KGAOLO Y A NTLHA

1.1 MATSENO

Go ya ka Shole (1988: 7)

Terama ke setlhangwa se se nang Ie bolotlegi,

mo go sona jaaka padi gonne se tshwantsha
ditiragalo ka baanelwa fela e farologana Ie padi
ka gonne yona e anama Ie teatere. Go rialo e
tlhalosiwa jaaka sedirwa sa teatere.

Se Shole a se gatelelang ke go re terama e na Ie balotlegi mme

gape e tshwantsha ditiragalo ka baanelwa. Go raya go re terama e
tshwanetse go diragatswa. Ntlha e e sa ntse e konotelelwa ke Malimabe
(1995: 3) fa are:

Tota terama e tshwanelwa ke go tshamekwa.

Ditiragalo dingwe motho 0 kgona go di tlhaloganya
botoka fa di diragatswa go na Ie fa di buiwa fela.

Se se bolelwang ke Malimabe ke go re terama ke sekwalwa se se

botlhokwa go ka diragatswa. Go ya go lebelelwa botlhokwa jwa terama
mo dikwalweng tsa Setswana go ya ka moo bo tlhagisiwang ka teng ke
basekaseki ba dikwalwa tsa Setswana.

Shole (1988: 48) 0 tlhalosa go re:

1
 Mo dingwageng di ka nna sornaarnane nngwe
tsa botlharni jwa diterarna go gatisitswe diterarna
di Ie sornaarnabedi tharo fela.

Se se raya go re sekwalwa sa terarna se botlhokwa rno Setswaneng Ie

fa rno tshirnologong go nnile Ie tlhokego ya dikwalwa tsa rnofuta o.
Go rarabolola rnathata a, bakwadi ba diterarna ba ne ba sirnolola go
fetolela diterarna tsa dipuo dingwe rno Setswaneng. Malirnabe (1995:7)
o tlatsa ntlha e ka go re:

Ketapele rno go tlhagiseng dikwalwa tsa Setswana

ke diphetolo tse di dirilweng rno dingwageng tsa
1800 Ie 1900.

Dingwe tsa dikwalwa tse ke: Bunyan's Pilgn·ms Progress, e e fetoletsweng

gonna, Loeto lwa ga Mokeresete (1848), ke Robert Moffat. Morago go
ne ga latela diphetolelo tsa diterarna tsa ga Shakespeare rno
Setswaneng, di kwadilwe ke Sol. T. Plaatje. Ka 1930, Plaatje 0 fetoletse
Comedy of Errors go Diphosophoso. Ka 1937, a phasalatsa Julius Caeser
ya nna Dintshontsho tsa boJuliuse Kesara. Ga se diphetolelo fela tse di
dirilweng rno Setswaneng. Malirnabe (1995:21) 0 tswelela pele ka go re:

Ngwaga wa 1945 e nnile 00 botlhokwa rno

tlhabologong ya dikwalwa tsa Setswana,
go nne e Ie ngwaga 0 rno go ona go kwadilweng
terarna ya Setswana, e leng Motswasele II ka
L.D. Raditladi.

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 Raditladi ga a a ka a felela rno go Motswasele Il 0 ne a tsweleia ka go
kwala diterama tse dingwe tsa Setswana. Se se netefatswa ke Malimabe
(1995:23) fa are:

Ka 1957 Raditladi 0 ne a kwala Dintshontsho

tsa Lorato. Yona e tlhagisa morero wa Ierato Ie
polaano.

Gantsi go fitlhelwa rno diterameng tsa Setswana merero e e atileng e Ie

lerato, bogosi Ie tumeio. Fa go lebelelwa diterama tsa bakwadi ba
tshwana Ie boNtsirne go fitlhelwa morero 0 0 tlhagelelang foo e Ie wa
Ierato. Tota go ka okediwa ka go re Ntsime ga jaana 0 kwadile diterama
tse dintsi go gaisa bakwadi botlhe rno Setswaneng. Se se kay a fa Ntsirne
a Ie botlhokwa tota jaaka moterama yo 0 tsamayang kwa pele mo
bokwading jwa terarna rno Setswaneng.

1.2 BOTLHOKWA JWA GA NTSIME

Ntsirne 0 botlhokwa rno bokwading Jwa Setswana. Botlhokwa jwa

gagwe bo tlhagisiwa ke Shole (1988:53) fa a mrnapisa Ie Raditladi Ie
Modise, mrne are:

Raditladi Ie Modise ba sekametse ka fa bogosing, Ie fa

gone mongwe Ie mongwe wa bona a Iatlhetse terama e e
rnabapi Ie rnorero wa lerato. Ntsime ke ena a arnaneng
bogolo Ie lerato Ie tumedi rno diterameng tsa gagwe.

Se se buiwang ke Shole se raya go re morero 0 Ntsime a 0 tlhagisang

thata mo diterarneng tsa gagwe ke wa lerato. Malimabe (1988:25) Ie ena
o gateIela se ka go re:

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 Pelo e Ja serati: e tlhagisa morero wa lerato Ie
Ie gatakang setso sa Batswana gore motho yo 0

tsaletsweng bogosi a nyale ngwana wa losika

lwa bogosi.

Malimabe Ie Shole ba a dumelana gore Ntsime 0 tlhagisa thata morero wa

lerato mo diterameng tsa gagwe tsa Setswana.Ntsime ga se mokwadi wa
diterama tsa Setswana fela. 0 tlhagelela gape mo bokwading Jwa
maboko a Setswana. Botswerere jwa gagwe jwa go kwala poko 0 bo
dirisa Ie fa a kwala dikwalwa tse dingwe tsa Setswana, jaaka diterama.
Malimabe (1995:28) fa a tlaleletsa kgang e, are:

Bokgoni jwa ga Ntsime mo dikwalweng ke go

dirisa mokgwa wa poko Ie maano go tlhagisa kgolo
ya maikutlo Ie kgotlhang.

Malimabe (1995:29) 0 tswelela pele ka go re:

Taunyane Ie Ntsime ba lekile go ithuta botsweletsi

jwa botlhami jwa maboko a kakanyo e e boteng.
Poko ya bona e humile tshwantshiso Ie didirisiwa
tse dingwe tsa poko go supa bokao. Fela jaaka
dikwalwa tsotlhe tsa gagwe, Ie mo go
Matlhotlhapelo, Ntsime 0 dirisitse bokgoni Jwa
poko jaaka morumo Ie papiso.

Ka jalo Ntsime 0 botlhokwa mo bokwading jwa Setswana.

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1.3 MEFUTA YA DITERAMA TSA SETSWANA

Go ya go lebelelwa mefuta e e leng teng ya diterama tsa Setswana. Go

fitlha ga jaanong go na Ie mefuta ya diterama tsa Setswana e e latelang:

• Terama ya masetlapelo (Tragedy)

Mo rnofuteng 0 go fitlhelwa dikwalwa tsa diterama tsa Setswana di se

kae fela. Go tla nopolwa fela di se kae tsa bakwadi ba Ie bane e leng:
Dintshontsho tsa Lerato (1957) ka L.D. Raditladi, Kobo e ntsho (1968) ka
1.M. Ntsime, Magagana (1974) ka D.M. Modise Ie Dintshontsho tsa
boJuliuse Kesara (1984) ka W. Shakespeare mme e fetoletswe rno
Setswananeng ke S.T. Plaatje.

• Terama ya metlae (comedy)

Go ya go nopolwa diterama tsa bakwadi ba Ie bane e leng, Diphosophoso

(1974) ka S.T. Plaatje, Bobi jwa segokgo (1991) ka M. Makbaya, Nko ya

kgomo (1993) ka M. Tsambo Ie Botshe jwa lefatshe (1993) ka M.

Sekgobela.

• Terama ya lerato

Mo mofuteng 0 wa terama ya lerato, tse di latelang di se kae fela di

lekane: Pelo e ja serati (1975) ka 1.M. Ntsime, Lerato ke eng (1980) ka
J.M. Ntsime Ie Ke jewa ke terato (1992) ka M. Magasa.

Mefuta e ka gongwe e na Ie e mengwe ka fa gare ga yona jaaka e e

latelang:

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* KgangtsweIeIopeIe (Teramaradio) Ie tiragatso ya thelebisene (TV
Drama)

Go na Ie mefuta e Ie mebedi ya teramaradio Ie tiragatso ya thelebisene.

Ke mofuta wa terama e khutshwane (short drama) Ie terama e telele
(series). Dikao tsa mofuta 0 mokhutshwane ke: Thothobolo (1989) ka
M.M. Mabilu, Ke mpege ya bosigo (1989) ka S.l. Shole, 0 ntsheldsetsa
eng ka T.S. Matsileng Ie Eo tla sa jang (1989) ka C. Modise. Dikao tsa
mofuta 0 motelele tsona ke: Ngwanaka 0 tla nkgopola (1986) ka E.
Maele, Mmalonya (1987) ka S.K. Matseke, Le tla mpona (1987) ka D.
Mothibi Ie Ke Morwa Monatong (1989) ka D. Mothibi. Mofuta 0 moleele 0

tshamekiwa ka malatsi a Ie mantsi fa 0 mokhutshwane 0 ka tsaya letsatsi

fela.

Motshameko wa Tiragalo (History Drama)

Mo mofuteng 0 go na Ie dikao tsa diterama tse di latelang:

Motswasele II (1945) ka L.D. Raditladi, Puso ya ga kgosi Faro (1949) ka
S.A. Moroke, Magagana (1965) ka D.M. Modise Ie Gareng ga Metswi
(1967) ka D.M. Modise.

Terama ya kgaolo e Ie nngwe (One Act Play)

Ka 1979 1.M. Ntsime 0 kwadile Matlhotlhapelo mme mo sekwalweng se

sa terama, go tlhagelela diterama di Ie tharo tsa kgaolo e Ie nngwe, e leng
"Letlhokwa ", "Ga ke mosimanyana" Ie "Ikotlhae ". Ka 1984 D.P.

Keamogetse Ie ena 0 ne a kwala mo go Ikarabele, diterama di Ie tharo

e leng: "Leina ke eng", "Ditonld ke tsa ga mang" Ie "Thuto ke eng".

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 Diterama tse tharo tse tsa ga Keamogetse Ie tsona e ntse e Ie tsa kgaolo
e Ie nngwe.

Go ya ka kgaoganyo e, go tla lemogiwa gore uSe se jeleng rre JJ ke

terama ya matlhotlhapelo ka gonne go tlhagelela masetlapelo mo go
yona. Ka jalo tlhotlhomiso e, e ya go sekaseka terama e, jaaka ya
matlhotlhapelo ka gonne go tlhagelela masetlapelo mo go yona.

1.4. MAIKAELELO

Go ya ka Groenewald (1995:2) terama e na Ie matlhakore a Ie mabedi, e

leng la kanedi mmogo Ie la tiragatso ka gonne e ka tshamekwa. 0
tswelela 'pele ka go re:

Bjale mahlakore ao a mabedi a tIo

lekolwa gore mosomo wa mogwadi Ie wa
motsweletSi e lemogwe ga botse. Le ge
mesomo ya bathe bao ba babedi e
fapana, e lego go ngwala Ie go tSweletSa
terama, ba na Ie tebanyo e tee, ke go
diragatSa tSe di ngwadilweng.

Puo e ya ga Groenewald e gatelela gore fa terama e sekasekwa go ka

tlhalosiwa gore e na Ie matlhakore a Ie mabedi e leng letlhakore la
kanedi Ie la tiragatso. Maikaelelo a patlisiso e ke go sekaseka
letlhakore la kanedi thata go feta la tiragatso. Seo ga se bue gore
tlhotlhomiso e, ga e kitla e lebelela letlhakore la tiragatso, Ie Ion a Ie
tla amiwa go se go kae fela.

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 Jaanong go ya go lebelelwa basekaseki ba ba setseng ba sekasekile
terama e ya ga Ntsime, e leng, Se se jeleng rre.

Tlhotlhomiso e lemogile gore terama e ga e ise e sekasekiwe ke ope. Le

fa go na Ie basekaseki ba ba sekasekileng diterama tse dingwe tsa ga
Ntsime jaaka Shole, Mogapi Ie Malimabe, fela ga go ope wa bona yo 0

sekasekileng Se se jeleng rre.

1.5. MOKGWA WA TLHOTLHOMISO

Mo mokgweng wa tlhotlhomiso go ya go dirisiwa mareo a Ie mabedi e

leng go tlhalosa (define) le go ranola (interpret) fa go sekasekiwa tiro ya
bokgabo ya ga Ntsime, mo go Se se jeleng rre.

Tlhotlhomiso e, e ya go farologanya mareo a go bontsha ka moo e seng

makaelagongwe ka teng. Le fa mareo a, a ka bonagala e kete ke
makaelagongwe, a ya go tlhalosiwa e se ona.
Go tlosa tlhakatlhakano e e ka nnang teng, go ya go tlhalosiwa mareo a
ka boleelenyana.

(i) Go tlhalosa (define) ke go bontsha diponagalo tsa se se

tlhalosiwang. Go tshegetsa kgang e go ka fiwa sekao sa "motho".
Diponagalo tse dikgolo tsa motho ke: tlhogo, sefatlhego, matsogo, diatla Ie
maoto.
(ii) Go ranola (interpret) ke go neela mesola ya diponagalo tsa se se
tlhalosiwang jaaka: "motho" fa godimo. Go tla lebelelwa mesola ya
diponagalo tsa motho. Tlhogo ke bonne jwa tlhaloganyo, sefatlhego ke
sa boitshupo (temogo), matsogo Ie diatla tiro ya tsona ke go tshwara Ie
go kuka mme tiro ya maoto ke go tsamaya.

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 Tlhotlhomiso e ya go latela tlhaloso ya mareo jaaka a tlhalositswe fa
godimo mo go Se se jeleng rre.

1.6. TLHALOSO YA DIKGOPOLO

Dikakanyo tse di yang go tlhalosiwa ke tse tlhano, mme tsona ke:

diteng, thulaganyo, puo Ie setaele (mokwalelo), matlhotihapelo Ie phatose
(pathos).

Groenewaid (1992:1) 0 tlhalosa gore sekwalwa se tshwana Ie segwere sa

eie se se nang Ie matIaIo a mararo. Se se raya go re sekwalwa sengwe Ie
sengwe se na Ie sebopego. Sebopego seo se ka tIhaIosiwa ka
setshwantsho se:

Puo Ie setaele (mokwalelo)

Thulaganyo
Diteng

Setshwantsho se se tihalosa gore sekwalwa se na Ie matialo a mararo, e

leng diteng, thulaganyo Ie puo Ie setaele (mokwaleIo). Jaanong go ya go
tIhaIosiwa matlalo a mararo a.

1.6.1. Diteng

Diteng ke letlalo la ntlha la ka fa gare la sekwalwa. Strachan (1988:15) fa a

tlhalosa karolo e ya sekwalwa, are:

Hiervan IS die geskiedenis die laag wat die leser

9
 uit die verhaal kan rekonstrueer deur onder rneer die

gebeurtenisse in chronologise volgorder te plaas.

Puo e ya ga Stranchan e tlhalosa gore ka rno gare ga Ietlalo la diteng

go baakanngwa ditiragalo tse di Iatelanang. Marggraff (1994:104) fa a

tlhalosa nako mo setlhangweng are:

Time of the story relates to the time which

IS occupied by the events (narratological
time) and the period in which the events
take place (historical time).

o tswelela pele ka go re:

This explanation of time on story level will be

modified somewhat In order to incorporate
another aspect of time, namely the time of the
year at which events take place or the time of
the day etc. Historical time will thus be
renamed "real time".

Marggraff 0 gatelela gore nako ya sekwalwa ke nako e ditiragalo di

diragalang ka yona . Nako e e ka nna ngwaga kgotsa letsatsi mme ke

yona nako ya nnete ya ditiragalo.

Dikakanyo tsa borateori ba mabapi Ie diteng di akarediwa ke Mojalefa

(1995:4) fa a tlhalosa gore diteng ke dikgang tse e leng bogologolo di Ie
teng pele ga fa mokwadi a ka akanya ka go di kwala Ie go di

rulaganya go ya ka mo a ratang ka teng. 0 tswelela pele ka go re:

10
 Ditaba tseo di swanetse go tlemagangwa
ke sererwa.

Mojalefa 0 tlhalosa botlhokwa jwa setlhogo mo go diteng ka go re

setlhogo ke sona se golaganyang ditiragalo tsa diteng. Jaanong go ya
go lebelelwa se setlhogo e leng sona.

• Setlhogo (Topic)

Setlhogo ke kgang e e rerwang mo sekwalweng. Fa Mojalefa (1993:33) a

tlhalosa setlhogo are:

Sererwa ke taba yeo e bolelwago goba e

rerwago.

Se a se gatelelang ke go re setlhogo ke kgang e e rerwang, ke go re

kgang ego buiwang ka ga yona mo setlhangweng. 0 tswelela pele ka go
re:
Sona sererwa se se lomagantswe go ba
selo se tee gomme se lebagane thwii Ie
historilditeng.

Kgang e, e tlhalosa gore mosola wa setlhogo ke go golaganya ditiragalo

tsa setlhangwa go nna selo se Ie sengwe. Marggraff (1994:104) ena mo
ntlheng e ya setlhogo are:

Topic influences all four elements of level one

(content) mainly events and characters and in
principle also time and place.

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Go raya go re setlhogo ke sona se nang Ie tlhotlheletso e kgolo rno
kgatong e ya diteng go nne ke sona se golaganyang ditiragalo Ie
baanelwa, gape Ie nako Ie lefelo.

* Botlhokwa jwa setlhogo

Go ya ka Malirnabe (1995:76) setlhogo se botlhokwa ka gonne:

se laola ditiragalo
se golaganya ditiragalo
se bontsha fa ditiragalo di sirnololang Ie rno di felelang teng
se lernosa rnrnusi, ditiragalodikgolo Ie rnoanelwarnogolo.

Go ya go tlhalosiwa dintlha tse tlhano tse di fa godirno tse tsa

botlhokwa jwa setlhogo.

(i) Setlhogo se laola ditiragalo

Ditiragalo tse di laolwang ke setlhogo ke ditiragalo tsa botlhokwa.

Ditiragalo tsa botlhokwa ke ditiragalo tse di tshwanetseng go nna teng
rno sekwalweng. Go tla nopolwa dikao tsa ditiragalo tsa botlhokwa rno
go Se sejeleng rre, e Ieng:

Tiragalo ya botlhokwa ya ntlha: Monna 0 nyatsa lelapa la gagwe.

Tiragalo ya botlhokwa ya bofelo: Kwa bofelong 0 tsena mo mathateng.

Ditiragalo tsa botIhokwa ke ditiragalo tse go ka tweng ke dipinagare

tse terarna e, ya Se se jeleng rre e theilweng rno go tsona. Tatelano ya
ditiragalo tse tsa botlhokwa, ya ntlha Ie ya bofelo, di laolwa ke setlhogo.
Kgang e, e tla tlhalosiwa sentle kwa pele.

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(ii) Setlhogo se go]aganya ditiragalo

Ditiragalo tsa botlhokwa tse pedi tse, e leng tiragalo ya botlhokwa ya

ntlha Ie ya bofelo di lornaganngwa ke setlhogo go nna selo se Ie

sengwe. Ditiragalo tsa kwa tshirnologong Ie tse di kwa bokhutlong di a

golagana.

(iii) Setlhogo se lao]a ditiragalo

Nako Ie lefelo tsa ditiragalo tsa botlhokwa tse pedi tse, Ie tsona di
laolwa ke setlhogo. Ke go re ke setlhogo se se laolang tikologo. Sekao
rno go Se se jeleng rre ke tiragalo ya go re kgosi Selebi 0 tswa kwa ga
gagwe mo mosong (nako) mme 0 ya kwa ga Mmapitsa (Iefe]o). Ka jalo
tikologo ya terama e, e laolwa ke setlhogo.

(iv) Setlhogo se bontsha mo dikgang di simololang

teng Ie mo di felelang teng

Ke setlhogo se se laoJang tshimologo ya ditiragalo tsa terama e ya ga

Ntsime, mme ke son a se laolang Ie bokhutlo jwa tsona , ke go re ke
sona se dirang gore tiragalotshwanelo e ya ntlha , e leng: go nyatsa
leJapa ga kgosi Selebi, e nne yona ya ntlha rnme tiraga lotshwanelo ya
bofelo, e le ng: go n na mo m a thateng ga kgosi Selebi, e nne yon a ya

bofeJo.

