka Ka
2 2Y
25. A bottle has an opening of radius a and length b. A cork of S S
(a) (b) 2S 2Y (c) (d)
length b and radius (a + Da) where (Da < < a) is compressed 2Y 2Y S2
to fit into the opening completely (see figure). If the bulk 30. A wire fixed at the upper end stretches by length l by
modulus of cork is B and frictional coefficient between the applying a force F. The work done in stretching is [2004]
bottle and cork is m then the force needed to push the cork
F Fl
into the bottle is : [Online April 10, 2016] (a) 2Fl (b) Fl (c) (d)
2l 2
P-134 Physics

-A B Stress
1. (c) Given : U = 6
+ 12 Young modulus, Y =
r r æ Dl ö
çè ÷ø
For equilibrium, L
dU Let s be the stress
F= = -( A( -6r -7 )) + B ( -12r -13 ) = 0
dr
sL1 sL2
6 A 12 B
Þ 0 = 7 - 13 Þ
6A
= 6
1 Total elongation Dlnet = Y + Y
1 2
r r 12 B r
1/ 6
æ 2B ö é1 1ù
\ Separation between molecules, r = ç ÷ Dlnet = s ê + ú [Q L1 = L2 = 1m]
è Aø
ë Y1 Y2 û
Potential energy,
æ æ YY ö
æ 2B ö ö
1/ 6
A B s = Dl ç 1 2 ÷
U çr = ç ÷ ÷ = - + 2 2 è Y1 + Y2 ø
è è A ø ø 2 B / A 4B / A
- A2 A2 - A2 æ 120 ´ 60 ö N
+= = = 0.2 ´ 10-3 ´ ç ´ 109 = 8 ´ 106 2
2B 4B 4B è 180 ÷ø m
2. (4) Given : Wire length, l = 0.3 m
F 400 ´ 4
Mass of the body, m = 10 kg 5. (b) Stress = = 2
= 379 ´106 N/m 2
A pd
Breaking stress, s = 4.8 × 107 Nm–2
400 ´ 4
Area of cross-section, a = 10–2 cm2 Þ d2 =
Maximum angular speed w = ? 379 ´ 106 p
d = 1.15 mm
T = Mlw2
6. (c) Given,
T ml w 2 Radius of wire, r = 2 mm
s= = Mass of the load m = 4 kg
A A
F mg
Stress = A =
ml w 2 7 2
£ 48 ´ 10 Þ w £
48 ´ 107 A ( ) p(r ) 2
A ml 4 ´ 3.1p
= = 3.1 ´ 106 N/m2
p ´ (2 ´ 10-3 )2

Þ w2 £
( 48 ´ 10 )(10 ) = 16 Þ w
7 -6
= 4 rad/s
7. (c) Given,
10 ´ 3
max Radius of wire, r = 2 mm
Mass of the load m = 4 kg
3. (c) Dtemp = Dforce
F mg 4 ´ 3.1p
FL FL F Stress = = = = 3.1 ´ 106 N/m2
or La (DT) = \ a= = 2 A p (r ) 2 p ´ (2 ´ 10 -3 ) 2
AY AYT pr YT
8. (c) D1 = D2
Coefficient of volume expression
Fl1 Fl2 2 1.5
3F or = or = 2
r = 3a = . pr12 y1 pr22 y2 2
R ´7 2 ´4
pr 2YT
4. (Bonus) \ R = 1.75 mm
9. (b) For same material the ratio of stress to strain is same
For first cube
Brass Steel F force1 105
Stress1 = =
area1 (0.12 )
Mechanical Properties of Solids P-135

At equilibrium change in length of the wire

change in length1 0.5 ´ 10-2
Strain1 = = 1
original length1 0.1 Mg dx
For second block,
ò dL < ò é 2R ù2
0 pê x ∗ Rú y
êë L úû
force2 105
stress2 = =
area 2 (0.22 ) Taking limit from 0 to L

