补充词汇

1 n. 经纪人 broker/ˈbrəʊ.kər/

2 n. 诈骗 racket/ˈræk.ɪt/

3 经纪账户，佣金账户 brokerage/ˈbrəʊ.kər.ɪdʒ/ account

4 adj. 大而空的 cavernous/ˈkæv.ən.əs/

5 n. 协和式飞机 concorde/ˈkɑnˌkɔrd/

6 adj. 最新式的 newfangled/ˌnjuːˈfæŋ.ɡəld/

7 v. 获得 secure/sɪˈkjʊər/

8 n. 狂欢 binge/bɪndʒ/

9 欺压、欺负 prey/preɪ/ on

10 活期存款账户 checking account

刊物名称
1 Reader’s Digest 《读者文摘》
2 Journal of Business Strategy 《商业策略杂志》
3 The Economist 《经济学人》
4 News Weekly 美国《新闻周刊》
5 New York Times 《纽约时报》
6 Fortune 《财富》
7 Business Week 美国《商业周刊》
8 Time 《时代周刊》
9 Financial Times 英国《金融时报》
10 Forbes 《福布斯》
11 INC. MAGAZINE 《公司》
12 Harvard Business Review 《哈佛商业评论》
词汇题
题型一：II. Choose the right meaning for each underlined part according to the context.

U1 Text A P5-6
1. Homeless and destitute, shopping bag ladies in New York City live a miserable life,
suffering from delusions and fantasies.
A. depressed
B. desperate
C. poor
D. impoverish

2. School classes were suspended for fear of the spread of the terrible epidemic.
A. dangled
B. dismissed
C. deferred
D. debarred

3. His speaking voice was a beautiful, relaxed tenor, not the contrived basso profondo of
pompous politicians.
A. consisted
B. affected
C. devised
D. conspired

4. City residents upbraid migrant workers for the sharp rise in urban crime rate.
A. blame
B. uphold
C. embrace
D. contain

5. Thousands of students listened to the speaker with rapt admiration.

A. endorsed
B. eccentric
C. absent
D. absorbed

U1 Text B P10
1. When Apple Computer co-founder Steve Jobs burned himself out 10 years ago, this
Silicon Valley company brought in marketing-savvy John Sculley.
A. practical
B. shrewd
C. sophisticated
D. discreet

2. A man's intrinsic worth arises from such qualities as honor and courage, rather than
how much he owns.
A. inherent
B. authentic
C. charming
D. cherishing

3. I found her very aloof and unfriendly, for she remained silent throughout the
conversation with us.
A. snobbish
B. reluctant
C. haughty
D. standoffish

4. No matter what obstacles there are ahead, we hold the optimistic view that we will
definitely find a palatable solution to the problem.
A. ingenious
B. luscious
C. satisfactory
D. gruesome

5. Despite various kinds of potential hardships such as meeting with blizzard ant fierce
animals, the millionaire decided on his ambitious plan for the world tour in the next
month.
A. hurricane
C. tornado
B. deluge
D. violent snowstorm

U2 Text A P23
1. Aid for agricultural research remains woefully inadequate to support productivity
improvements and agricultural extension in most developing countries.
A. lamentably
B. admirably
C. heartbreakingly
D. delightfully

2. She had no time at all to recall the miserable past, no time to grumble or sigh.
A. rejoice
B. jubilate
C. grouch
D. wallow

3. They can definitely make films that are entertaining and intriguing.
A. shocking
B. rewarding
C. inviting
D. funny

4. What steps should be taken to bolster both national and international oversight of
financial markets?
A. weaken
B. reinforce
C. block
D. pad

5. Huawei also said that it planned to unveil a new smart phone and two new tablets at
the event.
A. launch
B. initiate
C. campaign
D. disclose

U2 Text B P29
1. The boy is so besotted with all kinds of recreational gadgets that he has spent a
fortune on them.
A. fed up with
B. obsessed with
C. confused with
D. inspired by

2. The staff in the marketing department of the company are seeking for a differentiated
and lucrative marketing strategy.
A. precise
B. feasible
C. profitable
D. appealing

3. The recent reports of lash flooding in this area do nor seem to be supported by the
level of rain in the preceding days.
A. following
B. previous
C. imminent
D. upcoming
4. It was a brave decision to change tack in the middle of the project.
A. theory
B. management
C. direction
D. base

5. The movie Titantic embodied a perfect fusion of sound and image.

A. divergence
B. illustration
C. incarnation
D. combination

U3 Text A P42
1. A survey shows that divorce has a lingering, detrimental impact on health that even
remarriage cannot fully repair.
A. nutrimental
B. advantageous
C. harmful
D. beneficial

2. Deflation is beginning to take hold in the clothing industry.

A. take root
B. fall apart
C. break out
D. pop up

3. If missiles are essential to the security of major powers, why should the developing
countries forego this capability?
A. sustain
B. relinquish
C. inhibit
D. acquire

4. Together with the, union, we put teeth into the rules to penalize the chronic offenders.
A. stimulate
B. discourage
C. punish
D. praise

5. We pledge personal respect, fair compensation and honest and equitable treatment.
A. actable
B. notable
C. just
D. partial
U3 Text B P46-47
1. They will continue to implement political, economic and institutional reforms that are
necessary to promote and entrench democracy, the rule of law and respect for human
rights in our countries.
A. consolidate
B. demolish
C. propagandize
D. proliferate

2. Their socio-economic plight can only breed discontent and despair, which inevitably
degenerate into conflict.
A. predicament
B. poverty
C. blight
D. pace

3. International oil companies routinely team up with state-owned national oil companies
to bid for undeveloped assets.
A. merge with
B. coincide with
C. correspond with
D. cooperate with

4. He used this period of enforced inactivity to reconsider his approach to investing and
to retool his pattern-recognition software.
A. forego,
B. revise
C. retrieve
D. replace

5. The church was destroyed in the bombing but the altar survived intact.
A. undamaged
B. brilliant
C. safe
D. infected

U5 Text A P79-80
1. China attaches importance to forming friendly relations with all countries in
Africa irrespective of their size, strength or wealth.
A. regardless of
B. as regards
C. in regard to
D. with regard to
2. We must strike at its roots which spawn hate, brutality and the senseless destruction
of human lives.
A. escalate
B. trigger
C. spread
D. widen

3. People without income or security fall prey to crime and violence, and often get
trapped in protracted conflict.
A. fall victim to
B. take a fancy to
C. get back at
D. refrain from

4. These include hot only agricultural products, which still face pernicious protection,
but also many industrial products subject to tariff and non-tariff barriers.
A. pestilent
B. beneficial
C. superficial
D. trivial

5. It helps a lot to be well connected, well-educated and affluent to compete for the
highest political offices in the US.
A. well-off
B. visionary
C. ambitious
D. badly-off

U5 Text B P83
1. Retail investors, disappointed with measly returns on savings accounts, are piling into
corporate-bond funds.
A. paltry
B. handsome
C. considerable
D. significant

2. Even a problem as simple as a bad back often has some underlying triggering factors.
A. explicit
B. latent
C. coherent
D. obvious

3. He owes his election to having tapped deep pubic disillusion with professional
politicians.
A. exploited
B. revealed
C. destroyed
D. concealed

4. Our company's tenet is “quality is the first productivity, customers’ trust is existent
guarantee.”
A. secret
B. goal
C. doctrine
D. intent

5. Your attachment to substandard lodgings and scant tuition in Dover is clearly

irrational.
A. average
B. enough
C. insufficient
D. medium

U6 Text A P99-100
1. In some countries and regions, inequality worsened, as poor people did not reap the
fruits of economic expansion, because of a lack of job opportunities, limited education or
bad health.
A. reward
B. revive
C. derive
D. trigger

2. They were faced with the daunting task of restoring the house.
A. promising
B. relaxing
C. discouraging
D. unimaginable

3. Our conscientious work attitude makes us well received by our customers.

A. scrupulous
B. ignorant
C. unique
D. unparalleled

4. The fundamental goal of economic development is to uplift the living standards and
quality of life of the people.
A. intoxicate
B. enhance
C. transcend
D. surpass

5. We will work hard to transform the economic development pattern, restructure the
economy and set out on a path of balanced and sustainable development.
A. reverse
B. foster
C. change
D. utilize

U6 Text B P104-105
1. They will do anything to undermine their adversary's reputation.
A. demolish
B. demolish
C. mineralize
D. underline

2. He felt no animosity towards his critics.

A. animation
B. amiability
C. enmity
D. emanation

3. He tried to keep neutral in the conflict between his friends.

A. impartial
B. biased
C. unconcerned
D. independent

4. It was an innocent deception, meant as a joke.

A. conception
B. deceit
C. decent
D. detection

5. If you fail the times, you will or be entitled to the game anymore.
A. be qualified for
B. be accustomed to
C. be applied to
D. be engaged in

U7 Text A P119-120
1. In principle, this system was in compliance with the international IPR treaties and
practices. Here the underlined part means all the following except _________.
A. in line with
B. in accordance with
C. in conformity with
D. in parallel with

2. Every emerging technology has to cross the chasm between innovation and
acceptance.
A. charm
B. gap
C. similarity
D. compatibility

3. I intend to use this opportunity to delve into the topic of racial inequality in education.
A. extend
B. disseminate
C. explore
D. circulate

4. Are you committed to keeping a trading journal to help chronicle and analyze your
trades?
A. share
B. improve
C. perfect
D. record

5. Some companies require that the initial outlay on any project should be recoverable
within a specified period.
A. expectation
B. spending
C. extravagance
D. entrance

U7 Text B P124-125
1. The marchers and the armed police are clashing. If it's not handled appropriately, it will
ultimately devolve into an incident of violent bloodshed.
A. probe into
B. revolve around
C. result from
D. degenerate into