(v) Setlhogo se laola diti r agalodikgolo Ie baanelwab agolo

Gc nna te ng ga ditiragaJodikg olo ts e, e leng go nyatsa lelc.pa ga kgosi

Selebi Ie go nna mo mathateng ga gagwe di laolwa ke setlhogo sa

terama e.

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 Setlhogo se lemosa mmuisi baanelwabagolo ba terama e e theilweng mo
go bona. Ka jalo setlhogo se botlhokwa mo tshekatshekong ya diteng.
Malimabe (1993:62) fa a tswelela pele ka mosola wa setlhogo 0 tlhalosa
gore setlhogo ke motheo wa tshekatsheko ya diteng ka gonne
dielemente tsotlhe tsa diteng di laolwa ke sona.

1.6.2. Thulaganyo (Poloto)

Thulaganyo ke letlalo la bobedi la sekwalwa. Cuddon (1976:676) fa

a tlhalosa lereo Ie are:

Plot is a plan,design, scheme or pattern of events in a

play, poem or work of fiction and further, the
organisation of incidents and characters in such a
way as to induce curiosity and suspense in the
spectator or reader.

Se Cuddon a se tlhalosang ke go re thulaganyo ke polane (plan). Ke go re

ke mo baanelwa Ie ditiragalo tsa diteng di rulaganngwang teng.
Mokwadi fa a rulaganya dikgang tse, 0 di baakanya gore di ngoke
mmuisi. Fa a tswelela pele Cuddon 0 bua ka moo Aristotle a tlhalosang
gore dikgang tsa thulaganyo di tshwanetse go nna Ie tshimologo, bogare
Ie bokhutlo. Ditiragalo tseo, go ya ka Serudu (1992:48), di tshwanetse
go latelana go ya ka botlhokwa jwa tsona.

Groenewald (1992:22) ena are dikgang tsona tse, di fiwa tiro, ke go re

baanelwa, ditiragalo, nako Ie lefelo, e leng tsona dielemente tsa thulaganyo,
di fiwa tiro. 0 tswelela pele ka go re mokwadi a ka oketsa dikgang fa a
rulaganya ditiragalo tsa sekwalwa. Fa a tlhalosa kgang e are:

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 Mongwadi 0 ikgethela ditaba Ie ditiragalo tse a
ratago go di somisa ge a ngwala sengwalo. Ge a
rata a ka oketsa ka ditlhaloso tse dingwe tse di sa
kwanego Ie diteng. Ditaba tse ka moka di
rulaganywa gore di lebane Ie maikemisetSo/tebanyo
ya gagwe.

Se se tlhalosiwang ke Groenewald ke go re mokwadi 0 itlhophela

ditiragalo tse di botlhokwa tse a ratang go di dirisa fa a kwala sekwalwa.

• Thitokgang

Peck and Coyle (1984:41) fa ba tlhalosa thitokgang ba re:

The theme of work is the large idea or

concept it is dealing with.

Se Peck Ie Coyle ba se kayang ke go re thitokgang ke yona

kgangkgolo e mokwadi a kwalang ka ga yona. Gona mo ntlheng ya
thitokgang, Mojalefa (1993:74) are:

Ke ge mongwadi a hlalosa kgopolo go ba tebelelo

ya gagwe ge a ngwala mabapi Ie taba goba tiragalo
yeo a e lemogilego bophelong. Ke motheo wa
sengwalwa sa mongwadi.

Mojalefa 0 gatelela gore thitokgang ke yona motheo wa sekwalwa.

Mokwadi 0 tsweledisa thitokgang pele ka go tIotla dikgang tse a di
rulagantseng. Ke go re thitokgang ke yona e laolang thulaganyo.

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 Go ka akaretswa ka go re thulaganyo ke foreime e ditiragalo tsa
sekwaiwa di diragaielang mo go yona. Mokwadi 0 rulaganya dikgang tse
go tihagisa maikaielo a gagwe, a e Ieng ona thitokgang.

1.6.3. Setaele (Mokwalelo)

Le fa maikaeIeio a tihotlhomiso e, e Ie go sekaseka matIaIo a mabedi a

ntlha a sekwalwa, e Ieng diteng Ie thulaganyo, puo Ie setaele (mokwaleIo)
Ie tsona, jaaka letlalo la bofelo la sekwalwa di ya go tlhalosiwa ka
bokhutshwane fela.

Puo Ie setaele (mokwalelo) ke Ietlalo la boraro, e leng la bofelo Ia

sekwaiwa. Holman (1936:514) fa a tlhalosa puo Ie setaele (mokwalelo) a
re ke:

The arrangement of words in a manner in which

at once best express the individuality of the
author on the idea and intent in his mind.

Se Holman a se tlhalosang ke go re puo Ie setaele ke mokgwa 0

mokwadi a itlhalosang ka teng ka go dirisa mafoko a a rileng.

Groenewald (1991 :79) ena 0 di baya jaana:

Ge polelo e somiswa ka mokgwa wa gore

mongwadi a itlhalose go bolelwa ka ga
mongwalelo/setaele sa gagwe. Setaele se
bonagatswa ke go somiswa ga mantsu Ie
mafoko.

16
 Go mo pepeneneng gore Groenewald 0 gatelela fa mokwalelo 0

golagane Ie puo. Go ka twe puo ke karolo ya mokwalelo ka gonne e

dirilwe ka mafoko Ie dipolelo. Ka jalo mokwalelo 0 golagane Ie ka moo
puo e dirisiwang ka teng. Ke ka ntlha e Mojalefa (1995:40) a reng:

Ke polelo yeo e tiisago moko wa ditaba. Ke yona

polelo yeo mongwadi a dirago segwera Ie mmadi
gobane mongwadi 0 ntsha khuduego. Go
gatelelwa gore mongwalelo ga 0 laolwe ke
dikapolelo fela, eupsa 0 laolwa Ie ke khuduego Ie
maikutlo tSeo di tswetsago moko wa ditaba.

Se se bolelwang ke Mojalefa ke go re go tshwanetswe ga t1hokomelwa

gore puo Ie setaele (mokwalelo) ga di laolwe ke dikapuo fela, gape di
ka laolwa ke maikutlo a mokwadi a tlhagisang thitokgang ka ona.

1.6.4. MatlhotJhape]o

Bontsi jwa basekaseki ba matlhotlhapelo ba lebaganya matlhotlhapelo Ie

terama. E kete botlhangwa JO Jwa matlhotlhapelo bo totisiwa
mofutatlhangwa wa terama ka gale. Smith (1983:294) fa a tlhalosa
matlhotlhapelo are:

Tragedy is a drama in which the protagonist falls

from happiness to misfortune as a result or
harmatia or tragic flaw. The falling protagonist
who elicits from the audience most pity and
terror occupies from the beginning a high station
of authority.

17
Smith 0 gatelela gore mo terameng ya matihotihapelo molwantshiwa 0

welwa ke masetlapelo ka ntlha ya makoa a gagwe. Molwantshiwa a ka

simoioia e Ie moanelwa wa maemo a a kwa godimo fela a ka wa ka
ntlha ya makoa a gagwe. Ka jalo mmuisi ga a itsalanye Ie ena.

Peck and Coyle (1984:96) Ie Mogapi (1991: 1) Ie bona tlhaloso ya bona e

sa ntse e lebagane Ie terama ka gonne Ie bona ba re terama ya
matlhotlhapelo ke mofutakwalwa wa motshameko 0 mo go ona batho
ba Ie bantsi ba tsenang mo mathateng gongwe ba be ba latlhegelwe ke
matshelo a bona.

Go ya ka Holman (1936:532), matlhotlhapelo, ga a arne terama fela, a

ama Ie dikwalwa tse dingwe mo moanelwa kgotsa motho wa maemo a
a kwa godimo, a weI wang ke madimabe. Fa a netefatsa kgang e ya
gagwe Holman are:

In the middle ages the term tragedy did

not refer to drama but to any narrative
which recounted how a person of high
rank through illfortune or his own vice
or terror, fell from high estate to low.

Se se gatelelwang ka matlhotlhapelo ke go re moanelwamogolo wa

sekwalwa se, ke yo 0 utlwelwang botlhoko ke mrnuisi ka gale. E bile
mofuta 0, wa sekwalwa 0 theilwe mo godimo ga khuduego kgotsa
maikutlo a mokwadi. Ka jalo puo e tshwanetse go nna ya maikutlo a a
Iebaganeng Ie kutlobotlhoko (Malimabe, 1995: 28).

18
1.6.5. Phatose (Phathos)

Cuddon (1996:681) fa a tlhalosa "phatose" are:

From the greek root for suffering or deep feeling

is the quality in art and literature which
stimulates pity, tenderness or sorrow in the the
reader or viewer.

Se Cuddon a se tlhalosang ke kutlobotlhoko e kgolo thata, e e feteletseng

ya moanelwamogolo. Ka ntlha ya mathata a a mo diragalelang mmuisi 0

gapeletsega go mo utlwela botlhoko. Ke ka ntlha e Priminger Ie Brogan

(1993:889) ba lebaganyang mofuta 0 wa sekwalwa Ie go kgotlha
maikutlo a mmuisi fa ba re ke:

evoking an audience's emotion in order to use

them as a means of persuation.

Puo e, e bua gore moanelwa yo 0 kgotlha maikutlo a mmuisi gore a mo

utlwele botlhoko. Mmuisi 0 utlwisiwa botlhoko thata go tIoga kwa
tshimologong go ya kwa bokhutlong. Go tla tlhokomelwa gore molwantshiwa
wa teng ke motho wa mofuta mango Ke go re a ke motho wa ka gale
fela kgotsa ke yo 0 tlhokang makoa. (Malimabe, 1995 : 29).

Go ka akaretswa ka go re sekwalwa sa "phatose" se lebagane Ie

kutlobotlhoko e e feteletseng. Le fa ditiragalo tsa teng e Ie tse di siameng
molwantshiwa ena 0 tsena mo mathateng ka dinako tsotlhe.

19
 • Pharologano magareng a matlhotlhapelo Ie "phatose"

Sekwalwa sa matlhotlhapelo se lebagane Ie masetlapelo ka go nne se na

Ie diponagalo tsa go utlwisa botlhoko, fa sekwalwa sa phatose son a se
lebagane Ie go utlwisa botlhoko go go feteletseng. Le fa moanelwamogolo
wa sekwalwa sa matlhotlhapelo e Ie motho wa maemo, 0 na Ie go wa
mo maemong a a gagwe ka ntlha ya makoa a gagwe a a rileng.
Moanelwamogolo wa sekwalwa sa "phatose" ena ke motho wa ka gale,
ke go re motho fela, yo 0 se nang makoa, mme Ie fa go Ie jalo 0

welwa ke mathata.

Thulaganyo ya sekwalwa sa "phatose" ga e a raraana, fa ya sekwalwa sa

matlhotlhapelo e raraane, go ya ka Malimabe (1995: 129). Pharologano e e
fa godimo e, e ka akarediwa ka lenaneo Ie Ie latelang.

Matlhotlhapelo Phatose

Molwantshiwa

* Moanelwamogolo 0 na Ie * Moanelwamogolo ga a na
makoa. makoa fela 0 wela mo
masetlapelong a a feteletseng.

* Molwantshiwa ke motho wa * Molwantshiwa ke motho fela

maemo

* Monaelwamogolo 0 simolola e * Moanelwamogolo 0 utlwisiwa

Ie motho yo 0 lesego fela 0 botlhoko go tioga kwa
feleletsa ka kutlobotlhoko. tshimologong go ya kwa
bokhutlong.

20
Ditiragalo

* Ditiragalo di raraane * Ditiragalo ga di a raraana

1.7. TSAMAISO YA DIKGANG

Mo kgaolong ya ntlha go ne ga gateJwa gore terama e botlhokwa ka

gonne e lebagane Ie botshameki. Fa terama e e sekasekwa ,go tlhokometswe
letlhakore la kanedi Ie la tiragatso, Ie fa gona go totilwe Ja kanedi
thata.

Mo mokgweng wa tlhotlhomiso go dirisiwa mareo a Ie mabedi, e leng

go tlhalosa (define) Ie go ranola (interpret) go bontsha ka moo a
farologanang ka teng.

Go tlhalositswe dikgopolo tse di ]atelang, e leng, thulaganyo, puo Ie setaele

(mokwalelo) matlhotlhapelo Ie "phatose".

Kgaolo ya bobedi e ya go tlhalosa diteng tsa terama e ya ga Ntsime, go

totilwe baanelwa, ditiragalo, nako Ie lefelo.

Kgaolo ya boraro yona e ya go sekaseka thulaganyo I, mo go tla

tlhalosiwang thitokgang, kakanyetso, thaetlele, dikgato tsa thulaganyo,
tshenoJo, dielemente tsa tshenolo Ie tiriso ya dielemente tsa thulaganyo.

21
{bll)./79
b 15'4792/3
Mo kgaolong ya bone go tia tihokomelwa thulaganyo II, e e tia tihagisang
tiriso ya thitokgang, dikgato tsa thulaganyo e e Iebaganeng Ie tshenolo
mmogo Ie semelo sa molwantshiwa.

Kgaolo ya botlhano e Iebagane Ie thulaganyo III, fa go yang go

sekasekwa semelo sa molwantshi.

Kgaolo ya borataro e Iebagane Ie thulaganyo IV, fa go tla tlhalosiwang

ditiragalo, tiriso ya dithekeniki tsa tshenolo Ie tsa phuthologo, tIhaIoso ya
dithekiniki tsa phuthologo, tlhaloso ya setlhoa, kakaretso ya ditiragalo tsa
setlhoa, tlhaloso ya tharabologo, kakaretso ya ditiragalo tsa tlharaboJogo
Ie go kwala ga terama ya matlhotlhapelo Ie ya maitsholo.

22
KGAOLO YA BOBEDI

2.1. DITENG

2.2. MATSENO

Le fa kakanyo e e setse e tlhalositswe mo kgaolong e e fetileng, Groenewald

(I 992: 18) 0 sa ntse a e gatelela ka go re ke dikgang fa di lemogiwa ka
botsona pele mokwadi a ka bua gongwe a kwala ka ga tsona.

Fa go sekasekwa diteng tsa Se se je/eng rre go ya go tlhokomelwa

baanelwa, ditiragalo, nako Ie lefelo. Lenaneo Ie Ie tla latelwang ke:

- kakaretso ya Se se je/eng rre ... gore maikaelelo

a tshekatsheko e a tie a lemogiwe ka botlalo
Ie go re mmuisi a tlhaloganye terama e.
- Setlhogo
- Tlhaloso ya dielemente tsa diteng
- Tiriso ya dielemente tsa diteng

2.3. KAKARETSO YA DITENG TSA SE SE JELENG RRE

Kgosi Selebi 0 simolola go nna Ie kgatlhego mo go Mmapitsa, mme se se

dira gore a ikgatholose Ielapa la gagwe. 0 simolola go tenegela mosadi wa
gagwe, Senwametsi. Senwametsi 0 bolelela bommangwanaagwe Selebi ka
mokgwa 0 ba tshelang ka ona mo lelapeng la bona. Borangwanaagwe
Selebi ba Ieka go buisana Ie ena gore a tlhokomele lelapa la gagwe, fela
kgosi Selebi 0 gana go ba reetsa. Selebi 0 tswelela ka go kgoba Senwametsi

23
ka rnafoko, a rnrnitsa lekgalagadi Ie Ie sa tsholeng bana. Pelo ya ga
Senwarnetsi e nna e utlwile botlhoko ka rnetlha.

Ditsala tsa ga Mrnapitsa, e leng Kedisaletse Ie Sedialapa ba leka go bua Ie

Mrnapitsa gore a se ka a thubela kgosi Selebi lelapa, fela Mrnapitsa 0

gana go reetsa. Tsala ya ga Mrnapitsa e kgolo, Mrnasera, 0 rno gakolola

gore a tshelele kgosi Selebi rneratiso rno dijong go tiisa lerato la gagwe.
Ngaka Serernane 0 a bidiwa mme 0 ntsha rneratiso e Mrnapitsa a tla e
dirisang.

Kgosi Selebi 0 etela kwa ga Mrnapitsa. Mrnapitsa 0 rno tshelela rneratiso

rno dijong. Meratiso e, e dira gore fa kgosi Selebi a tsena kwa ga gagwe
a bo a itlhakanya tlhogo gore a kgone go boela kwa ga Mrnapitsa.

Banna ba lekgotla ba tshwenngwa ke go nna ga kgosi Selebi kwa ga

Mrnapitsa ka gonne lelapa la ga Mrnapitsa Ie itsege ka boloi. Ba ikopanya
Ie borangwanaagwe Selebi go utlwa gore bona ba reng ka tiragalo e. Banna
ba Iekgotla rnrnogo Ie borangwanaagwe Selebi ba durnelana gore ngaka e
bidiwe go tla go tlhatlhoba Selebi. Fa ngaka Lefifi a bua gore kgosi Selebi
o jesitswe rneratiso, Selebi 0 a gana rnrne 0 ngalela kwa ga Mrnapitsa. Fa
a fitlha kwa ga Mrnapitsa 0 rnrnolelela tsotlhe tse di builweng ke ngaka
Lefifi. Mrnapitsa 0 bua ka boikgantsho gore 0 tla swabisa bakgosing, a
belegela kgosi Selebi ngwana wa rnosirnane yo 0 tla tsogang a tsaya bogosi
jwa rnotse wa ga Selebi.

Kedisaletse Ie Sedialapa ba bolelela Senwarnetsi gore Mrnapitsa 0 rno

rnrneleng. Moserwa 0 ba araba ka go re Senwarnetsi Ie ena 0 na Ie
dikgwedi di Ie tharo a Ie rno rnrneleng. Selebi 0 utlwa kgang e ka
Mrnapitsa. Fa a fitiha kwa gae 0 ngongoregeia gore ke eng Senwarnetsi a
sa rnrnolelela fa a Ie rno rnrneleng. Senwarnetsi 0 Ieka go tIhaIosa fela

24
Selebi 0 gana go reetsa mabaka a gagwe, mme 0 leka go itatola ngwana
wa ga Senwametsi.

Senwametsi 0 ikopela go ya go belegela kwa gaabo ka gonne Mmapitsa

o ikaeletse go mmolaya mmogo Ie ngwana yo a mo imileng.

Mmapitsa 0 tshola ngwana wa mosimane, Bankgoditse. Kgosi Selebi 0

begela borangwanaagwe ngwana yo mme 0 ba bolelela Ie go re ke ena a

tla tsayang bogosi jwa gagwe, fela borangwanaagwe ba a gana.
Senwametsi Ie ena 0 beJega mosimane, Kebotsaletswe. Tiragalo e e
utlwisa pelo ya ga Mmapitsa botlhoko thata, mo a bileng a ikaelela go
bolaya kgosi Selebi Ie ngwana wa ga Senwametsi.

Go nna Ie kgotlhang fa gare ga Selebi Ie borangwanaagwe fa ba mo gakolola

gore a batle ngaka e tshware lelapa la gagwe. laaka gale, Selebi 0 ngalela
kwa ga Mmapitsa. Se se kgontsha Mmapitsa go diragatsa maikaelelo a
gagwe a go bolaya Selebi. Mmapitsa 0 tsholela kgosi Selebi dijo tse di
tshetsweng botlhole jo bo bolayang. Fa kgosi Selebi a fitlha kwa gae 0

simolola go segwa ke mala a a botlhoko. Pele a swa 0 kopa maitshwarelo

mo go Senwametsi, Kebotsaletswe mmogo Ie borangwanaagwe.

Kebotsaletswe 0 tshwenyegile thata ka loso lwa ga rraagwe. 0 rata go

itse gore rraagwe 0 jelwe ke eng. Mmapitsa Ie Mmasera ba romela
Bankgoditse kwa go Moratwe go mo neela botlhole gore a bo tshelele
Kebotsaletswe mo dijong. Moratwe 0 itira yo 0 dumelang, fela fa a fitlha
kwa gae 0 begela Kebotsaletswe tsotlhe. Kebotsaletswe Ie Moratwe ba
ikaelela go ipuso]osetsa ka bona bot]ho]e jo. Ba kopa Mmasera go dirisa
botlhole JO go ba bolaela Mmapitsa Ie Bankgoditse mme ba rno
solofetsa tuelo ya dikgomo tse dintsi. Mmasera 0 a dumela.