é ù
strain2 =
change in length 2
=
x ê ú
ê ú
original length 2 0.2 Mg ê 1 L ú MgL
ΧL < ê, ≥ ú<
x is the displacement for second block. p y ê é 2Rx ù L 2R ú 3p R 2 y
ê ê ∗ Rú ú
ê êë L úû 0 ú
stress1 stress2 ë û
For same material, =
strain1 strain 2
The equilibrium extended length of wire = L + DL
MgL æ 1 Mg ÷ö
10.5 105 < L∗ < L çç1 ∗ ÷
3p R 2 Y èç 3 p YR 2 ÷ø
(0.1)2 (0.2)2
or, =
0.5 ´ 10 -2 x stress
0.2 12. (a) Young's modulus Y =
0.1 strain
Solving we get, x = 0.25 cm stress = Y ´ strain
Stress in steel wire = Applied pressure
F Dl Pressure = stress = Y × strain
10. (a) Young's modulus Y = /
A l
DL
Strain = = α DT
Fl L
Y<
pr 2Χl (As length is constant)
Given, radius r = 5mm, force F = 50pk N, = 2 × 1011 × 1.1 × 10–5 × 100 = 2.2 × 108 Pa
l æ 2mM ö
< 0.01 mm 13. (b) Tension in the wire, T = ç ÷g
Χl èm+Mø
Force / Tension 2mM
Fl Stress = = g
\ Y= = 2 × 1014 N / m2. Area A(m + M)
pr lD 2
2(m ´ 2m)g
11. (c) Consider a small element dx of radius r, = (M = 2 m given)
A(m + 2m)
2R
r< x∗R 4m 2 4mg
L = g=
3mA 3A
14. (d) Yc ´ ( DLc / Lc ) = Ys ´ (DLs / Ls )
R

æ 1´ 10-3 ö 11 æ DL ö
Þ 1´1011 ´ ç ÷ = 2 ´10 ´ ç s ÷
x ç 1 ÷ è 0.5 ø
è ø
r
0.5 ´10-3
dx
\ DLs = = 0.25 mm
2
Therefore, total extension of the composite wire
L
= DLc + DLs
= 1 mm + 0.25 m = 1.25 m

3R
Mg
P-136 Physics

19. (a) From the graph, it is clear that for the same value of
15. (c) Given , y = 2 ´ 1011 Nm -2
load, elongation is maximum for wire OA. Hence OA is the
æ Fö thinnest wire among the four wires.
Stress ç ÷ = 5 ´ 107 Nm -2
è Aø l
DV = 0.02% = 2 × 10–4 m3 20. (c) A Y
Dr Wire (1)
=?
r

stress æ Dl ö g
g= Þ strain ç ÷ = … (i) 3A Y
strain è l 0 ø stress

DV = 2prl 0 Dr - pr 2 Dl … (ii) l/3

Wire (2)
From eqns (i) and (ii) putting the value of Dl , l 0 and DV
For wire 1
and solving we get Length, L1 = l
Dr Area, A1 = A
= 0.25 ´10-4 For wire 2
r
16. (c) According to questions, l
Length, L2 =
3
ls r y Dls
= a, s = b, s = c, =? Area, A2 = 3A
lb rb yb Dl b
As the wires are made of same material, so they will have
Fl Fl same young’s modulus.
As, y = ADl Þ Dl = Ay For wire 1,
F/A
Y= ...(i)
3mgl s D x/l
Dl s = [Q Fs = (M + 2M)g] For wire 2 ,
prs2 .ys
F '/ 3 A
2Mgl b Y= ...(ii)
Dl b = Dx /( l / 3)
[Q Fb = 2Mg]
prb2 .y b From (i) and (ii) we get,
3Mgl s F l F' l
´ = ´ Þ F¢ = 9F
Dl s pr 2 .y 3a A Dx 3 A 3Dx
= s s = 2
\ Dl b 2Mg.l b 2b C 21. (a) Case (i)
prb2 .y b

17. (c) Breaking force a area of cross section of wire

Load hold by wire is independent of length of the wire.
18. (a) Given: F = 100 kN = 105 N
T
Y = 2 × 1011 Nm–2
l0 = 1.0 m
T T
radius r = 10 mm = 10– 2 m
W
Stress
From formula, Y =
Strain
W W
Stress F
Þ Strain = =
Y AY At equilibrium, T = W