2. He doubted their claim to have forsaken military solutions to the civil war.
A. abandon
B. pledge
C. retain
D. forge

3. With a bond, you always get you interest and principal at maturity, assuming the issuer
doesn't go belly up. The underlined part means all the following except _________.
A. go bankrupt
B. give up
C. go bust
D. go broke

4. There are newly flourishing markets in real estate, small and medium-sized
enterprises, construction and telecommunications. The underlined part means all the
following except _________.
A. thriving
B. prospering
C. booming
D. deteriorating

5. Its negotiating style is marked by bluster, foot-dragging, blackmail and brinkmanship.

A. bravado
B. cluster
C. deception
D. coax

U8 Text A P140
1. Since the company is confronted with economic difficulties, it can't afford to update
the computer system.
A. employ
B. modernize
C. introduce
D. ignore

2. Many wonderful suggestions have been incorporated in the firm's brand loyalty
scheme.
A. unified
B. renovated
C. entailed
D. included

3. The CEO of Vivendi was astonished to see that the participants came up with many
electric solutions during the survival course.
A. practised
B. produced
C. approached
D. popularized

4. Why the company wants to relocate to Ireland still remains a brainteaser to a majority
of the staff.
A. riddle
B. disaster
C. secret
D. burden

5. The purported function of the massage chair is that it can dispel your fatigue.
A. supposed
B. reclaimed
C. publicized
D. advertised

U8 Text B P144-145
1. This is the era of the “personal brand.”
A. time
B. period
C. age
D. phase

2. Others felt it too outlandish to take seriously.

A. crazy
B. outstanding
C. strange
D. great

3. Her services are in demand from bankers, lawyers and other business people, all
pondering ways to improve how they are perceived at work.
A. deliberating
B. concerning about
C. considering over
D. thinking

4. The outside world offers a little more illumination.

A. enlightenment
B. information
C. statement
D. inspiration

5. She says there is evidence that Brand Stern is credible and respected, but she
wonders if the markets aren't looking for something a bit meatier: “Are you damping
down your personality? Do they want more of you?”
A. fatter
B. more informative
C. fleshier
D. more important

U10 Text A P173-174

1. The pound plunged to a new low on the foreign exchange markets yesterday.
A. rocketed
B. rised
C. slumped
D. remained

2. Hence the debt crisis has driven Europe to a historic inflection point.
A. plight
B. dilemma
C. turning point
D. boom

3. It should strengthen its capacity to tap into these networks and cultivate and utilize
local gender expertise and capacity.
A. utilize
B. innovate
C. improve on
D. invigorate

4. They also want to require that those amendments be germane to the underlying farm
bill.
A. relevant
B. beneficial
C. irrelevant
D. harmless

5. He has made a string of outspoken and sometimes provocative speeches in recent

years.
A. tedious
B. monotonous
C. stimulating
D. unprecedented

U10 Text B P178-179

1. In the warehouse you'll find a large inventory of elective fans.
A. new assets
B. invented products
C. goods in stock
D. stock of value

2. The elder Wachenheim’s personal real estate investment portfolio is confined to his
own house.
A. a dining room suite
B. a group of investments
C. a series of lectures
D. a set of bags

3. Some trucking companies have tried to insulate themselves from oil-price fluctuations
by charging customers an energy surcharge.
A. protect
B. isolate
C. segregate
D. depart

4. Scientists first raised alarms about climate change in the late 1980s, but the
international community has taken few concrete steps to tackle the problem.
A. negotiate
B. verbalize
C. address
D. maneuver

5. India is trying to entice back some of their brightest people from abroad.
A. seduce
B. persuade
C. call
D. attract

U11 Text B P191

1. We were puzzled by the promotion of that person of mediocre abilities.
A. distinctive
B. ordinary
C. abysmal
D. dubious

2. Someone's broken one of our windows, but we'll soon find the culprit.
A. detractor
B. geek
C. wrongdoer
D. outcast

3. The lecturer was to discuss politics but got sidetracked by a question from the
audience into talking about religion.
A. diverted from the main topic
B. interrupted in a flash
C. embarrassed at a loss
D. perplexed for a while

4. The inhabitants of Jamestown, the first permanent English colony in America, nearly
starved because they had squandered their provisions.
A. forfeited
B. dissipated
C. devastated
D. jettisoned

5. In Washington the Clinton Administration's proposed $40 billion bailout of the

weakened peso met with stiff opposition from Democrats.
A. subsidy
B. reinforcement
C. loan
D. rescue

U11 Text B P196

1. Facing the current economic downturn, companies need marketing skills more than
ever.
A. downtrend
B. downpour
C. download
D. downstream

2. Motivating the front-line personnel is critical.

A. inquiring
B. inspecting
C. inspiring
D. inferring

3. There are two reasons why CEOs should be cautious about overdoing the percentage
of time interfacing with customers.
A. confidential
B. prudential
C. residential
D. potential

4. These metrics should not be off-the-shelf standbys.

A. stand-ins
B. stances
C. stability
D. spares

5. It requires the long-term infusion of customer centricity and marketing strategy

capability throughout the organization.
A. capacity
B. publicity
C. focus
D. ferocity

U12 Text A P212

1. It is the most excellent and prestigious priest that would be raised to the purple.
A. contemplable
B. respectful
C. contemptible
D. reputable

2. There is no discernable normal lobular architecture, though vascular structures are

present.
A. discerptible
B. discriminable
C. separable
D. segregable

3. His conduct calls for the severest condemnation.

A. punishment
B. denouncement
C. condensance
D. penalty

4. The force of public opinions can help check abuse in modern politics.
A. evil
B. drawback
C. malpractice
D. disadvantage

5. Aside from motorcars, the factory turns out bicycles.

A. except for
B. except
C. besides
D. beside
II. Choose one word or phrase that best completes each of the following sentences.

U12 Text B P217

1. British people themselves, _________ foreigners, are often uncertain what is slang and
what is not.
A. let alone
B. rather than
C. not only
D. otherwise

2. If you fail the entrance exam, there would be no _________ but to start to hunt for a job.
A. alternate
B. alternating
C. alternative
D. alternated

3. This company is planning to _________ on an expansion program as soon as it

receives the investment.
A. start
B. begin
C. commence
D. embark

4. In order to provide wellness food, the agriculture industry emphasizes the need to
improve the quality _________ the quantity.
A. beyond
B. over
C. than
D. but

5. Katharine Graham, who died on April 4, 1968, was, for many years, _________ the
most powerful black man in America.
A. regarded
B. arguably
C. argumentatively
D. doubtfully
题型二：II. Identify the incorrect underlined part of each sentence.

U4 Text A P61

1. The plants want to water every day, or they would die.

A B C D

2. Except for come to the extra show, or you cannot have the signature of that
A B C
well-known singer.
D

3. Less people starve to death rather than die of stuffing; less men walk to the graves
A B
than ride there.
C D

4. You can use this book as long as you like, so long if you keep it clean.
A B C D

5. Do not repose so much confidence with his promise, or you may be disappointed
A B C D
with him.
题型三：II. Fill in each blank of the following sentences with one of the words or phrases
given below. Make changes when necessary.

U4 Text B P65

come across exert oneself consistent be unaware of

adept at not only frustrate

1. If one does not exert oneself in youth, one will regret it in old age.

2. Not only did he complain about the food, but also refused to pay for it.

3. The boy who was making faces was unaware of his teacher's presence.

4. The program requires the consistency , integrality and security of data.

5. For a mould designer, it is important to pay great attention to the accumulation of

experience, and to be adept at induction and the use of CAD.

6. They made their preparations to frustrate the conspiracy.

7. What are some of the difficulties one is likely to come across in this
transformation process?

U9 Text A P156

go up to get it be supposed to
reflect on hold up slip off

1. We must reflect on the influence of television violence on children.

2. I don't get it . Why would she want to diet in such a radical way?

3. Exhaustion couldn't hold up , the students' passion of pursuing knowledge.

4. After the game, she went up to her trainer and thanked her for all her help.

5. You are supposed to pay the bill by Sunday.

6. She was so shocked at the news that she slipped off the cell phone.
U9 Text B P160

stick to reach out to lay off refrain from one on one take in

1. Due to the financial crisis, the company had to lay off 100 men.

2. I also try to work with the students one on one to help them improve their
English.

3. Only when participants stick to the principles of fair play can the market run
smoothly.

4. When you're looking for a job, you could reach out to your network.

5. The scholar attaches importance to getting rid of the stale and taking in the fresh.

6. She refrained from scolding her child until the visitors left.
Test Yourself
U1 P16-18

Passage 1
For many people, there seems to be no escape from poverty. Imagine this situation:
A poor woman needs a little money for a small business to lift her family out of poverty.
She goes to a bank and the banker interviews her. At this bank, as at most banks, the
borrower must meet three necessary conditions; character, capacity, and collateral. That
is, if this woman wants to borrow money from the bank, she must show that she is
honest, is able to run her business, and owns a house, or something valuable for the
bank to take if she can't pay back the money. So what happens to the woman? The bank
won't lend her the money because she doesn't have any collateral.
One possible solution these days is micro lending. This is a system of special banks
and programs that are loaning money to people in "borrowing groups." For example, an
international organization called Good Faith lends small amounts of money to people
who want to go into business. Each person must do two things to borrow money: take
classes in business and join a borrowing group. This is a group of people who own and
run their own business. Everyone in the group must approve the loan of every other
group member, or Good Faith won't lend the money. To receive a loan from Good Faith,
people still must have character. They find capacity in the business classes, but collateral
is not necessary any longer. Instead of collateral, there is peer pressure; i.e., group
members make sure that each person pays back his or her loan. They want to keep their
"good name" and continue doing business with Good Faith.