25
 Mrnasera 0 sirnolola ka go tshelela Bankgoditse botlhole rno rnorogong.
Fa a fitlha kwa gae 0 swela rno phaposing ya gagwe ya borobalo. Mrnasera
o itira yo 0 utlwileng botlhoko thata gore Mrnapitsa a se ka a lernoga.
Morago ga rnalatsinyana Mrnasera 0 tshelela Mrnapitsa botlhole rno dijong
fa a ntse a rno apeela. 0 sadisa lenathwana la botlhole go Ie neela
Kebotsaletswe. Mrnapitsa 0 kubugelwa ke mala a a botlhoko, rnrne 0 a swa.

Kebotsaletswe Ie Moratwe ba tlhalosetsa bakgosing gore Mrnapitsa Ie

rnorwae ba bolailwe ke eng. Ba ba bontsha lenathwana la botlhole Ie
Mrnasera a Ie sadisitseng.

2.4. SETLHOGO

Setlhogo ke kgang e nnye e e golaganyang ditiragalo. Setlhogo sa Se se je

leng rre ke: Monna 0 nyatsa lelapa la gagwe mme kwa bofelong 0

nna Ie mathata. Setlhogo se se lebagane Ie terarna e ka gonne rnotho

rnongwe Ie rnongwe yo 0 nyatsang leJapa la gagwe kwa bokhutlong 0

iphitlhela a tsena rno rnathateng a a sa itseng gore 0 tla tswa jang rno go
ona.

Mo go Se se jeleng rre go tla lernogiwa gore kgosi Selebi 0 nyatsa

lelapa la gagwe ka go ratana Ie Mrnapitsa rnrne kwa bokhutlong 0

lebagana Ie rnatlhotlhapelo a loso, a a tlholwang ke Mrnapitsa yo Selebi a

neng a ithaya a re 0 a rno rata.

2.5. TLHALOSO YA DIELEMENTE TSA DITENG

Go na Ie dielernente di Ie nne tsa diteng, e leng baanelwa, ditiragalo,

nako Ie lefelo. Tshekatsheko e e ya go tlhokorneJa dielernente tse ka
bongwe ka bongwe.

26
2.5.1. Baanelwa

Mojalefa (1995:7) 0 bua gore baanelwa ke bona elemente ya ntlha ya

diteng tsa sekwalwa. Gape Mojalefa (1996:5), Groenewald (1993:9) Ie
Strachan (1988:11) ba bua fa baanelwa e se batho fela, jaaka basekaseki
ba bangwe ba kaya. Ba re Ie dilo, jaaka diphologoIo, didiriswa Ie dilo tse
dingwe fela tse di sa tsheleng e ka nna baanelwa. Tota baitseanape ba
molebo wa kanedi (narratology) ba bua ka didiragatsi (akteur/actants). Ke
ka moo Strachan (1988:11) a reng:

Akteurs word beskou as instansies wat handelinge

verrig. Hulle is nie noodwendig menslik nie, want
'n hond, of 'n masjien kan byvoorbeeld as akteur
optree.

Mosekaseki wa ntiha yo 0 simolotseng go bua ka didiragatsi ke Bal

(1980:14 -15) fa a gateleia gore bogolo go ka twe baanelwa ke
batshameki (akteurs) go na Ie go re go twe ke batho.

2.5.2. Ditiragalo

Groenewald (1991 :15) 0 tihalosa fa ditiragalo e Ie elemente ya bobedi ya

diteng. Grobbler (1987:246) fa a tsweledisa pele kakanyo e, are ditiragalo
ke tsona tse di diragaleJang baanelwa Ie maemo kgotsa mabaka a ba
iphitlhelang ba Ie mo go ona. Go tiisetsa kgang e Strachan (1988:70) are:

Gebuertenis word veroorsak of ondergaan

deur akteurs en impliseer die oorgang van
toestand na 'n ander toestand.

27
 Se Strachan a se gatelelang rno puong ya gagwe ke go re ditiragalo di
diragala go ya ka tatelano, ke go re go tswa rno rnaernong a rnangwe go
ya go a rnangwe. Groenewald (1991:19) fa a tlhalosa tatelano ya
ditiragalo are:

Mongwadi 0 phetha rno diteng di thornago

gona Ie moo di felelago gona. Sephetho se se
laolwa ke sererwa.

Gronewald 0 tlhalosa gore rnokwadi 0 bontsha tshirnologo Ie bokhutlo

jwa diteng tsa sekwalwa. 0 tswelela pele ka go tlhalosa gore tiragalo e
lebagane Ie rnoanelwa. Ke go re ke se se diragalelang rnoanelwa kgotsa se
a se dirang. Ditiragalo Ie tateJano ya tsona di laolwa ke setIhogo. Go
nna teng ga tatelano ya tsona (ditiragalo) go tlholwa ke setlhogo.

2.5.3. Tiko)ogo

Serudu (1989:49) 0 tlhalosa tikologo jaana:

Ke Iefelokakaretso, nako ya histori, rnabaka a

leago tseo go tsona ditiro goba ditiragalo tsa
padi goba papadi di phethelwago go tsona.

Se Serudu a se gatelelang ke go re tikologo ke nako Ie lefelo tse

ditiragalo di diragalelang rno go tsona.

Potter (1967:27) 0 tsweledisa pele kakanyo e ka go tIhalosa gore tikologo

e na Ie rnatlhakore a Ie rnabedi, e Ieng nako Ie Iefelo.

Patlisiso e e ya go aroganya tikologo ka dikarolo tse pedi tsa yona. Mo

28
tshekatshekong go tia simoioia ka Ietihakore Ia nako mme go Iatele la
lefelo.

• Nako

Mojalefa (1993:64) a re nako ke elemente ya boraro ya diteng. Fa a

tswelela pele ka kgang ya gagwe are:

Nako ke lebaka leo ditiragalo di diregago

go lona go tioga nakong ya go feta, go feta
nakong ya bjaIe, go tseneleia nakong ye e
tlago.

Se se gatelelwang ke go re ditiragalo ga di simolole go nna teng gona

jaanong mme ga di felele jaanong, di sa ntse di tla nna teng. Ena Mojalefa
o tswelela pele gape ka go tlhalosa gore tiro e kgolo ya nako ke go ela
tlhoko mabaka a a jaaka motsotso, ura, beke, kgwedi, ngwaga, jalo jalo. A
re nako e thusa go Iemosa mmuisi tatelano ya ditiragalo.

Gore nako e tihaloganngwe sentle go tla lemogwa fa go na Ie mefuta e

Ie mebedi, e Ieng:

Nako yakanegelo (story time) Ie nako ya diteng

(narrating time).

Chatman (1980:62) 0 tlhalosa pharologano magareng ga nako ya

kanegelo Ie nako ya diteng ka go re:

29
 There is reading-time and there is plot
time, or, as I speak to distinguish time,
discourse-time, it takes to peruse the
discourse and story-time, the duration of the
purported events of the narratives.

Se Chatman a se tlhalosang ke go re nako ya kanegelo Ie nako ya

diteng di a farologana. Go na Ie nako ya diteng, go na Ie nako ya
kanegelo.

Go tswelela go ya pele bamolebo wa kanedi (narratological scholars) ba

bua fa nako e ka aroganyetswa pele ka dikarolo tse tharo jaana:

(i) nako e e rileng

(ii) nako ya ditiragalo
(iii) nako ya loago

Dikarolo tse tharo tse tsa nako di ya go tlhalosiwa moragonyana gona

mo kgaolong e.

• Lefelo

Groenewald (1993:8) 0 tlhalosa lefelo ka go re:

Lefelo ke elemente ya bone, e leng ya

bofelo ya diteng. Ke mafelo ao baanegwa
ba phelago go ona, ke moo ditiragalo tsa
sengwalwa di diregago gona.

30
 Groenewald 0 gatelela gore lefelo ke rno go fitlhelwang baanelwa ba
sekwalwa. 0 tswelela pele ka go tlhalosa gore lefelo ke rno tiragalo e
diragalang teng jaaka rnotse 00 rileng, naga, jalo jalo.

Tlhaloso e ya ga Groenewald e netefatswa ke Marggraff (1994:64) fa are:

Place is considered to be a physical spot

at which events take place and at which
characters are positioned.

Marggraff Ie ena 0 gatelela gore lefelo ke rno baanelwa ba sekwalwa ba

diragatsang ditiragalo teng.

Fa go buiwa ka rnafelo a sekwalwa go gatelelwa thata rnafelo a

ditiragalo di diragalelang rno go ona. Mafelo a botlhokwa ka go nne a
laola phetogo ya ditiragalo rnrne Ie ona a laolwa ke setlhogo.

Mojalefa (1997:27) 0 aroganya rnafelo ka dikarolo di Ie pedi, e leng:

0) Mafelo a a rileng
(ij) Mafelo a ditiragalo

Mafelo a Ie ona a tla tlhalosiwa gona rno kgaolong e kwa rnoragonyana.

2.6 KAKARETSO

Go ka rungwa dielernente tse, tsa diteng ka go re tiro e kgolo ya

baanelwa ke go tlhagisa ditiragalo ka gonne e Ie bona batsharneki
(akteurs). Ditiragalo tsona di diragalela baanelwa. Mokwadi 0 bontsha rno

31
 ditiragalo di sirnololang teng Ie rno di felelang teng, rnrne ditiragalo tse
di laolwa ke setlhogo.

Tiro e kgolo ya nako ke go tlhokornela rnabaka a a jaaka rnotsotso, ura,

beke, kgwedi, ngwaga, jalo jalo. Lefelo lona Ie Iaola phetogo ya
ditiragalo, rnrne Ie lona Ie laolwa ke setlhogo.

2.7. TIRISO Y A DIELEMENTE TSA DITENG

2.7.1 Baanelwa

Fa baanelwa ba diteng ba tIhagisiwa rno sekwalweng ba ka aroganngwa

ka ditlhopha di Ie pedi, e leng baanelwabagolo Ie baanelwabatlaleletsi
gore go tIe go kgonwe go lernoga karnano ya bona fa ba tshela rno
Iefatsheng Ie Ia bona. Karnano e ya baanelwa e laolwa ke setlhogo, ka
jalo setlhogo se tla tIhokornelwa rno go tlhagiseng rnefuta e rnebedi e
ya baanelwa.

Mefuta e rnebedi e ya baanelwa e botlhokwa, Ie fa go Ie jalo patlisiso e,

e ya go itebaganya Ie baanelwabagolo fela. Bona ba tla bidiwa
rnoganediwa Ie rnoganetsi. Mareo a rnabedi a a ya go tIhaIosiwa.

• Moganediwa

Malirnabe (1995:76) 0 tIhalosa gore rnoganediwa ke rnoanelwa yo

rnogolo yo 0 ganediwang go siarna ga gagwe. Tlhaloso e ya ga Malirnabe e
tlaleletswa ke Mojalefa (1995:6) fa are:

Mongangiswa ke rnoanegwa wa go loka yoo a

32
 ratago go tsweletSa pele dikakanyo tseo tsa go
loka eupsa 0 a ganetSwa. Yen a 0 thibelwa ke
rnongangisi.

Go ya ka tlhaloso ya Mojalefa, rnoganediwa ke rnoanelwa yo 0 slarneng

ka go nne 0 dira dilo tse di siarneng, fela 0 ganetswa ke rnoganetsi go
diragatsa dikakanyo tsa gagwe tse di siarneng.

Mo go Se se jeleng rre moganediwa ke kgosi Selebi ka gonne 0 rata

go tsweledisa pele dikakanyo tsa gagwe, fela 0 thibelwa ke rnoganetsi, e
leng Senwarnetsi.

• Moganetsi

Go ya ka Mojalefa (1996:6) rnoganetsi Ie ena ke rnoanelwa yo rnogolo

yo 0 lebaganeng Ie go se siarne ka go nne 0 ganetsana Ie rnoanelwa yo
babuisi ba rno ratang. Ke go re 0 ganana Ie ditiro tse dintle tsa rnoganediwa.

Mo terarneng ya Se se jeleng rre, moganetsi ke Senwametsi ka gonne 0

a itse gore ga a kgone go tsholela kgosi Selebi ngwana, ka jalo 0 utlwa

botlhoko fa Selebi a ya go ipatlela rnosadi yo rnongwe yo 0 tla rno
tsholelang ngwana. Ke ka ntlha e a rno thibelang go atlega rno rnaikaelelong
a gagwe.

• Kamano ya baanelwa

Lereo Ie, karnano, Ie supa ka moo baanelwa ba tshelang rnrnogo ka teng

Ie ka rno ba tsalanang ka teng fa ba lebagantshwa. Groenewald (1991:39)
o gatelela kgang e ka go re:

33
 Kamano ke ka moo ditabalbatho di tswalanago ka
gona.

Mo tlhalosong ya gagwe Groenewald 0 gatelela mokgwa 0 baanelwa ba

tsalanang ka ona.

Kamano e, e ya go lebaganngwa Ie moganetsi Ie moganediwa. Go na Ie

lenaneo Ie Ie rileng Ia kamano ya baanelwa Ia go sekaseka baanelwa ba
diteng. Fa go batlisisiwa ka ga kamano ya baanelwa go tla latelwa
lenaneo Ie Ie tlhagisitsweng ke Groenewaid (1993:11), Malimabe (1995:15)
mmogo Ie Mojalefa (1995:10). Lenaneo Ie Ia boMojalefa Ie farologana go
Ie gonnye Ie la ga Strachan (1995:25). Pharologano e e tlholwa ke tiriso
ya mareo Ie ya setIhogo mo letlalong la diteng. Mo tlhotlhomisong e, go
tlile go lateIwa lenaneo Ie:

Tebagano
Bokgontshi
Boganetsi
Bothusi
Bothusegi

Jaanong go tla latela tlhaloso Ie tiriso ya mareo a jaaka a lebagantswe Ie

moganetsi Ie moganediwa.

Moganetsi : Senwametsi

(i) Tebagano

Mojalefa (1995:20) 0 tlhalosa gore tebagano ke go lebaganya moganetsi

Ie moganediwa. Malimabe (1995:78) 0 tsweledisa pele kgang e ka go re:

34
 Mo go bolelwa ka rnaikaelelo a rnoanelwa
rnalebana Ie seo a ratang go se tsweletsa, ke
go re go ka twe seo a se tshelelang go
tsweletsa dikakanyo tsa gagwe. Ka jalo go
lebaganngwa baanelwa Ie ditiro tsa bona.

Puo ya ga Malirnabe e gatelela gore tebagano e lebagane Ie rnaikaelelo a

rnoanelwa a go diragatsa dikakanyo tsa gag we. Maikaelelo a rnoganetsi,
e leng Senwametsi ke go fedisa lerato la ga kgosi Selebi Ie Mrnapitsa.
Senwarnetsi ga a rate fa kgosi Selebi a ratana Ie Mrnapitsa, ke ka ntlha
eo a bolelelang bornrnangwanaagwe Ie borangwanaagwe gore ba bue Ie
ena, ba rno ntshe rno lelapeng la ga Mrnapitsa.

(ii) Bokgontshi

Malirnabe (1995:78) 0 bua gore bokgontshi ke se se kgontshang, kgotsa

se se tlhotlheletsang rnoanelwa go lwela se e leng tshiarno kgotsa
tshwanelo ya gagwe. Tlhaloso e e t1alelediwa ke Mojalefa (1997:21) fa a
re:
Gantshi bokgontshi bo lebagane Ie
senaganwa(lerato, lehloyo, bobe, bjalo
bjalo). BokgontShi bjoo go bolelwago ka
bjona fa, ga se rnotho eupsa ke selo se se
naganwago.

Mojalefa 0 bua gore bonkgontshi ga se rnotho. E ka nna selo sengwe Ie

sengwe se se ka akangwang.

Senwarnetsi 0 kgontshiwa ke boitshoko jwa gagwe go diragatsa se e

35
leng rnaikaelelo a gagwe. Senwarnetsi 0 rata kgosi Selebi, ka jalo 0

itshokela tsotlhe tse a di dirang, rnrne 0 nna a rno arnogela ka dinako

tsotlhe fa a tsena rno lelapeng. Ga a re fa Selebi a tswa a ya kwa ga
Mrnapitsa Ie ena a tswa, a bona gore a ka ya kae.

Senwarnetsi 0 na Ie tshoiofelo ya go re Ietsatsi Iengwe dilo di tla boeia

rnannong, rnrne gwa siarna gape. Ka jalo boitshoko jwa gagwe bo rno
dira gore a se ka a tlelwa ke kakanyo epe e e bosula.

(iii) Boganetsi

Malirnabe (1995:79) are boganetsi ke sengwe Ie sengwe se se ganetsang

rnoanelwa go diragatsa rnaikaelelo a gagwe. Go Ie gantsi boganetsi joo
bo ka nna ka tsela ya (a) seakanngwa, (b) rnotho kgotsa (c) selo. Mojalefa
(1995:7) fa a tlaleletsa se se buiwang ke Malirnabe are:

Ka go rialo pelo goba letswalo (senaganwa) e

ka ganetsa rnongangisi goba rnongangiswa
rnaikernisetsong a gagwe, gob a rnoanegwa yo
rnongwe Ie yena a ganetsa rnongagisi goba
rnongangiswa dinepong tsa gagwe. Kgopolong
yeo go gatelelwa thulano.

Tlhaloso ya ga Mojalefa Ie yona e lebagane Ie dilo di Ie tharo, e leng

seakanngwa, rnotho Ie selo tse di ka kgoreletsang rnoganetsi kgotsa
rnoganediwa go diragatsa rnaikaelelo a gagwe.

36
(a) Seakanngwa: Boopa

Senwarnetsi 0 ipona e Ie rnoopa, a sa kgone go tsholela kgosi Selebi

bana. 0 palelwa ke go gogela Selebi rno lelapeng ka ntlha ya boopa jwa
gagwe. Boopa jo ke jona bo dirang gore basadi ba bangwe, jaaka Mrnapitsa,
ba rno kgobe ka rnafoko a a botlhoko. Bo tlosa Ie seriti sa gagwe rno
setshabeng.

Motho: Mmapitsa

Mrnapitsa 0 ganetsa Senwarnetsi go aga lelapa la gagwe Ie kgosi Selebi

ka ntlha ya go re 0 amo$ela lerato la ga kgosi Selebi a ntse a itse gore
Selebi 0 na Ie lelapa, e bile 0 ikaelela go swabisa Senwarnetsi ka go
tsholela Selebi ngwana w* rnosirnane. Go bontsha sentle gore rnaikaelelo a
ga Mrnapitsa ke go thuba lelapa la ga Senwarnetsi. Le fa Senwarnetsi a
leka go aga, ena 0 a thub~.

(b) Selo: NtIo ya ga Mritapitsa, Meratiso

• NtIo ya ga Mmapitsa

Ntlo ya ga Mrnapitsa e thusa rno go ganetseng Senwarnetsi go diragatsa

rnaikaelelo a gagwe ka gonne ke lefelo Ie Selebi a nnang rno go Ion a ka
I

boiketlo. Ke lona lefelo Ie a tshabelang rnathata a lelapa la gagwe kwa

teng. Ke go re fa Selebi ia ngala kwa ga gagwe 0 a itse gore 0 tla fitlhela
rnojako wa ntlo ya ga ~rnapitsa 0 bulegile go rno arnogela.

37
• Meratiso

Meratiso e kgosi sele1i a e jeleng kwa ga Mmapitsa e mo lebatsa

Senwarnetsi. E rno tlhakanya tlhogo gore a bone Mrnapitsa e Ie ena fela
mosadi yo 0 mo tShwane!seng. Ga a kae Senwametsi e sa ntse e Ie mosadi
wa gagwe. Ka jalo Senjarnetsi 0 palelwa ke go aga lelapa la gagwe.
Meratiso ke yona e tiisadg lerato la ga kgosi Selebi Ie Mrnapitsa.

(iv) Bothusi

I
Go ya ka Mojalefa (1997:21) bothusi go ka twe ke selo sengwe Ie
sengwe se se ka thusang rnoanelwa rno tebaganong ya gagwe. Ke go re e
I

ka nna selo se rnotho ia ka se akanyang kgotsa se se ka bon wang ka

rnatIho rnrne sa thusa rnoanelwa go diragatsa rnaikaelelo a gagwe. Ka jalo
I
:
go ka twe bothusi bo lebagane Ie (a) seakanngwa, (b) rnotho kgotsa (c)
I
selo.