105 105 1 W/A

= Young’s modules, Y = .....(1)
= -4 11 = 628 l/L
pr 2Y 3.14 ´ 10 ´ 2 ´ 10
1 W L
Therefore % strain = ´100 = 0.16% Elongation, l = ´
628 A Y
Mechanical Properties of Solids P-137

Case (ii) At equilibrium T = W dV 3dr

Fractional change in volume = ...(ii)
W/A V r
\ Young’s moduls, Y =
l/2 3dr mg
L/2 Using eq. (i) & (ii) =
r Ka
W/A W L dr mg
Þ Y= Þ l= ´
\ = (fractional decrement in radius)
l/ L A Y r 3Ka
Þ Elongation is the same.
Normal force N N
25. (d) Stress < < <
22. (a) If force F acts along the length L of the wire of cross- Area A (2 p a)b
section A, then energy stored in unit volume of wire
Stress = B×strain
is given by
N 2paΧa ≥ b
1 <B
Energy density = stress × strain (2pa)b pa 2 b
2
(2pa)2 Χab 2
1 F F æ F X ö ÞN<B
= ´ ´ çèQ stress = and strain = ÷ pa 2 b
2 A AY A AY ø
Force needed to push the cork.
1 F2 1 F 2 ´ 16 1 F 2 ´ 16 f < m N < m 4pbΧaB = (4pmBb)Da
= = =
2 A2Y 2 (pd 2 )2 Y 2 pd 4Y
26. (c) D
If u1 and u2 are the densities of two wires, then
4
u1 æ d 2 ö d1 d
= ( 4) Þ 1 = 2 :1
14 F
=ç ÷ Þ
u2 è d1 ø d2 d2

23. (a) When a catapult is stretched up to length l, then the

stored energy in it = Dk. E Þ h

1 æ YA ö 1 mv 2 L
. ç ÷ ( DI )2 = mv 2 Þy=
2 è Lø 2 D (Dl ) 2
Shearing strain is created along the side surface of the
m = 0.02 kg
punched disk. Note that the forces exerted on the disk are
v = 20 ms–1
exerted along the circumference of the disk, and the total
L = 0.42 m
force exerted on its center only.
A = (p d2)/(4)
Let us assume that the shearing stress along the side
d = 6 × 10–3 m
surface of the disk is uniform, then
Dl = 0.2 m
0.02 ´ 400 ´ 0.42 ´ 4 F= ò dFmax = ò s max dA = s max ò dA
y= = 2.3 × 106 N/m2 surface surface surface
p ´ 36 ´ 10 –6 ´ 0.04
æDö
So, order is 106. = ò s max .A = smax .2p ç ÷ h
è2ø
volumetric stress
24. (c) Bulk modulus, K = 8 æ1 -2 ö -2
volumetric strain = 3.5 ´10 ´ ç ´ 10 ÷ ´ 0.3 ´10 ´ 2p
è2 ø
mg = 3.297 ´ 104 ; 3.3 ´ 10 4 N
K=
æ dV ö
aç ÷ 1
èV ø 27. (a) Compressibility =
Bulk modulus
dV mg As bulk modulus is least for ethanol (0.9) and maximum for
Þ = ....(i)
V Ka mercury (25) among ehtanol, mercury and water. Hence
4 3 DV
volume of sphere, V = pR compression in volume
3 V
Ethanol > Water > Mercury
P-138 Physics

lateral strain ( b ) stress

28. (c) Poisson’s ratio, s = Þ strain =
longitudinal strain ( a ) Y
On substituting the expression of strain in equation (i) we
For material like copper, s = 0.33
get
And, Y = 3k (1 – 2 s)
1 stress 1 S 2
9 1 3 E= ´ stress ´ = ×
Also, = + 2 Y 2 Y
Y k h
30. (d) Let A and L be the area and length of the wire.
Y = 2h (1+ s)
Work done by constant force in displacing the wire by a
Hence, h < Y < k
distance l.
29. (a) Energy stored in the wire per unit volume,
= change in potential energy
1
E= ´ stress ´ strain ...(i) 1
2 = × stress × strain × volume
2
We know that,
1 F l Fl
stress = ´ ´ ´ A´ L =
Y= 2 A L 2
strain