1. Before lending money, most banks will consider all the following EXCEPT _________.
A. whether the borrower is honest or not
B. whether the borrower takes any classes in business
C. whether the borrower has the ability to run his business
D. whether the borrower has any collateral

2. The word "collateral" in the first paragraph most probably means “ _________.”
A. property as a guarantee to repay a loan
B. good name
C. membership in borrowing groups
D. capability to manage a company

3. To borrow money from Good Faith, one should _________.

A. attend business classes
B. be honest
C. be a member of a borrowing group
D. all of the above
4. The pronoun "they" in the last sentence refers to _________.
A. special banks and programs
B. members of borrowing groups
C. the poor
D. businessmen

5. Which of the following statements is true?

A. To borrow money from Good Faith, one must have something valuable as collateral.
B. The poor people who want to build a house can borrow money from Good Faith.
C. To keep business relationship with Good Faith, members of borrowing groups should
have good credit.
D. Individuals in a borrowing group do not have a say in the loan of other group
members.

Passage 2
The number of speakers of English in Shakespeare's time is estimated to have been
about five million. Today it is estimated that some 260 million people speak it as a native
language, mainly in the United States, Canada, Great Britain, Ireland, South Africa,
Australia and New Zealand. In addition to the standard varieties of English found in these
areas, there are a great many regional and social varieties of the language, as well as
various levels of usage that are employed both in its spoken and written forms.
It is virtually impossible to estimate the number of people in the world who have
acquired an adequate working knowledge of English in addition to their own languages.
The purposes for which English is learned and the situations in which such learning takes
place are so varied that it is difficult to define and still more difficult to assess what
constitutes an adequate working knowledge for each situation.
The main reason for the widespread demand for English is its present-day
importance as a world language. Besides serving the indefinite needs of its native
speakers, English is a language in which some important works in science, technology;
and other fields are being produced, and not always by native speakers. It is widely used
for such purposes as meteorological and airport communications, international
conferences, and the dissemination of information over the radio and television networks
of many nations. It is a language of wider communication for a number of developing
countries, especially former British colonies. Many of these countries have multi-lingual
populations and need a language for internal communication in such matters as
government, commerce, industry, law and education as well as for international
communication and for access to the scientific and technological developments in the
West.

6. What would be an appropriate title for this selection?

A. The Difficulties of Learning English
B. International Communications
C. The Standard Varieties of English
D. English as a World Language

7. Which of the following statements is NOT true?

A. Some 260 million people in the world have an adequate working knowledge of English.
B. There are some 260 million native speakers of English in the world.
C. It is almost impossible to estimate the number of people with an adequate working
knowledge of English.
D. People learn English for a variety of reasons.

8. According to this article, what is the most important reason for the widespread use of
English?
A. It was popular during Shakespeare's time.
B. It is used in former British colonies.
C. It serves the needs of its native speakers.
D. It is a world language that is used for international communication.

9. What constitutes an adequate working knowledge of English?

A. The ability to read a newspaper.
B. It is difficult to assess because it differs for each situation.
C. Being multi-lingual.
D. Being a native speaker.

10. What type of developing countries would be most likely o use English?
A. Those geographically close to the United States.
B. Those interested in the culture of the United States.
C. Former colonies of Great Britain.
D. Countries where international conferences are held.

U2 P34-36

Passage 1
Washington Irving was America's first man of letters to be known internationally. His
works were received enthusiastically both in England and in the United States. He was, in
fact, one of the most successful writers of his time in either country, delighting a large
general public and at the same time winning the admiration of fellow writers like Scout in
Britain and Poe and Hawthorne in the United States. The respect in which he was held
was partly owing to the man himself, with his warm friendliness, his good sense, his
urbanity, his gay spirits, his artistic integrity, his love of both the Old World and the New.
Thackeray described Irving as "a gentleman, who, though himself born in no very high
sphere, was most finished, polished, witty; socially the equal of the most refined
Europeans." In England he was granted an honorary degree from Oxford — an unusual
honor for a citizen of a young, uncultured nation — and he received the medal of the
Royal Society of Literature; America made him ambassador to Spain.
Irving's background provides little to explain his literary achievements. A gifted but
delicate child, he had little schooling. He studied law, but without zeal, and never did
practice seriously. He was immune to his strict Presbyterian home environment,
frequenting both social gatherings and the theater.

1. The main point of the first paragraph is that Washington Irving was _________.
A. America's first man of letters
B. a writer who had great success both in his own country and outside it
C. a man who was able to move from literature to politics
D. a man whose personal charm enabled him to get by with basically inferior work

2. Thackeray considered Irving _________.

A. the most refined European of his time
B. one of the most refined Europeans
C. refined, like most Europeans
D. not inferior to Europeans of the highest refinement

3. What is implied by the admiration of fellow writers like Scott, Poe and Hawthorne?
A. Irving enjoyed great popularity.
B. Scott, Poe and Hawthorne were primarily responsible for Irving's success.
C. Irving's work was not only popular, but also of high literary quality.
D. More Americans than Britons admired Irving.

4. According to this passage, which of the following is true?

A. His personal qualities were entirely responsible for his literary success.
B. His personal qualities were primarily responsible for his literary success.
C. His personal qualities had some effect on his literary success.
D. His personal qualities had no effect on his literary success.

5. What can be said about Irving's law career?

A. It was so successful that he won an ambassadorship.
B. Irving began to practice law only late in life.
C. He was an expert on commercial law.
D. He spent very little time working as a lawyer.

Passage 2
Questions 6 to 10 are based on the following passage:
A religious campaign to block the teaching of evolutionary biology is taking a strong
grip on the United States. A survey published in Scientific American shows that the
doctrine of creationism — which holds that the origins of humanity and the Earth are
recent and were created by God — is spreading in the world's greatest technological
nation at a surprising rate. Ridiculous is the fact that more and more states are restricting
the teaching of evolution in schools. The journal says that a 45% of Americans now
believe that God created life some time in the past 10,000 years, despite research that
has established the universe as being 13 billion years old and that men and women are
descended from apelike ancestors. Even among US Catholics 40% still insist God
created human life a few thousand years ago — even though the Pope said in 1996 that
he was not against the theory of evolution.
"At the time, newspapers in Mississippi wrote that this proved the Pope was too old
and should be ignored," said Amanda Chesworth, head of the anti-creationist Darwin
Day group. "Creationism is spreading further and further. It now has missionaries across
the world and even has bases in Russia and Turkey."
In the past most attempts to block the teaching of evolution ended in failure, the
most famous example being the Scopes trial in 1925. It involved the prosecution of John
Scopes for teaching Darwin theory in his class. He was fined $100, but this was
overturned by Tennessee's supreme court.
In 1999 Kansas Board of Education voted to block mention of Darwin in its schools,
but members were voted out and their anti-evolution policy was reversed. But
creationists have quietly achieved victories in schools in northern states such as Illinois,
Ohio and Wisconsin. Ohio is considering banning evolution teaching, and even New York
and Massachusetts are turning against evolution.
Scientific American believes that the content of textbooks and lesson plans in
schools is already being affected by creationism. Ms. Chesworth agrees. She said that
the United States went from the Earth to the Moon a few years ago, and discovered
these worlds date back billions of years. Now this nation is sticking its head in the sand,
saying that the whole lot was made in a flash a few thousands of years ago. Those
creationists even argue that dinosaurs and humans co-existed. Ms. Chesworth regards
this development as unhealthy.

6. The passage is mainly concerned with _________.

A. the increasing influence of creationism in U.S. schools
B. how evolutionists defeated creationists
C. the confrontation between evolutionists and creationists
D. the peaceful co-existence of evolutionists and creationists

7. What is the Pope's attitude towards the theory of evolution?

A. He is too old to judge it.
B. He is firmly against it.
C. He tolerates it.
D. He leaves that matter to his successor.

8. What was the final result of the Scopes trial?

A. Tennessee's supreme court corrected its own mistake.
B. Scopes achieved an out-of-court settlement.
C. Scopes was fined $100.
D. The final ruling was in Scopes’ favor.
9. Scientific American has observed that _________.
A. creationists have quietly retreated from schools in northern states
B. creationism has had its impact on school education
C. Ms. Chesworth's judgment is incorrect
D. the world's greatest technological nation rejects creationism

10. From the passage we can feel that the writer _________.
A. reports the situation of creationism and evolutionism objectively
B. is sad about the rapid popularity of the doctrine of evolutionism
C. is worried about the rapid spread of the doctrine of creationism
D. supports creationists although not very strongly

U3 P54-56

Passage 1
A lot of advice is available for college leavers heading for their first job. In this article
we consider the move to a second job. We are not concerned with those looking for a
second temporary position while hunting for a permanent job. Nor are we concerned with
those leaving an unsatisfactory job within the first few weeks. Instead, we will be dealing
with those of you taking a real step on the career ladder, choosing a job to fit in with your
ambitions now that you have learnt your way around, acquired some skills and have
some idea of where you want to go.
What sort of job should you look for? Much depends on your long-term aim. You
need to ask yourself whether you want to specialise in a particular field, work your way
up to higher levels of responsibility or out of your current employment to a broader field.
Whatever you decide, you should choose your second job very carefully. You should
be aiming to stay in it for two to three years.
This job will be studied very carefully when you send your letter of application for
your next job. It should show evidence of serious career planning. Most important, it
should extend you, develop you and give you increasing responsibility. Incidentally, if the
travel bug is biting, now is the time to pack up and go. You can do temporary work for a
while when you return, pick up where you left off and get the second job then. Future
potential employers will be relieved to see that you have got it out of your system, and
are not likely to go off again.
Juliette Davidson spent her first year after leaving St. Aldate's College wording for
three solicitors. It was the perfect first job in that "OK? They were very supportive people.
I was gently introduced to the work, learnt my way round an office and improved my
word processing skills. However, there was no scope for advancement. One day I gave in
my notice, bought an air ticket and travelled for a year."
Juliette now works as a Personal Assistant to Brenda Cleverdon, the Chief Executive
of Business in the Community. "In two and a half years I have become more able and my
job has really grown," she says. "Right from the beginning my boss was very keen to
develop me. My job title is the same as it was when I started but the duties have changed.
From mainly typing and telephone work, I have progressed to doing most of the
correspondence and budgets. I also have to deal with a variety of queries, coming from
chairmen of large companies to people wanting to know how to start their own business.
Brenda involves me in all her work but also gives me specific projects to do and events to
organise."