(a) Seakanngwa: MelaJ ya lelapa

I
I

Senwarnetsi 0 thusiwa ke rnelao ya lelapa go aga lelapa la gagwe, ke ka

ntIha eo a sa tIogelebg Selebi fela. 0 nna a rno gakoloia gore a
tlhokornele lelapa Ia gagwe ka gonne ka Ietsatsi lengwe Modirno a ka ba
I
gopola a ba tshegofatsa ka ngwana.

Melao e ya lelapa e J ta Senwarnetsi gore a se ka a rarabolola rnathata a

lelapa la gagwe a Ie ~OSi. 0 tshwanetse go nna a kopa thuso kwa go
bagaabo Selebi gore ba rno thuse go aga lelapa.

38
(b) Batho: Borangwanaagwe Selebi, bommangwanaagwe Ie banna
ba lekgotla, ngaka Lefifi, Sedialapa Ie Kedisaletse

• Borangwanaagwe Selebi, bommangwanaagwe Ie banna ba

Lekgotla.

Fa Senwarnetsi a nna Ie rnathata rno lelapeng Ia gagwe 0 boIeIela

bagaabo Selebi go tla go buisana Ie Selebi. Bagaabo Selebi ba kgothatsa
Senwarnetsi gore a se ka a fela pelo ka gonne ka letsatsi lengwe Modimo
o tia ba araba rnrne gwa siarna. Banna ba lekgotia Ie bona ba thusana Ie
bagaabo Selebi go leka go aga lelapa Ie. Se se dira gore Senwarnetsi a
nne Ie rnaatla, a Iernoga gore ga a nosi rno rnathateng a gagwe.

• Ngaka Lefifi

Le fa kgosi Selebi a nyatsa Ie go rogaka ngaka Lefifi, fela ngaka Lefifi

ga a gane fa bagaabo Selebi ba rnrnitsa go tla go thusa. Senwarnetsi 0

ikantse ngaka Lefifi rnrne 0 durnela tsotlhe tse a di buang ka ga kgosi

Selebi. Ngaka Lefifi 0 solofetsa Senwarnetsi gore ka Ietsatsi lengwe
badirno ba tla rno araba. Se ngaka Lefifi a se buang se tiisa Senwarnetsi
rno rnoweng rnrne se rno thusa go atlega rno rnaikaeleiong a gagwe.

• Sedialapa Ie Kedisaletse

Sedialapa Ie Kedisaletse ba thusa Senwarnetsi ka go rno tlisetsa dikgang

tsotlhe ka ga Mrnapitsa. Senwarnetsi 0 utiwile ka bona gore Mrnapitsa 0

rno rnrneleng, e bile kgosi Selebi 0 tshepisitse gore ngwana wa ga

Mrnapitsa e tia nna kgosi. Senwarnetsi 0 tsibosiwa ke Sedialapa Ie
Kedisaletse gore Mmapitsa 0 ikaeletse go rnrnolaya rnrnogo Ie ngwana yo
a rno irnileng.

39
Ka thuso ya basadi ba babedi ba, Senwarnetsi 0 tshornoga rno rnatsogong
a ga Mrnapitsa a a huparetseng letlhoo Ie kilo.

(c) Selo: Ditlhare tsa ga ngaka Lefifi

Ditlhare tsa ga ngaka Lefifi di thusitse Senwarnetsi gore Ie ena a Ipone e

Ie rnosadi. Go utlwiwa ka Moserwa fa a bolelela Sedialapa Ie Kedisaletse
gore Senwarnetsi 0 na Ie dikgwedi di Ie tharo a Ie rno rnrneleng. Ditlhare
tse, tsa ga ngaka Lefifi di tlositse kakanyo ya ga Senwarnetsi ya go re
ke rnoopa. Le ena 0 tshwana Ie basadi ba bangwe. 0 ikutlwa a na Ie
seriti sa bosadi.

(v) Bothusegi

Mojalefa (1997:22) 0 tlhalosa fa bothusegi bo lebagane Ie rnoganetsi

kgotsa rnoganediwa fa a atlega kwa bofelong ka ntlha ya go rata go
diragatsa rnaikaelelo a gagwe. Moganetsi, e leng Senwarnetsi, 0 a atlega
rno go ageng lelapa la gagwe.

Mrnapitsa 0 a itlhoboga ka ntIha ya fa a lernoga gore 0 paletswe ke go

ntsha Senwarnetsi rno lelapeng la gagwe ka jalo 0 bona gore a bolae kgosi
Selebi. Selebi 0 swa a itse gore rnosadi yo a neng a rno tshwanetse ke
Senwarnetsi, e bile 0 swela rno diatleng tsa gagwe. Ka jalo go ka twe
rnoganetsi 0 a thusega.

Moganediwa: Kgosi Selebi

(i) Tebagano

Maikaelelo a rnoganediwa, e leng kgosi Selebi, ke go nyatsa lelapa. Kgosi

40
Selebi 0 nyatsa lelapa la gagwe ka go ratana Ie Mmapitsa. Lerato Ie la
bona Ie tlhola mathata ka mo lelapeng la ga Selebi. Selebi 0 ikgatholosa
lelapa la gagwe, 0 rogaka mosadi wa gagwe, Senwametsi, ka go mmitsa
lekgalagadi Ie Ie sa tsholeng bana. Fa Selebi a sena go omana Ie
Senwametsi, 0 a ingadisa gore a kgone go boela kwa ga Mmapitsa.

(ii) Bokgontshi

Kgosi Selebi 0 kgontshiwa ke lerato Ie a nang Ie Ion a mo go Mmapitsa

go nyatsa lelapa la gagwe. Ka jalo go ka twe 0 kgontshiwa ke lerato. 0
Ipona a rata Mmapitsa go gaisa Senwametsi, Ie dijo tsa gag we ga a
sa tlhole a di ja ka gonne 0 ja kwa ga Mmapitsa. Lerato la ga Mmapitsa
Ie mo tlhakanya tlhogo gore a bo a iphitlhele a itlhokomolositse lelapa
la gag we. Selebi 0 kgontshiwa ke lerato go atlega mo maikaelelong a
gagwe a go nyatsa lelapa.

(iii) Boganetsi

• Seakanngwa: Melao ya lelapa

Kgosi Selebi 0 ganetswa ke melao ya lelapa gore a nyatse lelapa la

gagwe. 0 itse sentle gore jaaka e Ie monna wa lelapa ga a tshwanela
go ikgatholosa lelapa la gag we a bo a ipatlela legammana kwa ntle. 0
tshwanetse go lebelela mosadi wa gagwe yo a mo nyaletsweng ke
bagaabo Ie morafe.

Fa a na Ie mathata 0 tshwanetse go rerisana Ie bagaabo pele a ka tsaya

tshwetso ya go ipatlela kwa a ka fulelang teng.

41
• Batho: Bommangwane Ie borangwanaa Selebi, banna ba lekgotJa,
Sedialapa Ie Kedisaletse Ie ngaka Lefifi.

Bommangwane Ie borangwaana Selebi Ie banna ba lekgotla.

Senwarnetsi 0 rile go lernoga fa rnaerno a fetogile rno lelapeng la bona

a itsese bagaabo Selebi. Borangwanaagwe Ie bornrnangwanaagwe Selebi
ba leka go buisana Ie ena go rno thibela go nyatsa lelapa la gagwe.
Banna ba lekgotla, e leng Rantho. Mosalagae Ie Radinku. Ie bona ba rile
go lernoga fa kgosi Selebi anna kwa ga Mrnapitsa ba ikopanya Ie
bagaabo Selebi. Bakgosing rnrnogo Ie banna ba lekgotla ba buisana Ie
Selebi gore a kgaogane Ie lelapa la ga Mrnapitsa rnrne a tlhokornele lelapa
la gagwe, fela kgosi Selebi 0 gana go reetsa.

• Ngaka Lefifi

Ngaka Lefifi Ie ena 0 kgatlhanong Ie go nna ga kgosi Selebi kwa ga

Mrnapitsa. 0 leka go gakolola Selebi gore 0 tla tswa rno lelapeng la ga
Mrnapitsa e Ie setopo fa a sa itlhokornele, fela Selebi 0 sa ntse a gana go
reetsa. Le fa ngaka Lefifi a rno lernosa gore Mrnapitsa 0 rno jesitse
diphirirnisi. Selebi 0 ntse a Ie rnanganga fela.

• SediaJapa Ie Kedisaletse

Sedialapa Ie Kedisaletse ga ba rate fa kgosi Selebi a nyatsa lelapa la

gagwe. Sengwe Ie sengwe se Mrnapitsa a se buang ka ga Senwarnetsi ba
a se rnrnolelela.

Senwarnetsi 0 utlwile ka bona gore Mrnapitsa 0 rno rnrneleng. Kgosi

Selebi ga a rate go bona Sedialapa Ie Kedisaletse kwa ga gagwe ka

42
gonne a itse gore ba tliseditse Senwarnetsi dikgang tse ena a sa
rnrnoleleng tsona, ke ka ntlha eo a ba kobang.

(iv) Bothusi

• Seakanngwa: Megagaru Ie hoopa

• Megagaru

Kgosi Selebi 0 thusiwa ke rnegagaru gore a nyatse lelapa la gagwe.

Mosadi wa gagwe, Senwarnetsi, ga a rno tshwenye e bile ga a rno kobe rno
lelapeng, fela ka ntlha ya rnegagaru ya gagwe, 0 ratana Ie rnosadi
rnongwe, Mrnapitsa. Se, se bontsha gore kgosi Selebi ga a kgotsofale
rno lelapeng la gagwe ke ka moo a dirang dilo tse di sa siarnang.

• Boopa

Selebi 0 tlhobogile Senwarnetsi. 0 bona e kete a ka se ka a tlhola a

tshola bana ka go nne a rnrnona e Ie rnoopa. Kakanyo e, e thusa Selebi
gore a kgone go nna Ie seipato sa go nyatsa leJapa la gagwe. Ke ka ntlha
e a solofetsang Mrnapitsa gore ngwana wa gag we e tla nna kgosi.

• Motho: Mmapitsa

Motho yo 0 thusang kgosi Selebi go atlega rno rnaikaelelong a gagwe

a go nyatsa lelapa la gagwe ke Mrnapitsa. Fa kgosi Selebi a tlhaga a
ngadile kwa ga gagwe, Mrnapitsa 0 rno arnogela ka lerato Ie Ie bolelo
rno Ielapeng la gagwe, e bile 0 rno solofetsa gore 0 tla nna a rno ernetse
ka dinako tsotlhe.

43
• Selo: Ntlo ya ga Mmapitsa Ie meratiso

Ka dinako tsotlhe kgosi Selebi 0 fitlhela rnojako wa ntio ya Mrnapitsa

o bulegile go rno arnogela. Ntlo e, e thus a kgosi Selebi gore a nne Ie
botshabelo fa a tlhaga a tenegile kwa ga gagwe. Ga go na sepe se se rno
thibelang go tsena rno ntiong e, e ka nna bosigo kgotsa rnotshegare.

• Meratiso

Mrnapitsa 0 tshelela kgosi Selebi rneratiso rno dijong. Meratiso e, ke

yona e thusang Selebi go nyatsa lelapa la gagwe. Fa a fitlha kwa ga
gagwe, 0 tlhakana tlhogo, pelo ya gagwe e gopola kwa ga Mrnapitsa
rnrne 0 boela kwa teng. Ka jalo rneratiso ke yona e thusang kgosi Selebi
go diragatsa se e leng rnaikaelelo a gagwe, go nyatsa lelapa la gagwe.

(v) Bothusegi

Moganediwa, e Ieng kgosi Selebi, 0 palelwa ke go atlega rno rnaikaeleiong

a gagwe a go nyatsa lelapa la gagwe ka gonne kwa bofelong 0 a swa.
Pele a swa 0 kopa rnaitshwarelo rno go Senwarnetsi, Kebotsaletswe Ie ba
losika lwa kgosing. Ke gona a lernogang fa Mrnapitsa e ne e se rnosadi
yo a rno tshwanetseng, ke ka moo a boelang gae · go ya go swela teng.
Ka jalo rnoganediwa ga a thusega.

Kakaretso

Mo kgaolong e go akareditswe diteng tsa terarna ya Se se jeleng rre.

Morago go tlhalosiwa dielernente tse nne tsa diteng, e leng baanelwa,
ditiragalo nako Ie lefelo. Fa go tlhalosiwa dielernente tse, botlhokwa

44
 Jwa setIhogo bo gateletswe. Mefuta e Ie mebedi ya baanelwa
baaneJwabagoJo Ie baanelwabatlaleletsi Ie yona e tlhokometswe.
Baanelwabagolo ba arogantswe ka dikarolo di Ie pedi e Ieng moganetsi
Ie moganediwa. Go sekasekilwe kamano ya baanelwa ba go lebeletswe
Ienaneo Ia tebagano, bokgontshi, boganetsi, bothusi Ie bothusegi fa Ie
lebagane Ie terarna e ya ga Ntsime.

2.7.2. Ditiragalo

Kakanyo e ya ditiragalo e setse e tIhaIositswe mme go ya ka Malirnabe

(1995: 66) ditiragalo di na Ie mefuta e e rileng e e ka aroganngwang ka
dikarolo di Ie pedi, e Ieng ditiragalodikgolo Ie ditiragalopotlana.

Mofuta wa ditiragalodikgolo

Malirnabe (1995:67) fa a tlhalosa mofuta 0 are:

Karolo e, e Iebagane thata Ie ditiragaIotshwaneIo.

Ditiragalotshwanelo ke ditiragalo tse di
tshwanetseng go nna teng mo sekwaiweng. Ke
go re ke ditiragalo tse sekwalwa se theilweng
mo godimo ga tsona.

Malimabe 0 tlhalosa gore ditiragalotshwanelo di tshwanetse go nna teng

rno sekwalweng. Ke go re ke tsona di dirang sekwalwa.

Tiragalo e laolwa ke setlhogo. Go ya ka setlhogo sa Se se ieleng rre, e

leng: Monna 0 nyatsa lelapa la gagwe mme kwa bofelong 0 tsena mo
mathateng, go tla lernogiwa gore terama e, e na Ie ditiragatsotshwanelo
di Ie pedi: (a) go nyatsa Ie (b) tlhagelelo ya mathata kwa bofeJong. Ka

45
jalo go ka twe go nyatsa ke tiragalotshwanelo ya ntlha mme tlhagelelo
ya mathata ke tiragalotshwanelo ya bofeio.

• Tiragalotshwanelo ya ntlha: go nyatsa lelapa

Go ya ka Mojalefa (1995:4) mofuta 0 wa tiragalo 0 lebagane Ie

tiragalo e kgolo e go ka tweng e sosobanya ditiragalo tsa matseno a
sekwaiwa. Ke yon a pinagare ya ditiragalo tsa matseno a sekwaiwa. Fa
go ka buisiwa mo go Se se jeleng rre, go tla lemogiwa gore ke: Monna 0
nyatsa lelapa la gagwe.

Kgosi Selebi 0 ikgatholosa Senwametsi ka ntlha ya go re a bone Ierato la

mosadi mongwe, Mmapitsa. Go tsoga tshele ka fa lelapeng la ga kgosi
Selebi ka gonne a re Senwametsi ga a mo tsholele ngwana. Ke go re kgosi
Selebi 0 ipata ka go re Senwametsi ga a belege, ke ka moo a yang go nna
Ie Mmapitsa, ba aga lelapa mme ba nna Ie ngwana.

• Tiragalotshwanelo ya bofelo: tlhagelelo ya mathata

Mojalefa (1995:5) 0 tlhalosa mofuta 0 wa tiragalo ka go re ke tiragalo e

kgolo e ditiragalo tsa bokhutlo jwa sekwaiwa di theilweng mo go
yona. Ke go re ke tiragalo e e rumang ditiragalo tsa bofelo tsa sekwalwa.
Go tla tlhokomelwa gore tiragalotshwanelo ya bofelo e akaretsa
ditiragalo tsa fa gare Ie tsa bokhutlo jwa sekwalwa se. Tiragalo e mo go
Se se je/eng rre ke: tlhagelelo ya mathata.

Go ratana ga kgosi Selebi Ie Mmapitsa go tlisetsa kgosi Selebi mathata a

a seng kana ka sepe. Borangwanaagwe kgosi Selebi mmogo Ie banna ba
lekgotia ba Iekile go bua Ie ena (kgosi Selebi) gore a kgaogane Ie lelapa

46
la ga Mrnapitsa ka gonne a itsege ka boloi, fela kgosi Selebi 0 ganne go
reetsa fa a gakololwa.

Mofuta wa ditiragalopotlana

Malirnabe (1995:70) 0 tlhagisa ditiragalo tsa rnofuta 0 di Ie pedi,e leng:

(a) Ditiragalotebagano
(b) DitiragalotJaleletso

(a) DitiragaJotebagano

Malirnabe (1995:3) fa a tlhalosa ditiragalotebagano are ke ditiragalo tse

di bopang ditiragalotshwanelo. Ke go re ditiragalotshwanelo di theilwe ka
tsona.

o tswelela pele ka go re ditiragalotebagano di laolwa ke dielernente

tsotlhe tsa diteng, e leng baanelwa, ditiragalo, nako Ie lefelo. Mabapi Ie
elernente ya tikologo a re, fa nako gongwe lefelo Ie fetoga, tiragalo Ie
yona e a fetoga.

Go tla nopolwa dikao di se kae tsa ditiragalotebagano tse di bopang

tiragalotshwanelo ya ntlha fela go bontsha rnofuta 0 wa ditiragalo.

Kgosi Selebi 0 ratana Ie Mrnapitsa.

Kgosi Selebi 0 sirnolola go tenegela Senwarnetsi.
Go tsoga tshele rno lelapeng la ga Selebi.
Mrnapitsa 0 solofetsa kgosi Selebi gore 0 tla rnrnelegela ngwana.

47
 Selebi 0 solofetsa Mrnapitsa gore ngwana wa gagwe ke ena a tla
nnang kgosi.
Mrnapitsa 0 tshelela kgosi Selebi rneratiso.
Selebi 0 gana dikgakololo.

(b) Ditiragalotlaleletso

MaJirnabe (1995: 71) Ie Mojalefa (1995:5) ba re ditiragalotlaJeletso ke tse

di tlaleJetsang ditiragalotshwanelo Ie ditiragalotebagano. Ba tlhalosa gore
rnofuta 0 wa ditiragalo ga 0 botlhokwa go Ie kalo, Ie fa di ka tlogelwa
sekwalwa se tla sala go nna se se feleletseng. Ka ntlha ya go re ga di
botlhokwa go Ie kalo, go ka se ka ga fiwa dikao tsa tsona.

Phetogo ya ditiragalotebagano

Go ya go t1halosiwa phetogo ya ditiragalotebagano go ya ka rno di

laolwang ke baanelwa, nako Ie lefelo.

• Phetogo ya baanelwa

Tshekatsheko e, e sirnolola ka go bontsha kgosi Selebi a lebile kwa ga

gagwe, a ntse a tsarnaya a bua a Ie nosi ka rnokgwa 0 a ratang Mrnapitsa
ka teng. Kgosi Selebi 0 tsenwa fa gare ke Senwarnetsi fa a rnrnotsa gore
ke eng a sa rno durnedise.

Tiragalo ya ntlha ke: kgosi Selebi 0 bua

a Ie nosi.

Tiragalo ya bobedi ke: Senwametsi 0 mo

tsena fa gare.

48
Tiragalo ya ntlha e fetoga ka ntlha ya go re go tsena moanelwa wa
bobedi. Go raya go re tiragalo e ya ntlha e fetoga go nna ya bobedi ka
ntlha ya moanelwa yo mongwe yo.

• Phetogo ya nako

Kgosi Selebi 0 tioga mo mosong 0 ya kwa ga Mmapitsa mme 0 boela gae

go Ie bosigo

Tiragalo ya ntJha: Selebi 0 ya kwa ga

Mmapitsa mo mosong.

Tiragalo ya bobedi: Selebi 0 boela gae

go Ie bosigo.

Tiragalo ya ntlha e fetoga go nna ya bobedi ka ntlha ya go re nako ea ·

fetoga.