1. Who is intended to benefit from the advice given in the article?

A. Students who have just finished their studies.
B. People who are unhappy with their current jobs.
C Those who are interested in establishing a career.
D. People who change jobs regularly.

2. If you have a desire to travel, when does the writer suggest that you do it?
A. Straight after you have left college.
B. When you are unable to find a permanent job.
C. After you have done some temporary work.
D Between the first and second job.

3. What is meant by "you have got it out of your system" in Paragraph 4?

A. You have planned your career sensibly.
B. You are an experienced traveller.
C. You have satisfied your wish to travel.
D. You have learned to look after yourself.

4. How did Juliette Davidson benefit from the experience of her first job?
A. It was a good introduction to working in an office.
B. She met a variety of interesting people.
C. It enabled her to earn enough money to travel.
D. She learned how to use a word processor.

5. In what way is Juliette's current job better than her first job?
A. She has a more impressive job title.
B. She now knows how to start her own business.
C. She has been able to extend her skills.
D. She is more involved in the community.

Passage 2
Many employers are convinced that you can be trained on the job to perform
specific tasks but, after college, you cannot be trained to communicate well. One
company official even concludes, "If a candidate does not gain basic speaking and
writing skills at age twenty-one, he is a lost case." To sum up, your communication skills
have their final chance for development during your college years; they will not appear
magically later in life.
The message conveyed by these brief quotes is clear: technical expertise,
motivation, and creativity alone are not enough. At the very least, you will need to be a
part-technical writer. And without the ability to communicate, you may not get far.
A prospective employer will first judge your writing skills by the quality of the
application letter and resume. If you are hired by a large organization, your retention and
promotion may depend on decisions made by executives you have never met. In this
case, the quality of your letters, memos, progress reports, work orders, requisitions,
recommendation, and written instructions will be regarded as an indicator of the overall
quality of your work. This is hardly the time to let your competence be buried beneath
carelessly written reports. Good writing skills give you an advantage in any field. And as
you advance in your field, your ability to communicate will increase in importance while
your reliance on your technical background may correspondingly decrease. The higher
your professional goals are, the better communication will depend on how well you can
convey to others what you know.

6. The passage is mainly about _________.

A. the basic skills of an employer
B. the importance of communication skills
C. developing writing skills during college years
D. how to increase one's value to an organization

7. In this passage, the term "communication skills" chiefly refers to _________.

A. technical skills
B. reading skills
C. speaking skills
D. writing skills

8. In the first paragraph, "he is a lost case" means “_________.”

A. he is hopeless
B. he has missed the writing course
C. he is ignored
D. he doesn't know where to go

9. When one is working with a large company, his competence is largely determined by
_________.
A. his creativity
B. his technical knowledge and experience
C. the quality of his written work
D. his motivation

10. According to the passage, one's writing skills are usually developed _________.
A. at any time in his life
B. before he graduates from college
C. as soon as he enters college
D. only after he is employed

U4 P71-74

Passage 1
Opinion polls are now beginning to show an unwilling general agreement that,
whoever is to blame and whatever happens from now on, high unemployment is
probably here to stay. This means we shall have to find ways of sharing the available
employment more widely.
But we need to go further. We must ask some fundamental questions about the
future of work. Should we continue to treat employment as the norm? Should we not
rather encourage many other ways for self-respecting people to work? Should we not
create conditions in which many of us can work for ourselves, rather than for an
employer?Should we not aim to receive the household and the neighborhood, as well as
the factory and the office, as centres of production and work?
The industrial age has been the only period of human history in which most people's
work has taken the form of jobs. The industrial age may now be coming to an end, and
some of the changes in work patterns which it brought may have to be reversed. This
seems a discouraging thought. But, in fact, it could offer the prospect of a better future
for work. Universal employment, as its history shows, has not meant economic freedom.
Employment became widespread when the enclosures of the 17th and 18th
centuries made many people dependent on paid work by depriving them of the use of
the land, and thus of the means to provide a living for themselves. Then the factory
system destroyed the cottage industries and removed work from people's homes. Later,
as transport improved, first by rail and then by road, people travelled longer distances to
their places of employment until, eventually, many people's work lost all connection with
their home lives and the places in which they lived.
Meanwhile, employment put women at a disadvantage. It became customary for the
husband to go out to paid employment, leaving the unpaid work of the home and family
to his wife.
All this may have to change. The time has certainly come to switch some efforts and
resources away from the impractical goal of creating jobs for all, to the urgent practical
task of helping many people to manage without full-time jobs.

1. What idea did the author derive from the recent opinion polls?
A. Available employment should be restricted to a small percentage of the population.
B. New jobs must be created in order to rectify high unemployment figures.
C. Jobs available must be distributed among more people.
D. The present high unemployment figures are a fact of life.

2. The passage suggests that we should now reexamine our thinking about work and
_________.
A. be prepared to admit that being employed is not the only kind of work
B. create more factories in order to increase our productivity
C. set up smaller private enterprises so that we can employ others
D. be prepared to fill in the time by taking up housework

3. The passage tells us that the arrival of the industrial age meant that _________.
A. universal employment guaranteed prosperity
B. economic freedom came within everyone's reach
C. patterns of work were fundamentally changed
D. to survive, everyone had to find a job

4. As a result of the enclosures of the 17th and 18th centuries _________.

A. people were no longer legally entitled to own land
B. people were forced to look elsewhere for means of supporting themselves
C. people were not adequately compensated for the loss of their land
D. people were badly paid for the work they managed to find

5. It can be inferred from the passage that _________.

A. the creation of jobs for all is an impossibility
B. we must make every effort to solve the problem of unemployment
C. people should start to support themselves by learning a practical skill
D. we should help people to get full-time jobs

Passage 2
The long years of food shortage in this country have suddenly given way to apparent
abundance. Stores and shops are choked with food. Rationing is virtually suspended,
and overseas suppliers have been asked to hold back deliveries. Yet, instead of joy,
there is widespread uneasiness and confusion. Why do food prices keep on rising, when
there seems to be so much more food about? Is the abundance only temporary, or has it
come to stay? Does it mean that we need to think less now about producing more food
at home? No one knows what to expect.
The recent growth of export surpluses on the world food market has certainly been
unexpectedly great, partly because a strange sequence of two successful grain harvests
in North America is now being followed by a third. Most of Britain's overseas suppliers of
meat, too, are offering more this year and home production has also risen.
But the effect of all this on the food situation in this country has been made worse by
a simultaneous rise in food prices, due chiefly to the gradual cutting down of government
support for food. The shops are overstocked with food not only because there is more
food available, but also because people, frightened by high prices, are buying less of it.
Moreover, the rise in domestic prices has come at a time when world prices have
begun to fall, with the result that imported food, with the exception of grain, is often
cheaper than the home-produced variety: And now grain prices, too, are falling.
Consumers are beginning to ask why they should not be cabled to benefit from this
trend.
The significance of these developments is not lost on farmers. The older generation
have seen it all happen before. Despite the present price and market guarantees, farmers
fear they are about to be squeezed between cheap food imports and a shrinking home
market. Present production is running at 51 per cent above pre-war levels, and the
government has called for an expansion to 60 per cent by 1956; but repeated Ministerial
advice is carrying little weight and the expansion programme is not working very well.

6. Why is there "widespread uneasiness and confusion" about the food situation in
Britain?
A. The abundant food supply is not expected to last.
B. Britain is importing less food.
C. Despite the abundance, food prices keep rising.
D. Britain will cut back on its production of food.

7. The main reason for the rise in food prices is that _________.
A. people are buying less food
B. the government is providing less support for agriculture
C. domestic food production has decreased
D. imported food is driving prices higher

8. Why didn't the government's expansion programme work very well?

A. Because the farmers were uncertain about the financial support the government
guaranteed.
B. Because the farmers were uncertain about the benefits of expanding production.
C. Because the farmers were uncertain whether foreign markets could be found for their
produce.
D. Because the older generation of farmers were strongly against the programme.

9. The decrease in world food prices was a result of _________.

A. a sharp fall in the purchasing power of consumers
B. a sharp fall in the cost of food production
C. the overproduction of food in the food-importing countries
D. the overproduction on the part of the main food-exporting countries

10. What did the future look like for Britain's food production at the time this article was
written?
A. The fall in world food prices would benefit British food producers.
B. An expansion of food production was at hand.
C. British food producers would receive more financial support from the government.
D. It looks depressing despite the government's guarantee.

U5 P91-94
Passage 1
Large companies need a way to reach the savings of the public at large. The same
problem, on a smaller scale, faces practically every company trying to develop new
products and create new jobs. There can be little prospect of raising the sort of sums
needed from friends and people we know, and while banks may agree to provide
short-term finance, they are generally unwilling to provide money on a permanent basis
for long-term projects. So companies turn to the public, inviting people to lend them
money, or take a share in the business in exchange for a share in future profits. This they
do by issuing stocks and shares in the business through the Stock Exchange. By doing
so they can put into circulation the savings of individuals and institutions, both at home
and overseas.
When the saver needs his money back, he does not have to go to the company with
whom he originally placed it. Instead, he sells his shares through a stockbroker to some
other saver who is seeking to invest his money.
Many of the services needed both by industry and by cach of us are provided by the
government or by local authorities. Without hospitals, roads, electricity, telephones,
railways, this country could not function. All these require continuous spending on new
equipment and new development if they are to serve us properly, requiring more money
than is raised through taxes alone. The government, local authorities, and nationalized
industries therefore frequently need to borrow money to finance major capital spending,
and they, too, come to the Stock Exchange.
There is hardly a man or woman in this country whose job or whose standard of
living does not depend on the ability of his or her employers to raise money to finance
new development. In one way or another this new money must come from the savings of
the country: The Stock Exchange exits to provide a channel through which these savings
can reach those who need finance.

1. Almost all companies involved in new production and development must _________.
A. rely on their own financial resources
B. persuade banks to provide long-term finance
C. borrow large sums of money from friends and people they know
D. depend on the population as a whole for finance

2. The money which enables these companies to go ahead with their projects is
_________.
A. repaid to its original owners as soon as possible
B. raised by the selling of shares of the companies
C. exchanged for a part of ownership in the Stock Exchange
D. invested in different companies in the Stock Exchange

3. When the savers want their money back they _________.

A. ask another company to obtain their money for them
B. look for other people to borrow money from
C. put their shares of the company back in the market
D. transfer their money to a more successful company

4. All the essential services on which we depend are _________.

A. run by the government or our local authorities
B. in constant need of financial support
C. financed wholly by rates and taxes
D. unable to meet the needs of the population

5. The Stock Exchange makes it possible for the government, local authorities and
nationalized industries _________.
A. to borrow as much money as they wish
B. to make certain everybody saves money
C. to raise money to finance new developments
D. to make certain everybody lends money to them

Passage 2
A scientist who does research in economic psychology and who wants to predict the
way in which consumers will spend their money must study consumer behavior. He must
obtain data both on resources of consumers and on the motives that tend to encourage
or discourage money spending.
If an economist were asked which of the following three groups borrow most people
with rising incomes, stable incomes, or declining incomes — he would probably answer:
those with declining incomes. Actually, in the years 1947-1950, the answer was: people
with rising incomes. People with declining incomes were next and people with stable
incomes borrowed the least. This shows us that traditional assumptions about earning
and spending are not always reliable. Another traditional assumption is that if people who
have money expect prices to go up, they will hasten to buy. If they expect prices to go
down, they will postpone buying. But research surveys have shown that this is not
always true. The expectations of price increases may not stimulate buying. One typical
attitude was expressed by the wife of a mechanic in an interview at a time of rising prices,
"In a few months," she said, "we'll have to pay more for meat and milk; we'll have less to
spend on other things." Her family had been planning to buy a new car but they
postponed this purchase. Furthermore, the rise in prices that has already taken place
may be resented and buyer's resistance may be evoked. This is shown by the following
typical comment: "I just don't pay these prices; they are too high."
The investigations mentioned above were carried out in America. Investigations
conducted at the same time in Great Britain, however, yielded results that were more in
agreement with traditional assumptions about saving and spending patterns. The
condition most conducive to spending appears to be price stability. If prices have been
stable and people consider that they are reasonable, they are likely to buy. Thus, it
appears that the common business policy of maintaining stable prices is based on a
correct understanding of consumer psychology.
6. According to the passage, if one wants to predict the way consumers will spend their
money, he should _________.
A. rely on traditional assumptions about earning and spending
B. try to encourage or discourage money spending
C. carry out investigations on consumer behavior and obtain data on consumers'
incomes and money spending motives
D. do research on consumer psychology in a laboratory

7. According to Paragraph 2, research surveys have proved that _________.

A. price increases always stimulate people to buy things
B. rising prices may make people put off their purchase of certain things
C. women are more sensitive to the rise in prices than men
D. the expectation of price increases often makes buyers angry

8. The results of the investigations on consumer psychology carried out in America were
_________ those of the investigations made at the same time in Great Britain.
A. somewhat different from
B. exactly the same as
C. much better than
D. not as good as

9. From the results of the surveys, the author of this article _________.
A. concludes that the saving and spending patterns in Great Britain are better than those
in America
B. concludes that consumers always expect prices to remain stable
C. concludes that maintaining stable prices is a correct business policy
D. does not draw any conclusion

10. Which of the following statements is always true according to the surveys mentioned
in the passage?
A. Consumers will put off buying things if they expect prices to decrease.
B. Consumers will spend their money quickly if they expect prices to increase.
C. The price condition has an influence on consumer behavior.
D. Traditional assumptions about earning and spending are reliable.

U6 P111-114

Passage 1
There are a great many careers in which the increasing emphasis is on specialization.
You find these careers in engineering, in production, in statistical work, and in teaching.
But there is an increasing demand for people who are able to take in a great area at a
glance, people who perhaps do not know too much about any one field. There is, in other
words, a demand for people who are capable of seeing the forest rather than the trees, of
making general judgments. We can call these people "generalists." And these
"generalists" are particularly needed for positions in administration, where it is their job to
see that other people do the work, where they have to plan for other people, to organize
other people's work, to begin it and judge it.
The specialist understands one field; his concern is with techniques and tools. He is
a "trained" man and his educational background is properly technical or professional.
The generalist — and especially the administrator — deals with people; his concern is
with leadership, with planning, and with direction giving. He is an "educated" man and
the humanities are his strongest foundation. Very rarely is a specialist capable of being
an administrator. And very rarely is a good generalist also a good specialist in a particular
field. Any organization needs both kinds of people, though different organizations need
them in different proportions. It is your task to find out, during your training period, into
which of the two kinds of jobs you fit, and to plan your career accordingly.
Your first job may turn out to be the right job for you — but this is pure accident.
Certainly you should not change jobs constantly or people will become suspicious of
your ability to hold any job. At the same time you must not look upon the first job as the
final job. It is primarily a training job, an opportunity to understand yourself and your
fitness for being an employee.

1. There is an increasing demand for _________.

A. all-round people in their own fields
B. people whose job is to organize other people's work
C. generalists whose educational background is either technical or professional
D. specialists whose chief concern is to provide administrative guidance for others

2. The specialist is _________.

A. a man whose job is to train other people
B. a man who has been trained in more than one field
C. a man who can see the forest rather than the trees
D. a man whose concern is mainly technical or professional matters

3. The administrator is _________.

A. a "trained" man who is more a specialist than a generalist
B. a man who sees the trees as well as the forest
C. a man who is very strong in the humanities
D. a man who is an "educated" specialist

4. During your training period, it is important _________.

A. to try to be a generalist
B. to choose a profitable job
C. to find an organization which fits you
D. to decide whether you are fit to be a specialist or a generalist
5. A man's first job _________.
A. is never the right job for him
B. should not be regarded as his final job
C. should not be changed or people will become suspicious of his ability to hold any job
D. is primarily an opportunity to fit himself for his final job

Passage 2
Every organization has internal and external customers. Internal customers are an
organization's employees and it is important that they put the same focus on customer
care in their interaction with each other as they would with external customers. For
example, when I contact the accounts department or service desk at Sunrise, I expect to
be treated as a customer. Similarly, when employees contact me I aim to treat them as
customers and apply the same principles to them as I would to external customers such
as business partners and suppliers. If employees do not feel that they are being valued
and treated with respect, this can have a massive impact on the success of the
organization. Similarly, if a supplier is treated badly it will soon get back to an
organization's customers, which will damage the reputation of the organization. In short,
a customer is anyone who can affect my business in any way.
Both internal and external customers who are happy with the service they are
receiving will recommend the organization to others. They are also likely to have a certain
degree of loyalty and satisfaction with the company, which would prevent them from
going to a competitor. Everybody has heard terrible tales of poor customer service and
the expression "repetitions of a wrong piece of information would sound believable"
could not be truer. But it is worse than that. Poor customer service means a poor
reputation, which organizations cannot afford to have. And in the current climate, greater
choice means that service levels have to be even higher to retain customers. Potential
and existing customers can easily go to a competitor with a good reputation and they
certainly do not have to tolerate bad service. It is worth bearing in mind that good or bad
it is the customers' perception that counts!
We all know how frustrating it is to ring up an organization with a query and for it to
take forever to have it resolved. It is particularly annoying for existing customers who are
paying for a service. It is crucial that organizations keep customers updated on how near
their query or complaint is to be resolved. Companies that cut costs in the short term and
sacrifice "excellent" customer care as a result will soon realize that they will lose out
financially in the long term. Customers who do not feel valued and cannot get the
answers they require will soon take their business elsewhere.

6. The employees of a company should be regarded as customers, because _________.

A. the author prefers to be treated as a customer in his own company
B. it will have a good effect on business
C. they will resign and go to another organization
D. their external customers will learn the fact and damage the reputation of the
organization
7. Internal and external customers are both important because of the following reasons
EXCEPT that _________.
A. both of them will recommend the company to other people
B. both of them tend to develop a kind of loyalty to the organization they like
C. both of them are difficult to satisfy
D. both of them have a desire to be valued and respected

8. The word "retain" in Paragraph 2 means “_________.”

A. keep
B. train
C. attract
D. abandon

9. According to Paragraph 3, it is of the utmost importance for the company to

_________.
A. answer customers' queries and resolve them immediately
B. avoid annoying their customers by claiming payment for a service
C. keep their customer service excellent and modern
D. keep customers updated on possible solutions to their queries

10. What can you infer from the passage?

A. Excellent customer service can help cut costs.
B. External customers are more important than internal customers.
C. Customers' perception counts more than their satisfaction and loyalty.
D. The supreme principle of customer care is to make customers feel valued.