Phetogo ya lefelo

Kgosi Selebi 0 ngala kwa ga gagwe fa borangwanaagwe ba leka go mo

gakolola mme 0 ya kwa ga Mmapitsa go tshabela mathata a lelapa la
gagwe teng.

Tiragalo ya ntlha: Selebi 0 ngala fa ga gagwe.

Tiragalo ya bobedi: Selebi 0 ya kwa ga Mmapitsa.

Tiragalo ya ntlha e fetoga go nna tiragalo ya bobedi ka ntlha ya go

fetoga ga lefelo.

49
 Kakaretso

Ka kakaretso go ka twe fa go buiwa ka ditiragalo ka botsona go tihokomelwa

phetogo thata, mme yona e lebagane Ie go fetoga ga baanelwa, ga nako
Ie ga lefelo. Ditiragalo tsa terama e, Se se jeleng rre, di latelegantshiwa
go tlhokometse setlhogo sa yona. Ka jalo ditiragalotshwanelo tsotlhe di
bopilwe ka ditiragalotebagano tse di Iemogiwang ka phetogo.

2.7.3. Tikologo

Kakanyo e ya tikologo ke lefokokakaretso Ie Serudu (1990:83) a Ie

tlhalosang ka go re ke lefelo Ie ditiragalo di diragalelang go lona. 0
tsweleia pele ka go aroganya tikologo ka dikarolo di Ie pedi, e Ieng nako
Ie lefelo. Tshekatsheko e, e ya go aroganya nako ka dikarolo tse, tse pedi
jaaka Serudu a dira.

• Nako

Nako ke e nngwe ya dielemente tsa diteng. Tlhotlhomiso e, e ya go

tlhalosa nako jaaka e tlhalositswe ke Mojalefa (1995:38) gore e na Ie

dikarolo di Ie tharo, e Ieng:

Nako e e rileng
Nako ya ditiragalo
Nako ya loago

• Nako e e rileng

Malimabe (1995:85) fa a tlhalosa nako e e rileng are:

50
 Ke nako e e se nang tshirnologo Ie bokhutlo.
Ke nako e e tshwanang Ie bosigo,
rnotshegare, rnariga, selerno jalo jalo. Ke
nako e e rileng ka gonne ga go itsiwe gore
rnotshegare gongwe bosigo, selerno gongwe
rnariga di sirnolola ka ura efe, rnme di felela
ka ura efe.

Go tla nopolwa dikao di se kae rno terarneng ya Se se je/eng rre go

bontsha ka fa Ntsime a dirisitseng rnofuta 0 wa nako ka teng.

Re tshwanetse go ya teng maitsiboeng ano. [ts. 13]

Re tshwanetse go ikopanya Ie bona phirimaneng eno. [ts.13]
Moapari wa tsona 0 lala a khidiega bosigo botlhe. [ts.14]
laaka lesedi la naledi ya masa, rnphatlhalatsane [ts.49]
Ke tla nna Ie ena bosigo Ie motshegare .[ts.69]

Maitsiboeng rno moleng wa ntlha - Banna ba lekgotla ba ithaopa go ya

go ikopanya Ie borangwanaagwe kgosi Selebi go Ie rnaitsiboa ka
rnaikaelelo a go eletsa kgosi Selebi gore a se tlhole a ya kwa ga
Mrnapitsa, a tlhokornele lelapa la gagwe. Kgosi Selebi 0 ipata ka go re
Senwametsi ga a mo tsholele bana, ke ka ntlha eo a rno ikgatholosang
mrne anna kwa ga Mmapitsa. Maitsiboeng rno nopolong e, e botlhokwa
ka go nne ke nako ya go eletsa kgosi Selebi.

Bosigo rno mol eng wa boraro - rnrnaagwe Mmapitsa 0 ne a itsege ka

boloi. E ne e Ie ena moete]edipele wa baloi mrne tiro e ya gagwe ya
boloi 0 ne a e dira bosigo. Pele a tlhokafala 0 ne a ruta Mmapitsa boloi.

51
Ka jalo Mmapitsa Ie ena ke moloi wa bosigo fela jaaka mmaagwe. Bosigo
bo botlhokwa ka gonne e Ie nako ya baloi.

Bosigo Ie motshegare mo moleng wa botlhano - kgosi Selebi 0 dira

tsholofetso ya go re a ka se ka a kgaogana Ie Mmapitsa. 0 tsaya maikano a
fa pele ga Senwametsi, borangwanaagwe, bommangwanaagwe Ie banna ba
Iekgotla, gore Ie fa go ka nna jang kgotsa jang, 0 tla nna a ya kwa ga
Mmapitsa. Bakgosing Ie banna ba lekgotla ba leka go mo lemosa gore
Mmapitsa ke moloi, fela kgosi Selebi 0 gana go reetsa. Bosigo Ie
motshegare di botlhokwa ka gonne e Ie nako ya tsholofetso Ie maikano a
ga kgosi Selebi.

• Nako ya ditiragalo

Mahmabe (1997:86) fa a tlhalosa nako ya ditiragalo are:

Ke nako eo e nang Ie tshimologo Ie bokhutio,

jaaka ura, letsatsi, beke, kgwedi, ngwaga, jalo
jalo. Fa go bolelwa ka nako ya ditiragalo go a
itsege gore ura e simolola ka motsotso ofe mme
e felela ka ofe, fela jalo Ie beke, kgwedi Ie
ngwaga.

Dikao di se kae go tswa mo go Se se jeleng rre go bontsha mofuta 0 wa

nako ke tse di Iatelang.

E hee, Gompieno 0 mpona lekgalagadi. [ts.3]

Borangwane, magobe a, ke a dibeke tse pedi. [ts.20]

52
 Mrnasera, ke letse ke biditse ngaka Serernane maabane. [ts.35]
Ka moso re tshwanetse ra bitsa borangwanaa kgosi. [ts.57]

Gompieno, dibeke tse pedi, maabane, ka moso, dinako tsa tsona di a

itsege ka gonne di na Ie tshirnologo Ie bokhutlo. Go tswa rno dikaong
tse di filweng go tla tlhalosiwa di Ie tharo fela go bontsha rnofuta 0 wa
nako.

Tiragalo e e diragetseng gompieno ke ya fa kgosi Selebi a sirnolola go

bontsha lenyatso rno go Senwarnetsi ka ntlha ya go re a bone lerato Ie leswa

kwa ntle. Kgosi Selebi ga a sa tlhole a kgathalela Senwarnetsi, ke ka moo
a sirnololang go rnrnona e Ie lekgalagadi. Ka jalo gompieno e botlhokwa
ka gonne e bontsha tshirnologo ya lenyatso la ga kgosi Selebi Ie
tshotlego ya ga Senwarnetsi.

Tiragalo e e diragetse rno dibekeng tse pedi tse di fetileng e utlwisa

Senwarnetsi botlhoko thata gonne 0 lernogile gore Selebi ga a sa tlhole a
rno kgathalela e bile 0 na Ie dibeke di Ie pedi a sa je dijo tse di
apeilweng ke ena (Senwarnetsi). Senwarnetsi 0 tlisa rnagobe a dibeke di
Ie pedi a Selebi a ntseng a a tsholelwa rnrne a sa a je gore
boragwanaagwe ba a bone. Dibeke tse pedi di botlhokwa rno nopolong
e ka gonne di supa nako e Senwarnetsi a ititeileng sefuba gore a ntshe
kutlobotlhoko e e rno pelong ya gag we ka go senoia ditiro tsa ga kgosi
Selebi tse di sa siarnang fa pele ga borangwanaagwe.

Tiragalo ya go re banna ba lekgotla ba bitse borangwanaa kgosi e diragala

ka moso. Lebaka Ie legolo la go ba bitsa ke go ba lernosa gore kgosi

53
Selebi 0 nna kwa ga Mmapitsa, Ie go re kana Mmapitsa 0 itsege ka boloi.
Ka jalo ba tshwanetse go dira sengwe ka kgosi pele Mmapitsa a mo
tshereanya ka ditlhare tsa gagwe tsa boloi. Ka moso e botlhokwa ka
gonne e Ie nako ya temoso.

• Kelelo ya nako

Mojalefa (1993:67) 0 bua ka go elelwa ga nako ya ditiragalo tsotlhe tsa

sekwalwa. Ke go re go kgonwa go lemogwa gore ditiragalo tse di diragalang
mo sekwalweng, di ka ne di di tsere lobaka 10 10 kae go tioga kwa
tshimologong go ya kwa bokhutlong. Fa go sekasekwa kelelo ya nako, go
tla tlhokomelwa (a) nako e e rileng, ke go re nako e e buiwang ke
mokwadi Ie (b) nako ya ditiragalo, ke go re nako e e fopholetswang ke
mosekaseki.

(a) Nako e e rileng (nako e e buiwang ke mokwadi)

Nako e e rileng, ke go re nako e e buiwang ke mokwadi, e ka akaretswa

ka lenaneo Ie Ie latelang:

Ditiragalo Nako
1. Ditiragalo tsa terama e di simolola fa
Selebi a ikgatholosa lelapa la gagwe. Selebi
ga a tlhole a kgathalela mosadi wa gagwe, 2 dibeke
Ie dijo tse Senwametsi a di apeileng ga a di
je. Senwametsi 0 bontsha borangwanaagwe
Selebi magobe a dibeke tse pedi a a ntseng
a a tsholela Selebi mme a sa aje [ts.20]

54
2. Kgosi Selebi 0 ya kwa ga Mmapitsa go
ipala mabala a kgaka. Ka je Ie latelang
Sedialapa, Kedisaletse Ie Mmasera ba ya
kwa go Mmapitsa go mmotsa gore kgosi 2 malatsi
Selebi 0 Ietse a batla eng fa ga gagwe.
[ts.25]
3. Mmasera 0 gakolola Mmapitsa go dirisa
rneratiso. Mmapitsa 0 rno solofetsa gore e
tla re ka moso aroma Tselane go ya go bitsa 3 malatsi
ngaka Seremane. Ka letsatsi Ie Ie Iatelang
la go bitsa ngaka Sere mane, Mmapitsa 0

begela Mmasera gore 0 letse a biditse

ngaka Seremane [ts.34]
4. Ngaka Seremane 0 naya Mmapitsa meratiso
e a neng a e dirisa malatsi a Ie marataro 6 malatsi
[ts.53]
5. Manko 0 ya kwa banneng ba lekgotla
mme 0 ba bolelela gore maabane 0 ne a na 2 malats i
Ie Mmatsie mme 0 mmoleletse gore Tselane
a re Mmapitsa 0 tsheletse kgosi Selebi
meratiso mo dijong. [ts.57]
6. Ka Ietsatsi Ie Ie latelang, banna ba 1 letsatsi
lekgotla ba ikopanya Ie bakgosing go
gakolola kgosi Selebi. Selebi 0 a ngala
mme 0 ya kwa ga Mmapitsa. [ts.58]
7. Mmapitsa 0 bolelela Mmasera, Kedisaletse
Ie Sedialapa gore kgosi Selebi 0 letse a 2 malatsi
sekisiwa ke borangwanaagwe Ie banna ba
lekgotla maabane. [ts.75]

55
 8. Mmapitsa Ie Senwametsi ba mo kgweding
ya boraro ba imile [ts.87] 3 kgwedi
9. Morago ga dikgwedi di Ie thataro
Mmapitsa Ie Senwametsi ba tshola bana ba 6 kgwedi
basimane. [ts.87]
10. Morago ga dingwaga di Ie somerobedi
Mmapitsa 0 tlhalosetsa Bankgoditse ka ga 18 dingwaga
tiro ya gagwe ya boloi Ie go re 0 ikaeletse
go bolaya kgosi Selebi. [ts.103]
11. Mmapitsa 0 laela Tselane gore gompieno go
tla apaya ena ka namana ka gonne 0 1 letsatsi
ikaeletse go diragatsa maikaelelo a gagwe
a go bolaya kgosi Selebi [ts.115]

Nako e e builweng ke mokwadi e ka akarediwa ka go re ke dingwaga di

Ie somerobedi, dikgwedi di Ie robong, dibeke di Ie nne Ie malatsi a Ie
mararo.

(b) Nako ya ditiragalo (nako e e fopholetswang ke mosekaseki)

Go tIoga kwa tshimologong ya terama e go lebega fa ditiragalo tsa

yona di tsere sebaka sa kgwedi fela go ya ka nako e e buiwang ke
mokwadi, mme gona mo sebakeng se sa kgwedi Mmapitsa Ie Senwamesti
ba setse ba Ie mo kgweding ya boraro ba imile. Se se raya go re go na Ie
dikgwedi tse dingwe tse pedi kwa morago tse mokwadi a sa buang ka
tsona.

56
Mmapitsa 0 tshelela kgosi Selebi botlhole mo dijong mme kgosi Selebi
o segwa ke mala a a botlhoko, 0 a swa. Go tIoga ka loso lwa ga kgosi
Selebi go fitlha ka loso lwa ga Bankgoditse Ie Mmapitsa, bogolo jwa
ditiragalo tsa teng bo ka lekanyetswa mo dikgweding di ka nna Iesome.
Ka jalo nako e e fopholediwang yotlhe e ka nna dikgwedi di)e pedi tsa
kwa tshimologong Ie dikgwedi di Ie )esome tsa kwa bokhutlong, tsotlhe
fa di tlhakanngwa ke dikgwedi di)e somepedi, e leng ngwaga o)e
mongwe.

Go ka akarediwa ka go re nako e e buiwang ke mokwadi ke dingwaga

di Ie somerobedi, kgwedi di Ie robong, dibeke di Ie nne Ie malatsi a Ie
mararo, fa e tlhakanngwa Ie nako e e fopholediwang ke mosekaseki, e leng
kgwedi di Ie somepedi, yotlhe e ka nna dingwaga di Ie somerobedi,
dikgwedi di Ie somaamabedi Ie bongwe, dibeke di Ie pedi Ie malatsi a Ie
somesupa, ke go re ke dingwaga di Ie somerobong, dikgwedi di Je
Iesome )e malatsi a Ie mararo.

• Nako ya Ioago

Marggraff (1996: 104) fa a tlhalosa nako ya loago a re ke:

The time in which the events take place.

Historical time will be renamed "real
time".

Se Marggraff a se tlhalosang ke go re nako ya loago ke nako e go lweng

mo go yona. Ke nako e e lebaganeng Ie mabaka a a rileng mo
botshelong. Go tla nopolwa dikao di se kae mo go Se se jeleng rre tse di
tlhagelelang fa go sekasekwa nako ya loago.

57
 Motho yo 0 lebileng kwano yo, 0 ka re ke kgosi Selebi. [ts.22]
Go bonolo thata Kebotsaletswe (Mmasera) 0 tla ya go bitswa ke nna.
[ts.135]
Mme e bile ke batla go mmona kwa morakeng wa Lorutlhware.
[1s.139]

Dinopolo tse di fa godimo tse di bontsha gore nako ya terama e ke ya

bogo)ogo)o, Ie fa tota e se ya bogologolotala. Ke nako e tlhabologo e
neng e simolola go nna teng. Fa mokwadi a bua ka motho yo 0 lebileng
kwano go supa gore 0 bua ka motho yo 0 tsamayang ka dinao. Mo
terameng e, ga go na mo mokwadi a buang ka ga sejanaga gongwe bese.
Baanelwa botlhe ba ba tlhagelelang fa go bontsha ba tsamaya ka dinao go
sa kgathalatsege gore ba tsamaya sekgala se se kae. Ke ka moo go tweng
nako ya terama e, ke ya bogologolo.

Gompieno go dirisiwa moga)a fa mongwe a rata go bitsa yo mongwe

ka bonako, gongwe fa a sa batle go ya kwa go mongwe mme a batla go
bua Ie ena. Go bontsha gore nako ya terama e ke ya bogo)ogo)o megale
e ne e ise e nne teng. Kebotsaletswe 0 ne a batla go bua Ie Mmasera fela
a sa itse gore a ka ikopanya jang Ie ena ka gonne a tshaba gore fa a ka ya
kwa ga gagwe batho ba tla mmona mme ba mo makalela. Gape 0 ne a
tshaba gore Mmapitsa 0 tla mmona fa a tsena kwa ga Mmasera. Fa e ne e
Ie nako ya gompieno, Kebotsaletswe a ka bo a Ieditse mogala mme a bua
Ie Mmasera kwa ntle ga go bonwa ke ope gongwe go utlwa ke ope.

Bogologolo dikgomo di ne di nna kwa merakeng. Ka jalo dikgomo tsa

ga kgosi Selebi Ie tsona di ne di nna kwa merakeng. Ke ka moo
Kebotsaletswe a neng a laela Moratwe go ya go bitsa Mmasera gore ba

58
kopane kwa morakeng wa Lorutlhware. Gompieno meraka ga e sa tlhole
e Ie teng ka gonne dikgomo di nna kwa dikampeng tse di sireletsegileng
gore di se ka tsa sutlheia kwa mebileng gong we tsa utswiwa.

Ka go rialo go ka twe nako ya mofuta 0 ke yona ya loago e e tlhagisang

dikgang Ie ditiragalo tse di fetogang Ie mabaka. Nako ya ditiragalo tsa Se
se je/eng rre ke nako ya ditiragalo tsa bogologolo, Ie fa e se tsa
bogologoiotaIa, e e itshupang e Ie nako ya loago.

Kakaretso

Go ka akaretswa ka go re go na Ie mefuta e Ie meraro ya nako, e Ieng

nako e e rileng, nako ya ditiragalo Ie nako ya loago. Nako e e rileng ga e
na tshimologo Ie bokhutIo, nako ya ditiragalo e na Ie tshimologo Ie
bokhutlo, e bile e a elela, ke ka moo go kgonwang go lemogwa gore
ditiragalo tsa terama e, ya Se se jeleng rre di tsere lobaka 10 10 kae. Nako
ya leago ke nako e ditiragalo di diragalang ka yona. Ke nako e e
tsamayang e fetoga Ie mabaka.

• Lefelo

Elemente e ya lefelo e setse e tlhalositswe gore e ka aroganngwa ka

dikarolo di Ie pedi e Ieng (a) lefelo le Ie rileng Ie (b) lefelo la ditiragalo.

(a) Lefelo Ie Ie rileng

Mojalefa (1997:27) 0 tlhalosa mafelo a a rileng ka go re:

Ke mafelo ao mongwadi a sa a nepisego

59
 go swana Ie ge a bolela ka ga lefelo Ie
lengwe leo a sa bolelego leina la lona.

Puo ya Mojalefa e gatelela gore mafelo a a rileng ke a mokwadi a sa a

totomatsang ka go bua maina a ona. Dikao di se kae di tla nopolwa mo
go Se se je/eng rre go bontsha ka moo Ntsime a dirisitseng mofuta 0 wa
lefelo ka teng:

Fa ke lelala legodimong di ngotlile kgalalelo. [ts.19]

Mowa wa me 0 sapa mo makhubung a a kokomogang. [ts.21]
Tselane 0 ya nokeng, mo tseJeng 0 kopana Ie Kedisaletse. [ts.1]
Ke ya go mo lalela fa a ya nokeng ka fa molapong [ts.131]
Ke eng fa ke feta gaufi Ie ntlo e, pelo ya me e ubauba, e kibakiba.
[ts.1 ]

Mafoko otlhe a a ntshofaditsweng ke ona mafelo a a rileng. Go tla

tlhalosiwa a Ie mararo fela a mafelo a, go bontsha ka moo mofuta 0 0

dirisitsweng ka teng.

Legodimong mo moral eng wa ntlha ke lefelo Ie Ie akanngwang. Ke Ie Ie

sa itsiweng gore Ie fa Iegodimong fa kae. Tiragalo ya dinaledi ya go
ngotla megatla e diragala kwa legodimong. Ke ka moo go tweng
legodimo ke Iefelo Ie Ie rileng.

Tiragalo ya go kopana ga Kedisaletse Ie Tselane e diragaia mo tseleng.

Mo tseleng ke Iefelo Ie Ie sa totomadiwang ka gonne go sa tlhaloganyege
sentle gore ke fa kae mo tseleng. Gongwe Ie gongwe mo motho a
tsamayang teng go na Ie tsela. Ka jalo mo tseleng go kaya lefelo lengwe
Ie lengwe Ie motho a ka Ie akanyang. Ke ka moo go tweng mo tseleng
ke lefelo Ie Ie rileng.