U7 P132-134

Passage 1
Film is a medium that might have been especially made for America, a Vast country
which, by the beginning of the twentieth century, had a large immigrant population, many
of whom could hardly speak English. These people would have had little use for the
theatre, even if they lived within easy distance of one, or for most of the books they could
buy because they did not have enough English. But the movies — the silent movies —
these they could all understand, so what America had more than any European country
was a huge captive audience, a large proportion of them pretty well uneducated. And
what these people wanted were simple stories in which, irrespective of the fact they
couldn't understand the captions, the action told all.
In feeding the growing demand for screen entertainment, America was greatly
helped by the First World War. Between 1914 and 1918 the making of films was not
exactly high on the list of any European country's priorities. Films continued to be made
but not to the same extent as before, and to fill the gap in foreign imports, America had to
increase its own production. By the end of the decade, with Hollywood now firmly
established as the centre of the industry, America was well on its way to monopolising
the world market.
But if by the beginning of the 1920s America was the world leader in film production,
it was not then nor has it been since in the lead when it comes to developing film as an
art form. Hollywood is not interested in art; it is interested in money and the two rarely go
together. To Hollywood film is, and really always has been, an industry. There is nothing
about this attitude that should make us look down on it. The maker of decent,
serviceable and mass-produced furniture is not to be looked down on because he isn't
Chippendale. You might wish he were, but that is another matter. So Hollywood quickly
recognised film as an entertainment medium with a unique ability to put people onto
seats and money in the pockets of producers, distributors and cinema managers and,
mostly, left it to other countries to develop its potential as an art form.

1. The large immigrant population in America preferred film to other entertainment media
because _________.
A. they did not have theatres close enough to their homes
B. they could not afford to buy books
C. the films, especially the silent films, were usually easy to understand
D. the film captions were simple

2. What made the American film industry develop during the First World War?
A. The drastic drop in imports.
B. The poor quality of European films.
C. The rapid growth of population.
D. The growing demand for war films.

3. What can we learn about the American film industry around 1920?
A. Art films produced in America were better than those made elsewhere.
B. More films were made in America than anywhere else.
C. Americans didn't like their own films.
D. Americans were the first to develop film as an art form.

4. What is Hollywood interested in according to the author?

A. Producing indecent films.
B. Making horror films.
C. Striving for artistic perfection.
D. Making money.

5. What does "its" in the last line refer to?

A. An entertainment medium.
B. Hollywood.
C. Film.
D. Money.
Passage 2
The quality of taped recordings was for many years worse than that of gramophone
records. But it gradually caught up as the equipment was improved. By 1940 tape
recorders of an advanced design were being produced, suitable for professional use but
not for the home. Then in 1947, American manufactures took those large, heavy
machines that ate up tape at the rate of thirty inches per second and began to turn them
into a real rival to the gramophone. They reduced the size and weight, lowered the
running speed, raised the sound quality and increased the playing time far beyond the
four minutes, which at that time represented the gramophone record's maximum.
The record industry's answer to this threat was to introduce the long-playing record,
which not only gave much longer continuous recordings than before but also are of
better wear and durability and much better quality. The increase in sound quality on
gramophone records was mainly due to tape recorders being used to make better
original recordings. So strange as it may seem, tape recorders helped to save the record
industry from the threat of tape recorders.
Since 1950 tape has led the way — not only in quality but by producing the first
really successful stereo recordings, by making recording a hobby available to all, and by
bringing a vast new industry of music into the record catalogues for the ease with which
music can be recorded onto tape. It has also opened the way for many compositions
ignored in the expensive days of the disc.
Sound technicians worked away at the problems of magnetic recording until they
were able to produce a seven-inch spool holding 1,200 feet of tape which was pulled
across the magnetic pick-ups at the speed of only fifteen inches per second. They might
have stopped at this point but, as science is the land where nothing is regarded as
perfect, they did not.
They devised three ways of increasing the playing time — by developing thinner tape
so that more could be wound onto a spool, by running the tape at a slower speed so that
it took longer to reach the end, and by recording more than one track along the tape. The
next step was double-play tape, followed by triple-play and, the most recent advance,
quadruple-play tape which is thinner than human hair!

6. What does the passage tell us about the quality of the earliest taped recordings?
A. It could not compare with that of gramophone records.
B. It was much better than that of gramophone records.
C. It was as good as that of gramophone records.
D. It was so good that tape recorders were used to make original recordings for
gramophone records.

7. Since when, according to the passage, have really good stereo recordings been
produced?
A. 1940.
B. 1970.
C. 1947.
D. 1950.

8. What did the record industry do when the tape recorder became a threat to its trade?
A. It began to produce smaller and lighter gramophones.
B. it introduced the long-playing record.
C. It lowered the prices of gramophones and gramophone records.
D. It did its best to raise the sound quality of gramophone records."

9. Using tapes for the original recordings made it possible to produce gramophone
records _________.
A. that lasted longer
B. that were cheaper
C. that played longer
D. that possessed better sound quality

10. Why, according to the author, did sound technicians continue to work hard after they
had achieved great successes with the tape recorder?
A. Because scientists are never satisfied.
B. Because the spools were too big and expensive.
C. Because too much tape was needed.
D. Because they wanted to make more money.

U8 P150-152

Passage 1|
Traditional models predict that fertility declines in a given population can best be
achieved through economic expansion. The southern Indian state Kerala, however, offers
a very different model. Kerala has a Total Fertility Rate roughly half that of India as a
whole, despite ranking last or near to last on traditional economic measures such as
employment and per capita income, and despite an economic growth rate only one tenth
that of India on a 10 year average.
Kerala achieved this reduction in fertility because the state and local government
focused on delivering reproductive and community health care, education, and sanitation
services to their citizens, rather than pursuing resource extraction and industrialization.
Today, Kerala has the highest literacy rate in India, and the lowest fertility rate. It also has
the lowest infant mortality rate in India, and an average life expectancy some 20 percent
greater than the nation as a whole.
Kerala is religiously more diverse than India as a whole. The population is 60 percent
Hindu, 20 percent Muslim, and 20 percent Christian. All religious categories have low
fertility in Kerala.
The other key factor is the much higher social status of women in Kerala, and the
fact that women possess significant economic rights there. Among the Nair tribal group,
for example, property is traditionally inherited by daughters, and the preference for male
children common in much of Asia is virtually absent in Kerala.

1. Compared with India on the whole, Kerala _________.

A. has nearly 50% higher fertility rate
B. has only 10% lower economic growth rate
C. has much lower unemployment rate
D. has much less per capita income

2. The writer puts forward the case of Kerala to indicate that _________.
A. fertility declines are not necessarily achieved through economic expansion
B. low employment rate will prevent fertility rate from declining
C. religious diversity in a country causes reduction in fertility
D. decreased fertility helps to raise the social status of women

3. According to the passage, the fertility rate in Kerala was reduced not through
_________.
A. establishing more health care centers
B. running more factories
C. setting up more schools
D. building more public restrooms

4. According to the passage, which of the following statements is true?

A. Kerala has the lowest fertility rate because it has the lowest economic growth rate.
B. Kerala has the lowest infant mortality rate because it has the lowest fertility rate.
C. on average, people in Kerala have longer life span than those in other Indian states.
D. People in Kerala prefer male children to female ones.

5. Based on the last paragraph, we can assume that women in Kerala would not
_________.
A. receive much education
B. prefer boys to girls
C. take care of children
D. do much housework

Passage 2
Executives are doers; they execute. Knowledge is useless to executives until it has
been translated into deeds. But before springing into action, the executive needs to plan
his course. He needs to think about desired results, probable restraints, future revisions,
check-in points, and implications for how he'll spend his time.
First, the executive defines desired results by asking: "What contributions should the
enterprise expect from me over the next 18 months to two years? What results will I
commit to? With what deadlines?" Then he considers the restraints on action: "Is this
course of action ethical? Is it acceptable within the organization? Is it legal? Is it
compatible with the mission, values, and policies of the organization?" Affirmative
answers don't guarantee that the action will be effective. But violating these restraints is
certain to make it both wrong and ineffectual.
The action plan is a statement of intentions rather than a commitment. It must not
become a straitjacket. It should be revised often, because every success creates new
opportunities. So does every failure. The same is true for changes in the business
environment, in the market, and especially in people within the enterprise — all these
changes demand that the plan be revised. A written plan should anticipate the need for
flexibility.
In addition, the action plan needs to create a system for checking the results against
the expectations. Effective executives usually build two such checks into their action
plans. The first check comes halfway through the plan's time period, for example, at nine
months. The second occurs at the end, before the next action plan is drawn up.
Finally, the action plan has to become the basis for the executive's time
management. Time is an executive's scarcest and most precious resource. And
organizations — whether government agencies, businesses, or nonprofits — are
inherently time wasters. The action plan will prove useless unless it's allowed to
determine how the executive spends his time.

6. What is the main purpose of this passage?

A. To make an introduction to the action plan.
B. To illustrate how to be an executive.
C. To stress the importance of an organization.
D. To propose new methods of action planning.

7. Which of the following is NOT true according to the passage?

A. If one disregards the restraints on action, he will make the action ineffectual.
B. It is necessary to check the results against the expectations.
C. Once the action plan is made, it shouldn't be changed.
D. The executive's time management is based on the action plan.

8. The word "straitjacket" in Paragraph 3 can be best replaced by “_________.”

A. apparel
B. perplexity
C. restriction
D. permanence

9. The executive needs to indicate how he'll spend his time in the action plan because
_________.
A. an organization doesn't have the ability to use time efficiently
B. time management is very important
C. executives don't have enough time
D. the action plan will prove useless
10. What is most likely to follow this passage?
A. How to avoid wasting time.
B. How to translate plans into action.
C. Why organizations are inherently time wasters.
D. How to make an action plan.

U9 P166-168

Passage 1
If you are in charge of a project, the key to success is getting everyone to want to
help you. As a director, I point, I suggest. I gently push the actors in the direction I want
them to go. In the 1986 movie, Nothing in Common, Jackie Gleason's character, Max
Basner, gets fired from his job as a clothing salesman. The scene, shot on a boat, shows
Max's despair about being out of work. I was looking for some gesture that would allow
Max to show his feelings.
Jackie had more experience at everything than I did, and at first I was frightened.
What could I possibly tell "The Great One" about acting: out of fear I decided to direct by
suggestion, and sat down with Gleason to talk about the scene, "So Max is sad, right?" I
said.
Gleason nodded.
"And he's probably still carrying his pens with his name on them — the ones he used
to hand out to his customers, right?"
Gleason nodded.
"So what would you want to do with the pens after you were fired?"
He was silent for a moment, "Why don't I throw them overboard?"
I stood up and turned toward the crew. "Hey, everybody, Jackie has a wonderful
idea. Let's shoot it."
After filming the scene, Gleason called me over and said with a smile, "Garry, what
kind of wonderful idea am I going to have tomorrow?"
You and your team can discover the answers to the problems together. When there
are no prizes or gold stars for who gets the solution first, you'll all benefit when
everything turns out right.

1. The author tells us that in order to succeed in a project you are in charge of, you
should _________.
A make everyone work for you
B. get everyone willing to help with the final say
C. let people know you have the final say
D. keep sending out orders to them

2. It can be inferred that _________.

A. Jackie GIeason is the director of the film Nothing in Common
B. Jackie Gleason is very angry when he is fired from his job
C. Max, a character in a film, is in very low spirits when he loses his job
D. Jackie Gleason is the writer of the film Nothing in Common

3. "The Great One" in Paragraph 2 refers to _________.

A. Gleason
B. the director himself
C. Max
D. Max's boss

4. Why did Gleason call the director over and smile at him? Because Gleason _________.
A. thought his wonderful idea was accepted by the latter
B. succeeded in hitting upon a wonderful idea
C. was confident about his work the next day
D. appreciated the latter's way of directing films

5. The most suitable title for the passage is _________.

A. Directing a Film
B. The Key to Success
C. A Wonderful Experience
D. Working with Film Stars

Passage 2
Economic recovery in the eurozone lost steam in the closing months of last year as
Germany's upturn ground to a halt, in a blow to the country's new government under
Angela Merkel, the Chancellor.
Germany's growth stagnates in the final quarter of 2005, after a robust expansion of
0.6 per cent in the previous three months. The disappointing sudden standstill in
Germany contributed to a halving in fourth-quarter GDP growth across the eurozone to a
modest pace of only 0.3 per cent. However, despite the bad news, economists, investors
and eurozone politicians all expressed confidence that both Germany and the eurozone
would still enjoy a renewed acceleration in the opening months of this year. A survey of
25,000 German companies reported that the outlook for corporate investment was at its
strongest for 11 years, while expectations for exports surged to a six-year high. The
mood among services firms also brightened, with companies' spirits buoyed by
expectation of a boost for consumer spending from this year's World Cup.
The confidence index in February is 69.8 — only a little below the two-year high of
70.0 set in January. Some economic think-tank said the results showed that optimism in
German financial markets had "stabilised at a high level," while the investment climate
remained positive. David Brown, an economist with Bear Stearns, backed the view of
many other analysts yesterday that most of the ingredients for a strong revival in German
economic activity this year remained in place. "Business confidence is still operating at a
high level, consumer optimism is building as the jobless rate trends lower, and real
activity levels are continuing to pick up," he said.
For now, yesterday's official figures continued to show little sign of any recovery in
German consumers' willingness to spend. The country's statistics office noted that
domestic demand had "contributed little" to the economy's fourth-quarter growing. It
was unclear to what extent consumer spending may have been depressed at the end of
last year by political uncertainties surrounding the creation of Germany's new
government under Frau Merkel. In the meantime, fourth-quarter growth relied instead on
what was described as "highly dynamic" net trade, and on Strong investment spending.
European finance ministers, meeting in Brussels, sought to brush aside the
discouraging economic news and strike an optimistic tone over prospects for this year.

6. Germany's economy _________.

A. expanded vigorously in the third quarter of 2005
B. experienced an abrupt slowdown in the first quarter of 2005
C. halved its fourth-quarter GDP growth rate to 0.3 per cent
D. was expected to enjoy a new development at the end of 2006

7. The eurozone's economy _________.

A. declined to 0.6 per cent as a result of the stagnation of Germany's economic recovery
B. would renew its growth following the economic recovery in Germany
C. declined, leading to Germany's economic standstill
D. would speed up in the first quarter of this year

8. Economists, investors and eurozone politicians all expressed confidence in the

economy of both Germany and the eurozone, because _________.
A. corporate investment had been vigorously expanded for about 11 years
B. the volume of export rose to its highest for 6 years
C. the World Cup would prompt consumer spending, and thus an economic boost
D. the services firms attracted a lot of corporate investment

9. The fourth-quarter economic growth in Germany relied on _________.

A. a net increase in trade
B. increasing consumer spending
C. increasing investment spending
D. declining jobless rate

10. What can you infer from the passage?

A. The confidence index of 70.0 was a two-year high compared with that of last February.
B. The shift of government in Germany should be partly responsible for the economic
standstill.
C. Domestic demand was a major contributor to the fourth-quarter economic growth in
Germany.
D. European finance ministers paid no attention to the sluggish economy in the
eurozone.
U10 P184-186

Passage 1
The ultimate goal of economic developments is to improve the well-being of people.
The building of factories, the terracing of land and the training of engineers are but
means toward that end; enhancing the reputation or wealth of political leaders and
increasing the prestige or power of nation states are irrelevant. Improving the health of
people is fundamental to improving their well-being. This being so, it is important to know
what "health" means. Health has long been defined by the 155 member states of the
World Health Organization (WHO) as "a state of complete physical, mental and social
well-being, and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity." The ultimate goal of
development can therefore be said to be health, in this broad sense, for all the people of
the world. It is as simple as that — and as complex.
It is complex because when it comes to defining health policies, assigning priorities,
allotting funds and planning and operating programs to give effect to the policies, it is not
easy for political leaders to technical experts in either the underdeveloped or the
developed countries to keep in mind the centrality of human development. There are two
conventional ways to view the relation between health and development. One sees
health as a prerequisite for development. The other sees health as a concomitant of
development. Both views are supported by evidence and both can motivate humane
development programs. They are not even mutually exclusive; rather they are mutually
supportive.
Health is indeed a prerequisite for economic and social advance. Mahatma Gandhi
once put it: "God does not speak to an empty stomach or a sick body" Neither does the
development message. Human energy is the fuel that drives development, the source not
only of physical work and other economic activity but also of hope for the future, social
awareness and the ability to absorb and apply new knowledge, all of which are essential
to development. Genuine measures to improve health are likely to contribute to general
socioeconomic advance.

1. According to the writer, which of the following will NOT lead to the improvement of
people's well-being?
A. The full utilization of land resources.
B. The enhancement of leaders' reputation.
C. The development of industry.
D. The training of technical personnel.

2. The definition of health by WHO is a combination of all the following EXCEPT

_________.
A. politically powerful
B. materially affluent
C. mentally healthy
D. physically sound

3. To achieve the ultimate goal of development can be complex chiefly because

_________.
A. there are no effective policies
B. there are often conflicting views
C. its central point is often forgotten by policy makers and implementers
D. it is no easy job to assign priorities

4. By quoting Mahatma Gandhi, the writer really means that _________.

A. social and economic development is based on people's well-being
B. God only favors the rich and the healthy
C. Health problem should be the very first concern in the development plan
D. People's well-being can be realized only after the socioeconomic advance

5. The purpose of the passage seems to _________.

A. explain the difference between health and well-being
B. give a definition of health entirely different from the conventional ones
C. show that improving people's well-being is a complex problem
D emphasize why people's well-being is fundamental to development

Passage 2
In America the middle class, and even the well-paid working class, have "pursued
happiness" according to the prescription of the Declaration of Independence, but in
recent years it has become more and more evident that this pursuit has led to a "brave
new world" of consumer goods and services. And as in Aldous Huxley's great novel of
that name, this world took over, not just the body, but the spirit of man. Not only does the
new Homo sapiens buy material junk at the supermarket, he buys spiritual junk from the
movies and television, those supermarkets of the soul. Man is now "happy" by definition;
but whether this is the happiness which the rebels of 1776 had in mind is an issue that
needs discussion.
It is certainly not the happiness sought by the rebels of the 1960s. They consider it a
form of consciousness too narrow to be dignified with the word "human," and so have
initiated an era of significant, if symbolic, protest. If hairdos and clothing, drugs and rock
music are hardly, in themselves, worth a fight to the death, for the rebels of the sixties
they have become symbols of more than just a lifestyle: they have become symbols of
another life, the essential life of human beings, the life of their deep affections and
soaring thoughts.