60
· Bankgoditse 0 lalela Moratwe ka fa molapong. Ga go itsiwe gore 0 ne a
mo lalela fa kae fa molapong ka gonne molapo ke 0 mogolo mme
Bankgoditse Ie ena 0 ne a tshwanetse go nna fa a ka se keng a bonwa
ka gonne a laletse. Le mmuisi ga a itse fa a leng teng. Ka fa molapong
ke lefelo Ie Ie rileng ka gonne go sa totomatswa gore ke fa kae fa
molapong.

(b) Lefelo]a ditiraga]o

Go ya ka Mojalefa (1997 :27) lefelo la ditiragalo ke lefelo Ie mokwadi a

bolelang leina la lona, jaaka Tshwane, Gauteng, Polokwane, jalo jalo. Ke
mafelo a tlhago a a leng teng. Dikao tsa mofuta 0 wa lefelo go tswa mo
go Se se jeleng rre ke tse di latelang.

Ke nna mo lelapeng Ie la me. [ts.18]

Borangwane, mpusetseng kwa gae. [ts.19]
Ke tlhaga kwa gaabo Tselane [ts.44]
Mmapitsa 0 ya kwa ntlwaneng e e apeelang. [ts.50]
Go ntse go rile tu, kwa kgosing. [ts.142]
Mme e bile ke batla go mmona kwa morakeng
wa LorutJhware .[ts.139]

Mafoko otlhe a a ntshofaditsweng ke ona mafelo a ditiragalo. ke ona

mafelo a mangwe a ona e leng a tlhago, a ditiragalo di diragalelang mo
go ona. Ke mafelo a a itsegeng. Go sedimosa ka ga mafelo a, a ditiragalo,
go tla tlhalosiwa a se mmalwanyana fela:

Senwametsi 0 ya kwa gae go ya go belegela teng. Le fa go sa tlhagisiwa,

ka tlhamalalo leina la lefelo Ie, fela kwa gaabo Senwametsi go a itsege
gore ke kwa kae. Ke lefelo Ie Ie itsegeng ka gonne ga Ie akannngwe.

61
 Ke lona lefelo la ditiragalo.

Morago ga fa Tselane a fetsa go apaya, 0 diga sejana mme Mmapitsa 0 ya

kwa ntlwaneng ya boapeelo go ya go tshela meratiso mo dijong tsa ga
kgosi Selebi. Ka jalo ntlwana ya boapee1o ke lefelo la ditiragalo ka
gonne ga Ie akanngwe.

Lorutlhware ke lefelo la ditiragalo. Ke lefelo Ie Kebotsaletswe a neng a

kopanela Ie Mmasera kwa go lona. Go a itsege gore moraka wa Lerutlhware
o kwa kae, Ie mmuisi 0 a Ie itse lefelo Ie, ka jalo LerutIhware ke lefelo
Ie Ie itsegeng, ke ka moo go tweng ke lefelo la tiragalo.

Fa go sekasekwa lefelo jaaka karolo ya diteng go t1hokometswe gore Ie

arogantswe ka dikarolo di Ie pedi, e leng lefelo Ie Ie rileng Ie lefelo la
ditiragalo.

2.8. KAKARETSO

Mo kgaolong e go tlhagisitswe ka boleelenyana dielemente tse nne tsa

diteng, e leng baaneIwa, ditiragalo, nako Ie lefelo, tse e leng tsona
motheo wa letlalo la diteng. Go lemogilwe kamano ya baanelwa fa ba
lebaganngwa Ie ditiro tsa bona.

Go tlhagisitswe fa ditiragalo di arogantswe ka dikarolo di Ie pedi, e leng

mofuta 0 mogolo wa ditiragalo Ie mofuta 0 monnye wa ditiragalo.
Ditiragalo di lebagantswe Ie phetogo ya baanelwa, nako Ie lefelo.

Tikologo e tlhalositswe fa e na Ie dikarolo di Ie pedi, e leng nako Ie

lefelo. Go na Ie mefuta e Ie meraro ya nako: nako e e rileng, nako ya

62
ditiraga)o Ie nako ya )oago. Lefelo Ie lona Ie na Ie rnefuta e Ie rnebedi:
Iefelo Ie Ie rileng Ie Iefelo Ia ditiragalo.

Go tIa tlhokornelwa gore rno terarneng e ya ga Ntsirne dinako di a

tlhagiswa fela ga go tlhagisiwe rnaina a rnafelo a ditiragalo tsa sekwalwa
se, di diragalelang rno go ona. Lefelo Ie Ie lengwe tela Ie go tlhagisiwang
leina la lona ke rnoraka wa Lerutlhware.

63
KGAOLO YA BORARO

3.1 TSAMAISO

Mo tlhotlhomisong e, thulanganyo e ya go aroganngwa ka dikarolo di

Ie nne, e leng: thulaganyo I, thulanganyo II, thulaganyo III Ie thulaganyo
IV. Mo kgaolong ego ya go sekasekiwa thulaganyo I.

3.2. THULAGANYO I

3.3 MATSENO

BoBrooks (1975:7) ba tlhalosa fa thulanganyo e Ie tlhamego kgotsa

paakanyo ya ditiragalo mo sekwalweng. Ditiragalo tse, ga twe di ka
latelana kgotsa tsa tsaya tsela e Ie nngwe e e sa latelaneng go ya ka
tlwaelo.BoBrooks ba gatelela puo e ya gagwe ka go re:

The writer's process of manipulation involves

two aspects: selection and ordering. As for
selection, ... he must select the details that he
thinks are important because they should be
relevant or suggestive with the question of
ordering, we are dealing, In one sense, with
selectivity again, for certain details of action
cannot be accommodated in a plot... the writer
often finds it necessary in creating his plot to
violate the strict logical and chronological
sequence characteristic of the action that is his
raw material.

64
Brooks 0 tlhalosa gore thulaganyo e Iebagane Ie dintlha di Ie pedi, e
leng tlhopho ya ditiragalo Ie paakanyo ya tsona. Mokwadi 0 tshwanetse
go tlhopha dintlha tse a bonang di Ie botlhokwa fela fa a kwala
sekwalwa. Dintlha tse, di tshwanetse go latelana go ya ka botlhokwa jwa
tsona.

Groenewald (1993:5) fa a netefatsa se, a re go na Ie ditselana tse di

farologaneng tsa go rulaganya dikgang, jaaka fa go tlhalosiwa dikgang
ka botlalo gongwe fa go raraganngwa ditiragalo gore ya ntIha e buiwe
kwa bofelong, gongwe fa go tlhalosiwa tikologo gore maikutlo a lemose
mmuisi kotsi e e tlang go tlhagela moanelwa yo 0 rileng, jalo jalo. Ke ka
moo a rumang kgang ya gagwe ka go re:

Thulaganyo ya sekwalwa ke hlopho ya dithekeniki

ge di amana Ie seng sa tsona, ge ye nngwe Ie
ye nngwe e lebane Ie moko wa ditaba.

Groenewald 0 gatelela gore thulaganyo e lebagane Ie thitokgang. Dikakanyo

tse di latelang tsa thulaganyo di tla tIhaIosiwa.

Thitokgang
Kakanyetso
Thaetlele
Dikgato tsa thulaganyo
Tshenolo
Dielemente tsa tshenolo.
Tiriso ya dielemente tsa thulaganyo.

65
3.4. THITOKGANG

Mojalefa (1994:61) fa a tIhaIosa thitokgang are:

Moko wa ditaba ke ona kgopoIokgoio yeo

mongwadi a ratago go e Iemosa mmadi mabapi Ie
taba ye e itsego.

Puo e ya ga Mojalefa e tlhalosa gore thitokgang ke kgang e mokwadi

a ratang go e abelana Ie mmuisi.

Go tla Iemogiwa gore thitokgang e farologana Ie setlhogo. Pharologanyo

eo e tlhalosiwa ke Groenewaid (1993:14) fa are:

Setlhogo se golaganya dikgang tsa diteng

gore di nne selo se Ie sengwe, fa thitokgang e
golaganya dithekeniki tsa thulaganyo gore di
Iebagane.

Setlhogo se dirisiwa mabapi Ie histori

kgotsa diteng mme thitokgang yona e dirisiwa
mabapi Ie thulaganyo.

- Setlhogo ke kakaretso ya bofelofelo ya dikgang

tsa diteng.Thitokgang ke kgangkgolo (molaetsa)
e e Ieng yona moth eo 0 0 laolang go rulaganngwa
ga dikgang gore e nne sekwaiwa.

66
 Dipharologanyo tse di botlhokwa ka go nne ka tsona mmuisi a ka
lemoga fa setlhogo se lebagane Ie thulaganyo.

Go ka akaretswa ka go re kgopolo e, thitokgang, mosola wa yona 0

mogolo ke go tshwaraganya dithekeniki tsa thulaganyo gore di lebagane.

Ie go naya dielemente tsa sekwalwa, e leng baanelwa, ditiragalo, nako Ie
lefelo, tiro ka maikaelelo a go tsweledisa pele molaetsa wa sekwalwa.

3.5 KAKANYETSO

Groenewald (1993: 15) Ie Mojalefa (1994:63) ba tlhalosa gore kakanyetso

ke motheo wa sekwalwa. Fa a tsweledisa kgang e pele Groenewald
(1995:16) are:

o ka re morero ke moakanyetso goba lenaneo

goba Ienaneotheo, goba patrone ya motheo. Ke
lenaneo Ia dikokwana tse di Iaolago thulaganyo
ya sengwalwa gore moko wa ditaba 0 tswele
pele.

Groenewald 0 gatelela gore kakanyetso ke lenaneo Ie Ie Iaolang

thulaganyo ya sekwalwa gore molaetsa wa son a 0 tlhagelele sentle.

Go ya ka Mojalefa (1994:64) tiro ya kakanyetso ke go laola mofuta wa

sekwalwa. Ke go re kakanyetso e thus a mmUlSI go lemoga gore sekwalwa
ke sa mofuta ofe. Fa go twe sekwalwa ke sa maitsholo, matlhotlhapelo,
botseka, jalo jalo, se a bo se tlhophilwe go ya ka lenaneo la mofuta wa

sekwalwa seo. Tiro e nngwe gape ya kakanyetso ke go tlhalosa semelo

sa moanelwa gore mmuisi a lemoge gore ke moanelwa wa mofuta ofe.

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 Go na Ie pharologano fa gare ga thitokgang Ie kakanyetso. Mojalefa
(1995: 12) 0 bontsha pharologano e ka go tIhaIosa gore thitokgang e
Iebagane Ie maikaeIeio a mokwadi, fa kakanyetso yona e Iebagane Ie
thulaganyo ya sekwaiwa. 0 tsweIeia pele ka go tlhalosa gore kakanyetso
e na Ie dikgato tsa thulaganyo e e rileng mme kgato nngwe Ie nngwe e
Iebagane Ie matIhakore a Ie mabedi a mo go ona go tlhophiwang Ie Ie
Iengwe fela fa go tlhalosiwa semelo sa moanelwa. Matihakore a mabedi a
a tlhalosa semelo sa molwantshiwa jaana:

Molwantshiwa ke moanelwa:
(a) wa maemo kgotsa (a) wa metiheng
(b) wa makoa kgotsa (b) wa go tlhoka makoa
(c) wa go kokobetswa kgotsa (c) wa go se kokobediwe
(d) wa go amogelwa kgotsa (d) wa go se amogelwe

Go ka akaretswa ka go re fa go sekasekwa semelo sa moaneIwa, kakanyetso

ya sekwaIwa, bogolo segolo go Iebeletswe dikgato tse pedi tsa ntlha (a Ie
b) fa godimo, e tshwanetse ya tihokomelwa thata ka gonne ke yon a e e
laolang semelo sa gagwe.

3.6. THAETLELE

Stein (1997:148) 0 tihalosa gore thaetlele ke:

The distinguish name of the book.

Se Stein a se kayang ke go re leina Ia sekwaiwa. Sekwaiwa sengwe Ie

sengwe se tshwanetse go nna Ie Ieina gore se itsege. Ka jalo Ieina Ie
botlhokwa ka gonne Ie thusa go tihopha buka mo go tse dingwe.

68
Mojalefa (1995:97) 0 bua gore thaetlele e thusa go tlhopha maboko go
ya ka mefuta e e rileng. Se a se tlhalosang ke go re sekwalwa sa
maboko se na Ie thaetlele e Ie nngwe fela, mme ka fa gare leboko lengwe
Ie lengwe Ie na Ie thaetlele ya lona. Ka go rialo thaetlele e botlhokwa mo
sekwalweng.

o Bot)hokwa jwa thaetle)e

Fisher (1987:402) fa a bua ka botlhokwa jwa thaetlele are:

Attending to titles, or even subtitles is in some

instance absolutely essential to understanding,
evaluating and interpreting.

Se Fisher a se buang ke go re thaetlele e thusa mmuisi go tlhaloganya Ie

go sekaseka sekwalwa. Mojalefa (1995:97) 0 tialeletsa se se buiwang ke
Fisher ka go re thaetle e na Ie tlhotlheletso mo sekwalweng. Go ka twe
thaetlele ya sekwalwa e sedimosetsa mmuisi ka ga se a yang go buisa ka
ga son a ka fa gare ga sekwalwa.

Lotman (1968: 121) ena a re thaetlele e kgona go farologanya sekwalwa

se se rileng Ie se sengwe. 0 tsweledisa kgang ya gagwe pele ka go re
thaetlele ke:

A word, phrase or sentence used to designate a

book, thus distinguishing it from others and
often indicates the nature of its contents.

Lotman 0 gatelela gore thaetlele e ka nna lefoko fela, polelwana

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kgotsa polelo e e tlhalosang sekwalwa. Go ya ka Lekganyane (1997:57) Ie
Wilsmore (1987:405) botlhokwa jwa thaetlele ga se go farologanya
sekwalwa Ie tse dingwe fela, gape mokwadi a ka tsweledisa maikutlo a
gagwe pele ka yona ka go naya sekwalwa leina. Wilsmore 0 tswelela pele
ka go tshwantshanya thaetlele Ie letshwaokgwebo (trademark). Fa a
tlhalosa kgang e sentle are:

The way in which titles are used artificially is

illustrated by comparing them with common
law trademark.

Fa go gatelelwa tiriso ya leina la sekwalwa jaaka letshwaokgwebo.

Mojalefa (1995:92) Ie ena 0 gatelela puo e ka go re letshwaokgwebo mo

setlhagisiweng Ie thaetlele mo sekwalweng, bobedi di bontsha tlhago

gongwe setso se se tshwanetseng go supiwa fa se itsiwe. Ke ka moo
setlhagisiwa Ie sona sekwalwa di tshwanetseng go fiwa letshwaokgwebo
kgotsa thaetlele. 0 tswelela pele ka go re modi wa letshwaokgwebo ke
setlhagisi, fa modi wa thaetlele e Ie mokwadi ka sebele. Ke ka ntlha e
letshwaokgwebo gongwe thaetlele di sa tshwanelang go dirisiwa ke
mongwe Ie mongwe fela e se mong wa tsona.

Go ka akarediwa ka go re thaetlele ke leina la sekwalwa mme e botlhokwa

ka gonne e na Ie tlhotlheletso mo sekwalweng. Thaetlele e sedimosetsa
mmuisi ka ga se se yang go fitlhelwa ka fa gare ga sekwalwa mme e dira
gore mmUlSl a tlhaloganye sekwalwa sentle. Ka go rialo thaetlele e
botlhokwa.

70
 o Mefuta ya thaetlele

Mojalefa (1995:95) 0 tlhalosa rnefuta e Ie rnetlhano ya thaetleIe, e leng.

DithaetIele tsa mokgwa wa Victoria tsa

rnaboko a rnakhutshwane, ona ke rnaboko a
rnakhutshwane a a bokiwang, ke batho
baVictoria kwa bogare ba Aforika.

Tsa setlhogo: Tsona di Iebagane Ie setlhogo

rno sekwalweng.
Tsa thitokgang: Tsona di lebagane Ie thitokgang
(rnaikaelelo a rnokwadi)
Tsa nopolo ya ka fa gare ga sekwalwa
(bogoio-segolo rnotlhaia wa ntlha wa
tshirnologo ya rnokwadi)
Tsa sekaitshitshinyo ('symbolic suggestion'):
Tsona ke tse di Iernosang rnrnuisi ka ga se a
yang go kopana Ie sona ka fa gare ga sekwaiwa.

Go tswa rno rnefuteng ya thaetlele e e neilweng ke Mojalefa , Se se jeleng

rre e weI a rno rnofuteng 0: Tsa thitokgang, ka gonne Se se jeleng rre e na Ie
rnolaetsa 0 rnokwadi a ratang go 0 Iernosa rnmuisi, 0 0 arnanang Ie
kgangkgolo ya sekwalwa se, e Ieng: go nyatsa lelapa la gago go tsenya mo
mathateng.

3.7 DIKGATO TSA THULAGANYO

Go ya ka Serudu (1990: 113-115) thulaganyo e na Ie dikgato di Ie tlhano, tse

di botlhokwa, tse di tshwanetseng go tlhokornelwa fa go sekasekwa

71
 sekwalwa, e leng, tshenolo, thaologo, tharaano, setJhoa Ie tharabologo.
Shole (1988: 18-19) ena 0 oketsa ka kgato e Ie nngwe: katlhogo go dira
dikgato di Ie thataro.

Ka fa letlhakoreng Ie lengwe Cohen (1973:68), Groenewald (1993:20) Ie

Mojalefa (1996:13-14) bona ba re thulaganyo e na Ie dikgato di Ie nne, e
leng tshenolo (exposition), phuthologo (development), SetJhoa (climax) Ie
tharabologo (denouement). Fa go lekodisiswa dikgato tse di neilweng ke
boSerudu, go lemogiwa fa kgato ya bobedi Ie ya boraro, e leng thaologo Ie
tharaano di neilwe lereo Ie Ie lengwe ke boMojalefa gore ke phuthologo.
Mo go tharabologo Shole 0 farologane Ie boMojalefa Ie Serudu ka gonne
ena 0 e kgaogantse ka dikarolo di Ie pedi, e leng tharabologo Ie katlholo.
Tlhotlhomiso e, e ile go sala morago dikgato tse di tlhalositsweng ke
boMojalefa .

3.7.1 Tshenolo (Exposition)

Cuddon (1997: 138) fa a tlhalosa tshenolo are:

At the beginning of his play, the dramatist is often

committed to giving a certain amount of essential
information about the plot and the events which are
to come. He also has to give information about
what has already happened.

Se se tlhalosiwang ke go re kwa tshimologong ya motshameko mokwadi 0

tlhagisa dintlha tse di leng botlhokwa tsa thulaganyo Ie ditiragalo tse di yang
go diragala. Prince (1987:28) 0 tlaleletsa se se buiwang ke Cuddon ka go re
tshenolo ke:

72
 The presentation of circumstances obtained
before the beginning of the action.

Ke go re go tlhagisiwa dintlha tse di kokoantsweng pele ga tiragalo.

Mojalefa (1995:19) 0 gatelela dikakanyo tsa batiori ba ba fa godirno ka go
re fa rnokwadi a neela mmuisi dikgang mo tshirnologong ya sekwaIwa, 0

tshwanetse go senoIa baanelwa (baanelwabagolo Ie baanelwabatlaleletsi),

mafelo a ba tshelang rno go ona, nako e ditiragalo di diragalang ka yona,
kgotihang, tshirnologo ya ditiragaIo, jalojalo. Groenewald (1993:19) ena 0

arnanya tshenolo Ie kgogedi ka go re tshenolo e tlhalosa seerno sa dikgang e

bile ke gona rno rnokwadi a senolang se se tiholang kgogedi.

Go . ka akarediwa ka go re rno go tshenolo go tlhagisiwa baanelwa,

ditiragaIo, nako, lefeIo, kgotIhang Ie kgogedi. Kgotlhang e, ke e e
tIhalosiwang ke Mojalefa (1997: 13) gore ke yona ya ntiha e e Iebaganeng Ie
thulaganyo ya dikgang tsa kaneIo, e e aroganyang tshenolo Ie phuthologo.

o Kgotlhang

Cohen (1973:18) 0 tIhaIosa gore kgotihang ke go tlhoka kutlwano rnagareng

ga baanelwa ka ntlha ya rnabaka a a farologaneng. Kgotlhang e, e ka tlisa
dintwa, dipolaano gongwe kutlobotlhoko rno baanelweng ba sekwaiwa.
Serudu (1989:48-49) 0 tiaIeIetsa tlhaloso e ka gore kgotlhang ke:

Kgakgano ye e bago gona gare ga baanegwa

papading, pading Ie rno go kanegelokopano, e ka
ba gare ga baanegwa ba babedi goba dihiopha tsa
baanegwa. Gape thulano e ka ba gare ga
rnoanegwa Ie tikologo ya gagwe.