6. The author believes that man's "pursuit of happiness" in America has _________.
A. had disappointing results thus far
B. been essentially wrong from the beginning
C. produced a finer, braver kind of Homo sapiens
D. fulfilled the hopes of the American rebels of 1776

7. By saying “Man is now ‘happy’ by definition”, the author is suggesting that _________.
A. both the body and spirit of man are satisfied
B. real human happiness is probably unattainable
C. consumer goods are the essential ingredients of happiness
D. man believes himself to be happy even though he may not be

8. With the example of consumer goods that affect the spirit of man, the author refers to
_________.
A. the supermarket
B. material junk
C. movies and television
D. services in the “brave new world”

9. In comparing the rebels of 1776 with those of the 1960s, the author thinks that
_________.
A. happiness really meant the same thing for each group
B. each group believed in its own way of pursuing happiness
C. actually, neither group was fundamentally concerned with happiness
D. the rebels of the sixties were more concerned with happiness than those of 1776

10. For the rebels of the sixties, hairdos and clothing, drugs and rock music are
_________.
A. worth a fight to the death
B. fairly insignificant consumer goods
C. symbols of a lifestyle
D. things that represent the essential life of human beings

U11 P204-206

Passage 1
Questions 1 to 5 are based on the following passage:
An industrial society, especially one as centralised and concentrated as that of
Britain, is heavily dependent on certain essential services: for instance, electricity supply,
water, rail and road transport, the harbours. The area of dependency has widened to
include removing rubbish, hospital and ambulance services, and, as the cconomy
develops, central computer and information services as well. If any of these services
ceases to operate, the whole economic system is in danger.
It is this interdependency of the economic system which makes the power of trade
unions such an important issue. Single trade unions have the ability to cut off many
countries' economic blood supply. This can happen more easily in Britain than in some
other countries, in part because the labour force is highly organised. About 55 per cent of
British workers belong to unions, compared to under a quarter in the United States. For
historical reasons, Britain's unions have tended to develop along trade and occupational
lines, rather than on an industry-by-industry basis, which makes a wages policy,
democracy in industry and the improvement of procedures for fixing wage levels difficult
to achieve.
There are considerable strains and tensions in the trade union movement, some of
which arising from their outdated and inefficient structure. Some unions have lost many
members because of industrial changes. Others are involved in arguments about who
should represent workers in new trades. Unions for skilled trades are separate from
general unions, which means that different levels of wages for certain jobs are often a
source of bad feeling between unions. In traditional trades which are being pushed out of
existence by advancing technologies, unions can fight for their members' disappearing
jobs to the point where the jobs of other unions' members are threatened or destroyed.
The printing of newspapers both in the United States and in Britain has frequently been
halted by the efforts of printers to hold on to their traditional highly-paid jobs.
Trade unions have problems of internal communication just as managers in
companies do, problems which multiply in very large unions or in those which bring
workers in very different industries together into a single general union. Some trade union
officials have to be re-elected regularly; others are elected, or even appointed, for life.
Trade union officials have to work with a system of "shop stewards" in many unions,
"shop stewards" being workers elected by other workers as their representatives at
factory or works level.

1. Why is the question of trade union power important in Britain?

A. The economy is highly interdependent.
B. Unions have been established for a long time.
C. There are more unions in Britain than elsewhere.
D. There are many essential services.

2. Why is it difficult to improve the procedures for fixing wage levels?

A. Some industries have no unions.
B. Unions are not organised according to industries.
C. Only 55 per cent of the workers belong to unions.
D. Some unions are too powerful.

3. Because of their out-of-date organization, some unions find it difficult to _________.

A. change as industries change
B. get new members to join
C. learn new technologies
D. bargain for high wages

4. Disagreements arise between unions because some of them _________.

A. try to win over members of other unions
B. ignore agreements
C. protect their own members at the expense of others
D. take over other unions' jobs

5. In what ways are unions and large companies similar?

A. Both have too many managers.
B. Both have problems in passing on information.
C. Both lose touch with individual workers.
D. Both their managements are too powerful.

Passage 2
Concern with money, and then more money, in order to buy the conveniences and
luxuries of modern life, has brought great changes to the lives of most Frenchmen. More
people are working than ever before in France. In the cities the traditional leisurely
midday meal is disappearing. Offices, shops, and factories are discovering the greater
efficiency of a short lunch hour in company lunchrooms. In almost all lines of work
emphasis now falls on ever-increasing output. Thus the "typical" Frenchman produces
more, earns more, and buys more consumer goods than his counterpart of only a
generation ago. He gains in creature comforts and ease of life. What he loses to some
extent is his sense of personal uniqueness or individuality.
Some say that France has been Americanized. This is because the United States is a
world symbol of the technological society and its consumer products. The so-called
Americanization of France has its critics. They fear that "assembly-line life" will lead to
the disappearance of the pleasures of the more graceful and leisurely (but less
productive) old French style. What will happen, they ask, to taste, elegance, and the
cultivation of the good things in life — to joy in the smell of a freshly picked apple, a stroll
by the river, or just happy hours of conversation in a local café?
Since the late 1950s life in France has indeed taken on qualities of rush, tension, and
the pursuit of material gain. Some of the strongest critics of the new way of life arc the
young, especially university students. They are concerned with the future, and they fear
that France is threatened by the triumph of this competitive, goods-oriented culture.
Occasionally, they have reacted against the trend with considerable violence.
In spite of the critics, however, countless Frenchmen are committed to keeping
France in the forefront of the modern economic world. They find that the present life
brings more rewards, conveniences, and pleasures than that of the past. They believe
that a modern, industrial France is preferable to the old.

6. Which of the following is NOT given as a feature of the old French way of life?
A. Leisure.
B. Elegance.
C. Efficiency.
D. Taste.

7. Which of the following is NOT related to the new French way of life?
A. Shorter lunch hour.
B. Greater output.
C. Creature comforts.
D. Leisurely café talk.

8. Which of the following is NOT true about Frenchmen?

A. Many of them prefer the modern lifestyle.
B. They actually enjoy working at the assembly line:
C. They are more concerned with money than before.
D. They are more competitive than the older generation.

9. Which of the following is true about the critics?

A. The critics are greater in number than people enjoying the new way of life.
B. Student critics are greater in number than critics in other fields.
C. Student critics have, on occasion, resorted to violent means against the trend.
D. The critics are concerned solely with the present, not the future.

10. Which of the following best states the main idea of the passage?
A. Changes in the French way of life.
B. Criticism of the new lifestyle.
C. The Americanization of France.
D. Features of the new way of life.

U12 P224-226

Passage 1
Sociologists tell us that we are heading for a society leisure. The trend is
unmistakable. One hundred years ago, they point out, a worker put in 12 or 13 hours a
day, 6 days a week, and week followed week without annual vacation. But over the years
the picture has changed. Today the typical work week has five 8-hour days, and workers
enjoy about three weeks of paid vacation every year, with the result that today we spend
less time on the job as people did before.
In spite of this, today's worker may not feel that he has a great deal of leisure time.
This is because a lot of the non-work time is taken up with fulfilling family and social
obligations. For example, he feels that he should spend some time with his children every
day, and if a man does physical activity in his job, that too cuts into his free time.
Nevertheless, the final result is that we do have more leisure — more time free from
the obligations of work or any other social requirement. Leisure is time not used to earn
money or do things around the house which saves money. It is time spent only in seeking
satisfaction, and we give up what we are doing when it no longer satisfies us. Leisure
gives us the opportunity to recover from the physical and mental fatigue of work and it
frees our creative talents from the pressure and the form placed on us by the job.
Today's leisure is time programmed for doing what you want to. It does not have to
be made up the next day. This is something new. It really frees a person from the
workshop to enjoy, for a time, things in which he is interested. Man is about to go out to
the playground.

1. People have _________ today.

A. more leisure
B. less leisure
C. more work
D. less work

2. Although people spend less time on their jobs, they still feel they do not have enough
leisure time because of the following EXCEPT _________.
A. fulfilling family and social obligations
B. spending some time with their children
C. spending some time on travelling
D. doing physical exercise

3. Leisure is the time used to _________.

A. seek satisfaction
B. to earn money
C. to fulfill obligations
D. to fulfill any social requirement

4. Whenever it is leisure time, people usually _________.

A. find it difficult to decide what to do
B. make a careful plan about what to do
C. do anything they are interested in
D. go to the playground

5. According to the passage, leisure is NOT the time to _________.

A. seek pleasure
B. recover from the physical and mental fatigue of work
C. make preparations for the work of the next period of time
D. free ourselves from the pressure of work

Passage 2
Great managers may be charismatic or dull, generous or tightfisted, visionary or
numbers oriented. But every effective executive does the right thing for the enterprise.
They ask, "Is this the right thing for the enterprise?" They do not ask if it's right for the
owners, the stock price, the employees, or the executives. Of course they know that
shareholders, employees, and executives are important constituencies who have to
agree with a decision, or at least acquiesce in it, if the choice is to be effective. They
know that the share price is important not only for the sharcholders but also for the
enterprise, since the price/earnings ratio sets the cost of capital. But they also know that
a decision that isn't right for the enterprise will ultimately not be right for any of the
stakeholders.
This is especially important for executives at family-owned or family-run businesses
— the majority of businesses in every country — particularly when they're making
decisions about people. In the successful family company, a relative is promoted only if
he or she is measurably superior to all nonrelatives on the same level. At DuPont, for
instance, all top managers (except the controller and lawyer) were family members in the
early years when the firm was run as a family business. All male descendants of the
founders were entitled to entry-level jobs at the company. Beyond the entrance level, a
family member got a promotion only it a panel composed primarily of nonfamily
managers judged the person to be superior in ability and performance to all other
employees at the same level. The same rule was observed for a century in the highly
successful British family business J. Lyons & Company (now part of a major
conglomerate) when it dominated the British food-service and hotel industries.
Asking "What is right for the enterprise?" does not guarantee that the right decision
will be made. Even the most brilliant executive is human and thus prone to mistakes and
prejudices. But failure to ask the question virtually guarantees the wrong decision.

6. What does this passage mainly discuss?

A. The right things an effective executive should do for an enterprise.
B. The practice of doing the right thing for the enterprise.
C. The right decision for an effective executive to make.
D. The importance of making right decisions about people.

7. The word "constituencies" in Paragraph 1 is closest in meaning to “_________.”

A. members
B. officials
C. supporters
D. helpers

8. Which of the following is NOT true according to the passage?

A. Although effective executives may have very different characters from one another,
there is always something similar in their behaviors.
B. Effective executives know that the share price is just as important as the enterprise.
C. Shareholders, employees, and executives are important because decisions must be
approved by them.
D. If an executive does not care about the company's prosperity, it's impossible for him
to make the right decision.

9. What effective executives have in common is that _________.

A. they do what is right for the enterprise
B. they are practical
C. they don't think about their own needs and opportunities
D. they make the right decision

10. At DuPont, a relative should not be promoted unless!

A. he is better than other employees at his level
B. his promotion is approved by some nonfamily managers
C. his ability and performance are excellent
D. he has all the above conditions