73
Serudu 0 gatelela gore kgotlhang e ka nna teng fa gare ga baanelwa
(kgotlhang ya kwa ntle) gape e ka nna fa gare ga moanelwa Ie tikologo ya
gagwe (kgotlhang ya ka fa gare). Marggraff (1994:21) 0 tlhagisa kakanyo
e nngwe gape ya kgotlhang ka go re e ka nna teng fa gare ga
tshiamo Ie bosula. Ke ka moo a reng:

Conflict is a prerequisite for tension and

originates where good and bad, virtue and Vice,
strength and weakness are placed.

Se a se gatelelang ke go re kgotlhang e fa gare ga tshiamo Ie bosula,

bontle Ie bobe. Fa a akaretsa dikgang tse, Mojalefa (1995: 16) a re
kgotlhang e e leng teng e dira gore mmuisi a rate go buisetsa pele
go bona gore dikgang tsa sekwalwa di felela kae. Ke go re mmuisi
o nna Ie phisego. Phisego e ke yona kgogedi e e ngokang mmuisi.

o Kgogedi

Gore sekwalwa se anye maikutlo a mmuisi Ie go mo tlhotlheletsa gore

a tswelele pele ka puiso, se tshwanetse go nna Ie kgogedi. Yelland,
Jones Ie Easton (1950: 184) ba tlhalosa gore kgogedi ke:

The plot element that keeps the reader or

audience in doubt or in a state of expectancy
as to the outcome of a situation or the whole
story. It is part of the stock-in-trade of the
novelist to keep the reader on tender hooks.

Kakanyo e e gatelela gore kgogedi ke karolo ya thulaganyo ya dikgang

tsa sekwalwa e e pateletsang mmuisi go nna Ie kgatlhego ya go itse gore

74
 dikgang di ya go felela kae. Kgatlhego e e dira gore mmUlSl a buise
sekwalwa go fitiha kwa bokhutlong jwa sona.

Fa aruma dikgang tse, Groenewald (1993:16) a re kgogedi e na Ie

matlhakore a Ie mabedi, e leng Ie Ie Iebaganeng Ie tse mmuisi a di
itseng (setlhogo Ie diteng) Ie tse mmuisi a sa di itseng (thitokgang Ie
thulaganyo). Ke ka moo mmuisi a tshwanetseng go buisa sekwalwa go
fitlha kwa bokhutlong gore a tie a itse tse a sa di itseng. Ka jalo
kgogedi ke yona e tlhotlheletsang mmuisi go buisetsa pele.

o Dielemente tsa tshenolo

Lebaka (1999:82) 0 tlhalosa gore tshenolo e na Ie dielemente di Ie nne,

tseo e leng tsona motheo wa thulaganyo, e leng baanelwa, ditiragalo,
nako Ie lefelo.

00 Baanelwa

Kakanyo e ya baanelwa e setse e tlhalositswe mo kgaolong ya diteng, ka

jalo baanelwa ba thulaganyo e sa ntse e Ie bona bale ba diteng, fela ba
farologana Ie bona ka gonne baanelwa ba thulaganyo ba fiwa tiro, jaaka
bolwantshiwa, bolwantshi Ie botlhotlheletsi. Tiro ya bona e emeia go siama
Ie go se siame. Baanelwa ba thulaganyo ba arogantswe ka mefuta e Ie
mebedi, e Ieng: (a) Baanelwabagolo Ie (b) baanelwapotlana

(a) Baanelwabagolo

Serudu (1989:32) fa a tlhalosa moanelwamogolo are:

75
 Ke mogale goba mogaleadi wa padi,
kanegelokopana goba papadi. Mahlo a diphedi ka
. moka a tsepeletse meragelo ya gagwe mo
papading, pading goba kanegelokopaneng. Ke ena
yoo a utswago pelo ya mmadi. Ditiro tsa gagwe e
ka ba tse botse goba tSe di sa lokago.

Se Serudu a se tlhalosang ke go re moanelwamogolo ke konokono ya

sekwalwa Ie pinagare e bontsi jwa ditiragalo bo ikaegileng ka ena.
Mojalefa (1995:20) 0 tlaleletsa kgang e ka go re moanelwamogolo 0

lebagane Ie molwantshiwa, molwantshi Ie motsenagare.

* Molwantshiwa (protagonist)

Abrams (1981:137) 0 tlhalosa gore molwantshiwa ke:

The chief character In a work, on whom our

interest centres.

Abrams 0 bua gore molwantshiwa ke moanelwa yo mogolo yo 0

ngokang kgatlhego ya mmuisi. Kruger(1988:216) 0 tlaleletsa kgang e ka

go re ke:

The main person or hero in a text. This person

is mostly in the foreground and is part of the
scene from the beginning to the end. His
feelings and sufferings are important.

Puo ya ga Kruger e bua gore moanelwa yo ke yo mogolo yo 0

76
tshwanetseng go nna teng mo tshimologong go fitlha kwa bokhutlong
jwa sekwalwa. Karolokgolo ya sekwalwa e bua ka ga gagwe. Mojalefa
(1995:14) 0 akaretsa kgang e ka go re molwantshiwa ke moanelwa yo
o Iwantshetswang tshiamo ya gagwe kgotsa bosula jwa gagwe ke
moanelwa yo mongwe, e leng molwantshi. Moanelwa yo, ke yo
mogolo, yo gantsi babuisi ba itsalanyang Ie ena.

Fa go ka tlhokomelwa mo go Se se jeleng rre, go tla lemogwa gore

molwantshiwa ke kgosi, SeJebi, ka gonne ke moanelwa yo mogolo, yo
bogolo jwa ditiragalo bo theilweng mo go ena. Kgosi Selebi 0

Iwantshetswa go se siame ga gagwe ka gonne a nyatsa Jelapa Ja

gagwe.

* MoJwantshi (antagonist)

Fa ba tlhalosa molwantshi, Beckson Ie Ganz (1961:17) ba re ke:

The major character opposition to the hero or

protagonist of a narrative or drama.

Puo e e tlhalosa gore molwantshi Ie ena ke moanelwa yo

mogolo yo 0 leng kgatlhanong Ie molwantshiwa. Kruger
(1988:218) 0 oketsa kgang e ka go re:

The antagonist is the cause of trouble, pain and

suffering ... and confusion.

Tlhaloso ya ga Kruger e bua gore molwantshi ke ena a tlholelang

molwantshiwa mathata. Ka jalo molwantshi Ie ena 0 botlhokwa mo

77
sekwalweng. Fa a gatelela botlhokwa jwa gagwe Baldick (1990:101) a re
molwantshi ke:

The most prominent of the characters who

opposes the protagonist or hero (ine) In a
dramatic or narrative work. The antagonist IS

often a villain, seeking to frustrate a hero (ine) ,

but in those works in which the protagonist is
represented as evil, the antagonist will often be
virtious or sympathetic character.

Baldick 0 tlhalosa gore ga se ka dinako tsotlhe fa go fitlhelwang

molwantshi e Ie moanelwa yo 0 sa siamang. Fa molwantshiwa a sa siama
go fitlhelwa e Ie go re molwantshi ke yo 0 siameng. Le fa go Ie jalo
maikaelelo a mol wants hi ke go thibela molwantshiwa go atlega mo go se
a ratang go se dira. Ke ka moo Serudu (1989:33) a mmonang e Ie
moanelwa yo 0 ganetsang molwantshiwa go diragatsa se e leng
maikaelelo a gagwe. Gantsi molwantshi ke motho yo 0 sa siamang.
Nnete ke go re ena 0 lwantsha ditiro tsa ga molwantshiwa tse di bosula
kgotsa tse di sa siamang.

Mo go Se se jeleng rre, molwantshi ke Senwametsi. Tiro ya gagwe e

lebagane Ie go Iwantsha ditiro tse di bosula tsa ga molwantshiwa, e
leng, kgosi Selebi tsa go nyatsa lelapa la gag we. Ke ka ntlha e
babuisi ba itsalanyang Ie ena.

* Motsenagare (tritagonist)

Go ya ka Pretoius Ie Swart (1983:24)

78
 The tritagonist is usually the character who
stands between the two extremes. He/she acts as
a kind of catalyst between the positive and
negative poles.

Motsenagare ke ena a tlhotlheletsang kgotlhang e e fa gare ga

molwantshiwa Ie molwantshi ka go tsena fa gare ga bona. Mojalefa
(1995: 15) 0 tsweledisa pele kgang e ka go tlhalosa fa motsenagare e Ie
moanelwa yo 0 tlholang moferefere fa ' gare ga molwantshi Ie molw~mtshiwa

gore ba se ka ba utlwana, ke go re go nne Ie ntwa fa gare ga bone. Ka

jalo motsenagare 0 godisa kgotlhang e e Ieng teng mo sekwalweng. Fa
a tlhalosa kgang e sentle, Mojalefa are motsenagare ke.

Moanegwa yo 0 beseletsago pitSa ya mpherefere

gore bobedi, molwantshi Ie molwantshiwa ba se
kwane, ba Iebane Ie thulano, mola ka lehlakoreng
Ie lengwe a lebane Ie tlemollo ya Iehuto.

Mojalefa Ie ena 0 gatelela gore motsenagare ke ena a tlholang ntwa fa

gare ga rnolwantshi Ie molwantshiwa mme ke ene a tlisang tharabologo
ya bothata jo bo Ieng teng. Ga se ka dinako tsotlhe rno go fitlhelwang
motsenagare e Ie rnotho, e ka nna selo kgotsa seakanngwa. Ke ka moo
Bal (1980: 14 - 15) a reng go tshwanetswe gwa tlhokomelwa gore fa go
buiwa ka baanelwa ba thulaganyo, ga se go re ka nako tsotlhe ke
"personalsies" (batho) ka gonne go a kgonagala gore Ie "instansies" (dilo)
tse e seng batho di ka fetoga baanelwa ka ntlha ya ditiro tsa tsona. 0
tsweledisa pele ka go re go botoka go dirisa lereo "akteurs" (batshameki)
go gaisa fa go twe baanelwa ke batho.

79
Kgang e ya ga Bal e ya go lekodisiwa mo tlhotlhomisong ya botsenagare
mo terameng ya Se se jeleng rre. Go ya ka fa mokwadi a dirisitseng
botsenagare ka teng, go tla tlhokomelwa gore ga a dirisa motholbatho
ka gonne 0 dirisitse seakanngwa, e leng lorato go lwantsha molwantshiwa
Ie molwantshi. Tiro ya lorato e tshwantshanngwa Ie e e dirwang ke
motho. Lorato ke seakanngwa (abstract) mme Ie fetoga go nna motho
(personasie). Lorato Iwa ga Mmapitsa ke lona 10 10 tsalang kgotlhang
fa gare ga Senwametsi Ie kgosi Selebi. Fa go ne go sena lorato fa gare
ga kgosi Selebi Ie Mmapitsa kgotlhang e e leng teng fa gare ga
Senwametsi Ie kgosi Selebi e ka bo e se teng. Ka go rialo go nna teng
ga lona go tlhodile botlhotlheletsi fa gare ga kgosi Selebi Ie Senwametsi.
Ka jalo go ka twe terata la ga Mmapitsa Ie emela bosula.

(b) Baanelwapotlana (Baanelwabatlaleletsi)

Go ya ka tlhaloso ya Serudu (1989:33) moanelwabatlaleletsi ke

moanelwa yo 0 thusang gore ditiro tsa moanelwamogolo di bonagale.
Ke moanelwa yo 0 nang Ie seabe se sennye mo sekwalweng mme aka
tswelela fale Ie fale kgotsa ka dinako dingwe a ka tlogelwa pele
dikgang di ya kwa bokhutlong. Le fa moanelwa yo a na Ie seabe se

sennye, fela 0 botlhokwa. Mojalefa (1994:110) fa a gatelela botlhokwa

jwa baanelwabatlaleletsi are:

Baanegwathusi ke baanelwa bao ba nago Ie

tebanyo ya baanegwathwadi, ba thusa go hlalosa
semelo sa moanegwathwadi. Ke go re ba tlaleletsa
kgolo Ie mediro ya moanegwathadi yo 0 itSego.

80
 Mojalefa 0 tlhalosa gore baanelwabatlaleletsi ke bona ba thusang go
godisa semelo sa moanelwamogolo. Ke bona ba tlaleletsang kgolo Ie
ditiro tsa moanelwamogolo. Ke go re ba thusa gore moanelwamogolo a
kgone kgotsa a retelelwe ke go dira dilo dingwe. Groenewald (1997:31)
o konosetsa ka go tlhalosa ditiro tsa baanelwabatlaleletsi ka go re:

Ba godisa kgogedi
Ba tlhalosa semele sa moanelwamogolo
Ba tiisa tharabololo
Ba tlhalosa tharabololo

Jaanong go ya go tlhokomelwa baanelwabatlaleletsi ba ba dirisitsweng ke

mokwadi go ya ka fa ba thusang molwantshiwa Ie molwantshi ka teng.

(i) Baanelwabatlaleletsi ba ba thusitseng molwantshi (Senwametsi)

ke:

Banna ba lekgotla, borangwanaa Selebi Ie bommangwanaa

Selebi.
Ngaka Lefifi
Moratwe
Sedialapa Ie Kedisaletse

Baanelwabatlaleletsi ba ba thusitse molwantshi jaana:

* Banna ba lekgotJa, borangwanaa Ie bommangwanaa Selebi.

Baanelwa ba, ba thusitse Senwametsi ka go mo ema nokeng Ie go mo

kgothatsa go tia mo lenyalong la gagwe Ie fa gona Ie mo sulafalela.

81
Ba lekile gantsi go bua Ie kgosi Selebi gore a kgaogane Ie lelapa la ga
Mmapitsa mme a tlhokomele Senwametsi. Ba lekile Ie go mo lemosa
gore Mmapitsa ke moloi mme fa a sa itlhokomele 0 tla mo tshereanya.
Le fa kgosi Selebi a gana go ba reetsa, baanelwa ba, ga ba a ka ba lapa
go mo gakolola, ka go dira jalo Senwametsi 0 ne a lemoga gore ga a
nosi mo bothateng jo a leng mo go bona mme 0 ne a nna Ie tshoiofelo
ya go re gongwe ka letsatsi lengwe go tla siama gape.

* Ngaka Lefifi

Ngaka Lefifi 0 thusitse Senwametsi ka go mo remela ditlhare tse di

neng tsa mo thusa gore a nne mo mmeleng, a tshwane Ie basadi ba
bangwe ba ba belegeng bana. Se se ray a go re mathata a ga Senwametsi a
a fokotsega ka go nne 0 bone karabo ya selo se e Ieng bogologolo a se
eletsa, e leng go nna Ie ngwana yo e leng wa gagwe. Ka ntlha ya se
gongwe kgosi Selebi a ka boela mo lelapeng Ia gagwe mme a Ie
tlhokomela.

* Moratwe

Moratwe Ie ena 0 ntse a kgothatsa Senwametsi mo mahutsaneng a

gagwe. Ke ena a ntseng a mo tlhokometse fa a Ie mo mmeleng Ie
morago ga pelego. Tlhokomelo ya ga Moratwe e thusitse Senwametsi mo
go god iseng Iesea la gagwe {Kebotsaletswe}.

* Sedialapa Ie Kedisaletse

Le fa baanelwabatlaleletsi ba, e Ie ditsala tsa ga Mmapitsa fela ga ba

rate

82
ditiro tsa gagwe tse di maswe. Ke ka moo ba isetsang Senwametsi
dikgang tsotlhe tse di buiwang ke Mmapitsa ka ga gagwe.

Senwametsi 0 boleletswe ke bona gore Mmapitsa 0 ikaeletse go

mmolaya mmogo Ie lesea Ie a Ie imileng. Ka jalo Senwametsi 0 ne a
kgona go fapoga kotsi e ya lose ka go ya go belegela kwa gaabo.

(ii) Baanelwabatlaleletsi ba ba thusitseng moJwantshiwa, e Jeng kgosi

Selebi, ke ba ba latelang:

Mmapitsa
Mmasera

Baanelwabatialeletsi ba ba thusitseng molwantshiwa jaana:

* Mmapitsa

Mmapitsa 0 thusitse kgosi Selebi ka go amogela lerato la gagwe Ie go

mo amogela mo lelapeng la gagwe, Ie fa a ntse a itse gore kgosi Selebi
o na Ie lelapa. Fa kgosi Selebi a ngala kwa lelapeng la gagwe 0 a itse
gore 0 na Ie botshabeIo, e leng kwa ga Mmapitsa mme fa a fitlha teng 0

amogelwa ka mabogo a mabedi.

* Mmasera

Mmasera ke ena a ntseng a tlhotlheletsa lerato Ie Ie fa gare ga kgosi

Selebi Ie Mmapitsa gore Ie gole. Fa a bona kgosi Selebi, 0 fitlha tsotlhe
tse di maswe ka ga Mmapitsa mme 0 bua tse dintle fela. 0 babatsa
bontIe jwa ga Mmapitsa gore kgosi Selebi a kgatlhege, e bile 0 eletsa

83
 fa Mmapitsa e ka nna ena mohumagadi, wa kgosi ka gonne a ka
belegela kgosi Selebi ngwana. 0 rata fa kgosi Selebi a ka tlhala
Senwametsi ka gonne e Ie moopa. Dikgang tsotlhe tsa ga Mmapitsa,
kgosi Selebi 0 ne a di utlwa ka Mmasera. Fa Mmapitsa a Ie mo
mmeleng, kgosi Selebi 0 utlwa ka Mmasera, Ie fa a sena go bel ega, 0

utlwile kwa ena.

Go tla lemogiwa gore thuso ya ga molwantshi e lebagane Ie go aga

lelapa la ga kgosi Selebi Ie Senwametsi, fa ya ga molwantshiwa yon a e
lebagane Ie go thuba lelapa Ie la bona.

Tlhaloso ya ditiro tsa baanelwabatlaleletsi.

Go godisa kgogedi

E rile fa Senwametsi a simolola go itemogela mathata mo lelapeng la

gagwe a bitsa bommangwanaa Selebi Ie borangwanaagwe go ba
tlhalosetsa mathata a bona. Bakgosing ga ba a ka ba senya nako, ba ne ba
bitsa Selebi go bua Ie ena. Banna ba lekgotla Ie bona ba rile go lemoga Ie
go utlwa gore kgosi Selebi 0 nna kwa ga Mmapitsa ba ikopanya Ie
bakgosing, mme mmogo ba leka go eletsa kgosi Selebi. Kgogedi e
tlholwa ke go re a kgosi Selebi 0 tla dumela se se buiwang ke bakgosing
Ie banna ba lekgotla kgotsa 0 t1a ganetsana Ie sona. Ka jalo
baanelwabatlaleletsi ba ba godisang kgogedi ke banna ba lekgotla,
borangwanaa Selebi mmogo Ie bommangwanaagwe.

Go tiisa tharabo)o)o

Baanelwapotlana ba ba tiisang Ie go tlhalosa tharabololo ke ngaka

84
Lefifi Ie Mmapitsa.

Ngaka Lefifi 0 tlhalosa gore tharabologo ya rnathata a ga Senwarnetsi e tIa

nna teng ka letsatsi lengwe. Kgang e, e bontsha gore sengwe Ie sengwe se
na Ie rno se felelang teng. Fa a tlhagisa kgang e ngaka Lefifi are:

Fela wen a kgosi Selebi fa 0 sa tlhokornele, 0 tlile

go tswa rno Ielapeng lele 0 Ie setopo. 0 tlile go
tswa rno lelapeng 0 rwelwe 0 kanarne ka
rnokwatla. Ke bona lebitla rno ditlhakong tse.
(ts.66-67) .

Mrnapitsa ena 0 tiisa tharabololo ka go diragatsa se se builweng ke ngaka

Lefifi, ka go tlisa loso Iwa ga kgosi Selebi. Loso Iwa ga kgosi Selebi ke
lona Ie khutlisang rnathata a ga Senwametsi ka gonne Ie tlisa lorato Iwa
ga kgosi Selebi Ie Mrnapitsa kwa bokhutlong.

Go tJhaJosa semelo sa moaneIwamogoJo

Semelo sa ga molwantshi, e leng Senwametsi se tlhalosiwa ke Kedisaletse

Ie bommangwanaa SeJebi. Kedisaletse 0 tlhalosa Senwarnetsi e Ie rnotho
yo 0 ithatang. Kgang e e ka tiisiwa ka go nopola rnafoko a ga Kedisaletse
fa are:

Ga go rnosadi yo 0 sethakga jaaka Senwarnetsi.

(ts.78)

Mrnagwanaa Selebi, Moserwa, ena 0 tlhalosa Senwarnetsi e Ie rnotho yo 0

ratang tshiamo Ie kagiso ka go re:

85
 Mrnarona Ie wena 0 siame thata. (ts.33)

Tlhaloso e, e bontsha fa Senwarnetsi e Ie rnotho yo 0 sa rateng rnoferefere.

o rata gore ka dinako tsotlhe go nne Ie kagiso.

Go ka rungwa ka go re rno tlhotlhornisong e go tlhokornetswe rnefuta e

rnebedi ya baanelwa, e leng baanelwabagolo Ie baanelwabatlaleletsi.
Baanelwabagolo ke rnolwantshi, rnolwantshiwa Ie rnotsenagare.
Baanelwabatlaleletsi ba botlhokwa rno sekwaiweng Ie fa gona ba na Ie
seabe se sennye ka gonne ba thusa go tlhaola baanelwabagolo, Ie go
thusa rno ditirong tse di botlhokwa tsa bona (baanelwabagolo).

o0 DitiragaJo

laaka baanelwa, kakanyo e ya ditiragalo e setse e tlhalositswe rno

kgaolong e e fetileng, fela e ne e lebagane Ie diteng. Mo kgaolong e, e ya go
lebaganngwa Ie thulaganyo. Ke go re ditiragalo Ie tsona di ya go fiwa
tiro jaaka ka fa go setsweng go builwe ka baanelwa ba thulaganyo. Fa a
tsweledisa puo e pele Groenewald (1991 :22) are:

Ka go dira bjalo tatelano ya ditiragalo tseo ga e

sa lebana Ie ya ditiragalo tsa diteng, tatelano yeo
e laolwa ke rnoko wa ditabalrnorero.

Puo e e gatelela gore tatelano ya ditiragalo tsa thulaganyo e Iaolwa ke

thitokgang. Mojalefa (1995:21) 0 tialeletsa kgang e ka go tlhalosa gore
ditiragalo tsa diteng di farologana Ie tsa thulaganyo ka gonne tsa
thulaganyo di dirisiwa jaaka ditshwantsho tse di tshwantshang botshelo ka
botialo. 0 tswelela pele ka go tlhalosa gore ditiragalo tse, di tshwantsha
rnatlhakore a Ie rnabedi a botshelo, e leng:

86
 - Ietihakore Ie Ie siameng
- letlhakore Ie Ie sa siamang

Ditiragalo tse tsa thulaganyo ke tsona di tlholang kgotlhang fa gare ga

molwantshi Ie molwantshiwa, ka gonne mo go bona go na Ie yo 0 dirang
tshiamo Ie yo 0 dirang bosula. Groenewaid (1991 :32) 0 oketsa kgang e ka
go tihagisa mesoia e Ie mebedi ya ditiragaIo:

Go tlhola kgotlhang, ke go re 0 Iebagane Ie

tshenoio.
Go gapeletsa phuthologo ya dikgang, ke
go re 0 Iebagane Ie phuthologo.

Mokwadi 0 kwaia jaana go tsweledisa thitokgang kgotsa molaetsa pele.

Ka jalo go ka twe kgotlhang e thusa go tsweledisa maikaeIeio a mokwadi
pele.

00 Tikologo

Tikologo e bopilwe ka dikarolwana tse pedi, e leng nako Ie Iefeio. Fa go

buiwa ka nako Ie IefeIo, jaaka dielemente tsa thulaganyo, go ya go
tlhalosiwa ka mo di dirisiwang ka teng fa mokwadi a tlhagisa thitokgang.

(a). Nako

Nako fa e lebagane Ie thulaganyo e fiwa tiro ka jalo nako ya

thulaganyo e farologana Ie ya diteng. Fa a tihalosa tiro ya nako Mojalefa
(1995:16) are:

87
 Nako e bopa moya Ie atmosfere gore e be
diswantSho. Ke go re nako e lebantshwa Ie rnoko
wa ditaba gore e fetoge seswantsho.
Mohiala: bosego bo fetoge poifo, go se loke.

Se Mojalefa a se buang ke go re nako e tlisa rnowa Ie rnaikutlo a a

rileng rno go rnrnuisi. Maila (1997: 102) 0 tlhagisa dikarolwana di Ie tharo
tsa nako, e leng :

* Nako ya tshwanelo
* Nako ya rnaikutlo
* Nako ya sekai/setshwantsho

Dikarolwana tse tharo tse tsa nako ya thulaganyo di tla tlhalosiwa fa di

fiwa tiro.

Nako ya tshwanelo

Mojalefa (1995:16) 0 tlhalosa nako e ka go re ke nako ya tlhago, e e

tshwanetseng go nna teng rno sekwalweng ka gonne e tlhagisa baanelwa
Ie ditiro tsa bona. Sekao se sentle sa rnofuta 0 wa nako ke bosigo.

Nako ya maikutlo

Mojalefa (1995: 17) a re nako ya rnaikutlo ke nako e e tlhagisang

khuduego kgotsa maikutlo a a rileng rno moweng wa rnmuisi. Nako e,
ke e e boifisang, ke go re ke nako ya poifo Ie letshogo. Cohen (1973:75) 0

tlaleletsa kgang e ka go re:

88
 The mood or moods of literary work created by
the description of setting, by the actions and
words of characters, by the tone of an author or
the voice through which he speaks.

Fa, go gatelelwa maikutio a mokwadi a a tlhagisiwang ke ditiro Ie dipuo

tsa baanelwa. Abrams {1988:11) Ie ena 0 tihalosa maikutio a ka go re:

Atmosphere is the tonality pervading a literary

work which fosters in the reader's expectations as
to the course of events, whether happy or (more
commonly) terrifying or disastrous.

Abrams 0 gateleia gore maikutlo a mokwadi a a tihagisang e ka nna a

boitumelo kgotsa a poifo. Serudu 0 akaretsa kgang e ya maikutlo ka go re
ke mow a Ie maikutio a a tanyang mmuisi fa a buisa sekwalwa. E ka nna
mowa wa boitumelo bolotsana, kutlobotihoko, poifo, botsalano, jalo jalo.

Nako ya sekailsetshwantsho

Mojalefa (1995:18) 0 tlhalosa gore nako e, e tshwantsha matlhakore a Ie

mabedi, e leng letlhakore la tshiamo Ie la bosula. 0 tswelela pele ka go

re gantsi bosigo bo emela bosuIa, fa motshegare 0 emela tshiamo.

Lekganyane (1997:85) 0 tlaleletsa se ka go re mokwadi a ka dirisa bosigo
jaaka sekai (symbol) sa kotsi ka gonne gantsi bosenyi bo diragala ka
nako e.

89
(b). Lefelo

Go ya ka Magapa (1997:86) lefelo Ie lona jaaka nako Ie arogantswe ka

dikarolwana di Ie tharo, e leng:

lefelo la tshwanelo
lefelo la maikutlo
lefelo la sekai/setshwantsho

Lefelo la tshwanelo

Yelland Ie ba bangwe (1983: 14) ba tlhalosa lefelo la tshwanelo ka go re

ke lefelo la nnete Ie ditiragalo tsa sekwaiwa di diragalang rno go lona.
Lekganyane (1997:85) 0 tlaleletsa kgang e ka go re lefelo Ie lebagane Ie
tiragalo e e tIhaIosiwang. Go fa sekao, fa go buiwa ka go gama, rnotho a
ka gopola ka lefelo Ie go garnelwang rno go lona, jaaka lesaka. Mojalefa
(1995: 18) 0 gatelela kgang e ka go re:

Mafelo ao a swanetse go ba gona rno sengwalong

ka gobane a bonagatsa baanegwa Ie ditiro tsa bona Ie
yona nako yeo ba bonagalago ka yona. Ke rnafelo
a bjalo ka Lesokeng, kgolegong, bjalo bjalo.

Ka tlhaloso e go gatelelwa gore rno sekwalweng sengwe Ie sengwe go

tshwanetse ga nna Ie rnafelo a baanelwa ba fitIhelwang rno go ona, ba
diragatsa ditiro tse di rileng.

Lefelo la maikutlo

Fowler (1973:14) 0 tlhalosa lefelo Ie ka go re:

90
 It is often created by viewing of ordinary events
from unusual angle, giving them an air of
mystery.

Se se tlhagisiwang ke go re lefelo la maikutlo Ie tlholwa ke maikutlo a a

rileng a a tlholwang, ke ditiro tsa baanelwa.

Fa aruma mofuta 0 wa lefelo Mojalefa (1995:19) are lefelo Ia maikutlo

ke Ie Ie tlholang maikutio. Ke go re ke lefelo Ie Ie tshosang, la boitumelo, la
kutlobotlhoko, jalo jalo.

Lefelo la sekai/setshwantsho

Maila (1997:105) a re mafelo a ditshwantsho ke a a tshwantshang

ditiragalo tse di diragalang mo go ona. E ka nna ditiro tse di siameng
kgotsa tse di bosuia tse di dirwang ke baanelwa. Lekganyane (1997:85) 0

tiisa kgang e ka go re mokwadi aka dirisa sekgwa jaaka sekao sa kotsi.

Ka jalo mafelo a, a emeia ditiragalo tse di rileng fa a tlhagelela mo
sekwalweng.

Fa go akaretswa dikgang tse go ka twe mafelo a tshwanelo a ka fetoga

ditshwantsho fa ditiragalo tse di diragalang fa go ona di tshwantshwa Ie
Ie lengwe la matlhakore a bophelo, a a jaaka tshiamo kgotsa bosula. Ona
mafelo a a tshwanelo a ka fetoga a mowa Ie maikutlo fa mowa 0 0 renang
mo mafelong a e Ie wa ntwa, lenyatso, boitumelo, tlotlo, jalo jalo.

00 Dithekeniki tsa thulaganyo

Kerkhoff (1962:16) 0 tlhalosa thekeniki ka go re ke se se bonwang, se se

ka dirisiwang go tlhagisa se se buiwang. Ka go dirisa thekeniki mokwadi

91
o kgona go tlhagisa maikaelelo a gagwe sentle. Mojalefa (1995:21) fa a
tlaleletsa se se buiwang ke Kerkhoff a re thekeniki :

Ke seo mongwadi a se bolelago ka go ngwala, Ie ka

wona mokgwa woo a se boletsego ka gona (the
medium is the message).

Puo e ya ga Mojalefa e tlhalosa fa thekeniki e Ie nngwe ya ditseia tse di

rileng tse mokwadi a di dirisang go tlhagisa molaetsa wa gagwe.
Lazarus Ie Smith (1983:288) ba oketsa kgang e ka go re:

It may well become the discipline that

leads writers to discover what they have
to say.

Boratiori ba ba gatelela gore molaetsa 0 Mojalefa a reng 0 tshwanetse go

bonagatswa ka thekeniki ke 0 bona ba reng e ka nna thuto kgotsa ntlha e
e pateletsang bakwadi go iponela Ie go atlega mo go se ba ratang go se
bua. Groenewaid (1993:17) 0 bua gore thekeniki ke mokgwa 0 mokwadi
a 0 dirisang go tlhagisa thitokgang. 0 tsweleia pele ka tlhalosa mesola e
Ie mebedi ya thekeniki, e leng:

go gatelela, go godisa Ie go tiisa

kakanyo e e rileng.
go lebaganya kakanyo e Ie thitokgang.

Ga ka rungwa ka go re thekeniki ke mokgwa 0 0 akaretsang wa go

kwala sekwalwa. Ke mokgwa 0 0 amanyang pharologantsho ya sekwalwa
Ie tse dingwe go tlhagisa thitokgang. Go na Ie dithekeniki tse di

92
Iebaganeng Ie thulaganyo ya sekwalwa Ie tse di lebaganeng Ie puo Ie
setaele (mokwaIelo). Tse di lebaganeng Ie thulaganyo ya ditiragalo ke
tsepamiso (focus), tebelelo (point of view) poeletso (repetition), mmuisano
(dialogue), phapologantsho (contrast), ponelopele (foreshadowing),
poelomorago (flashback), tsheko (cycle), polelonosi (soliloquy), jalo jalo.
K wa ntle ga dithekeniki tse tsa thulaganyo tse di filweng go sa ntse go
na Ie mofuta 0 mongwe wa thekeniki 0 0 dirisiwang mo go thulanganyo,
e leng dikaeJoseraleng (stage directions) tsa motshameko.

DikaeJoseraJeng tsa motshameko

Groenewald (1995:6) fa a tlhalosa kakanyo e 0 bua gore tiragalo e

lebagane Ie dielemente tse nne tsa sekwalwa, e leng baaneIwa, ditiragaIo,
nako Ie lefeJo. Fa tswelela pele 0 sedimosa gore Ie fa mmuisano wa
terama 0 amana Ie dielemente tse, ga se kamano e mokwadi a ka e
dirisang go di tlhalosa sentle. Ke ka ntlha e mokwadi a oketsang ka
dikgang tse dingwe gore di tlaleletse tlhaloso e. Dikoketso tse ke
dikae)osera)eng tsa motshameko. Tsona di kwalwa ka mokwalo 0 0

sekameng mo masakaneng. Mokwadi fa a tlhalosa ka moo Mmapitsa a

neng a ikutlwa ka teng fa a utlwa gore Senwametsi 0 mo mmeleng are:

* Mmapitsa (0 garogile letswalo) ... (ts.89)

Mmapitsa (0 tlhonya sejatlhego) ... (ts.89)
Mmapitsa (0 nyemile moko) ... (ts.90)

Mafoko a a mo masakaneng a botlhokwa thata ka gonne mokwadi 0 a

dirisa go tlaleletsa tlhaloso ya gagwe ya go bontsha mmuisi maemo a
moanelwa a leng mo go ona. Ka leitlho la semowa mmuisi 0 kgona go
tlhaloganya maikutlo a Mmapitsa a neng a na Ie ona.

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Groenewald (1995:7) 0 tswelela pele ka go bua gore kwa ntle ga
dikaeloseraleng tsa rnotsharneko tse di tlaleletsang tlhaloso ya dielernente
tsa sekwalwa, go na Ie kaeloseraleng e nngwe e e botlhokwa e e
Iebaganeng Ie go rulaganngwa ga dikgang, e Ieng sesiro. Sesiro se na Ie
rnesola e Ie rnebedi:

* Wa ntlha 0 Iebagane Ie terarna fa e

bontsha go fetolwa ga nako, Iefelo,
baanelwa Ie tiragalo.
* Wa bobedi 0 Iebagane Ie terarna fa e bontsha
kgaotso. Kgaotso e, ga e senye kgogedi ka
gonne terarna e, e a bo e rurnilwe ka setlhoa
se se tsositseng kgatlhego ya rnrnuisi.

Mo go Se se je/eng rre, ga go a dirisiwa sesiro. Mokwadi ka go kgaoganya

terarna e ka dikgaolo Ie diternana ke thekeniki e e dirisitsweng boernong
jwa sesiro rnrne thekeniki e ga e senye kgogedi. Mo kgaolong ya bone go
ya go tihokornelwa diternana di Ie pedi, e Ieng ya boraro Ie ya bone.
Bokhutlo jo bo kgaoganyang ternana ya boraro Ie ya bone ga bo senye
kgogedi ka go nne ternana ya boraro e feleia e Ie go re Mrnapitsa 0 Iaeia
kgosi Selebi go ya go batlisisa gore a ke nnete Senwarnetsi 0 rno
rnrneleng. Mrnuisi a ka rata go buisetsa pele rno ternaneng e e Iatelang go
utlwa gore a kgosi Selebi 0 ya go batlisisa jaaka a Iaetswe kgotsa 0 tla
retelelwa.

Ka rno letlhakoreng Ie Iengwe BoKeuris (1997:76) ba tlaleletsa tlhaloso ya

ga Goenewald ya dikaeloseraleng tsa rnotsharneko tse bona ba di bitsang
"ditaetsosefala" ka go re:

94
 Lereo Ie ditaetsosefaJa Ie supa se sengwe Ie se
sengwe ntle Ie poledisano. Ke go re leina la
terama, lenaneo la baanegwa, matseno, ketapele,
epiloko Ie tsona ditaetsosefala.

Mo t1hotlhomisong e, dikaeloseraleng tsa metshameko di Ie tharo e leng

matseno, ketapele (epiloque) Ie tlhagiso go ka se ka ga buiwa sepe ka
tsona ka gonne di sa tlhagelele mo tiragatsong e ya ga Ntsime. Tse di
yang go tlhokomelwa ke: leina la terama, lenaneo la baanelwa Ie
dikaeloseraleng.

Leina la terama

Leina la terama gantsi Ie fitlhelwa fa godimo ga sekwalwa mme la

boeletswa mo tsebeng ya ntlha. BoKeuris (1997:76) fa ba bua ka botlhokwa
jwa leina la terama ba re mosola 0 mogolo wa lona ke go tlhama
lefatshe la boikakanyetso la seteramatiki Ie go bontsha mmuisi ntlha e e
botlhokwa ya lefatshe Ie. E ka nna baanelwa ba ba botlhokwa kgotsa
ditiragalo tse di botlhokwa, kgotsa setshwantsho, jalo jalo. Ka jalo leina la
terama ke sesupo mo go mmuisi go mo thusa go tlhaloganya Ie go
ranola terama e, go ka twe leina ke sekaelo sa ntlha go mmuisi se se mo
itsiseng se terama e buang ka ga sona.

Leina Ie, Se se je/eng rre, Ie sedimosetsa mmuisi gore terama e, e ya go

bua ka monna yo 0 suleng mme go sa itsiwe gore 0 bolailwe ke eng.
Se se mmolaileng ke sona se se yang go batlisisiwa go fitlhela se bonwa,
ka e Ie son a se tlholang kgogedi.

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Lenaneo ]a baanelwa

Lenaneo la baanelwa gantsi Ie fitlhelwa mo tsebeng e e latelang ya leina

la terama. Tsebe e, e ka nna ya bobedi kgotsa ya boraro. BoKeuris
(1997:76) ba re mosola wa ntlha wa lenaneo la baanelwa ke go tlhama
baanel wa ba ba farologaneng mo lefatsheng la boikakanyetso la
seteramatiki, ke go re go tlhaola baanelwa go ya ka go farologana ga
bona mo lefatsheng Ie. Tlhaolo ya baanelwa ba ba farologaneng ka maina,
e tsamaelana Ie tlhagiso ya tshedimosetso ka bokhutshwane ka ga yo
mongwe Ie yo mongwe, jaaka ka bogolo, tiro, Iosika, jalo jalo.

Ka jalo e sa na Ie mosola wa tshedimosetso. Fa BoKeuris ba tsweleia

pele, ba re lenaneo Ia baanelwa kwa tshimologong ya terama, Ie ka nna
gape Ie mosoia wa popego. Maina a baanelwa a dirisiwa mo terameng
ka botIaIo go bontsha yo 0 tshwanetseng go bua. Gantsi mmuisi a ka
Iemoga maemo a moanelwa yo ya ka makgetho a moanelwa a buang ka
ona mo terameng.

Mo go Se se je/eng rre, Ienaneo Ia baanelwa Ie fitlhelwa mo tsebeng ya

boraro mme Ie akaretsa baanelwa ba Ie somaamabedi nngwe (21), ba ba
nang Ie maina. Lenaneo Ie la baanelwa Ie na Ie mosola wa go itsise
mmuisi ka ga beng ba malapa a a botlhokwa mo terameng e, jaaka lelapa
la kgosing. Gape Ie itsise mmuisi ka ga banna ba lekgotIa, e leng Rantho,
Mosalagae Ie Radinku. Kwa ntle ga baanelwa ba go sa na Ie ba bang we

ba lenaneo Ie Ie sedimosetsang mmuisi ka ga bona, e leng basadi ba

motse, basetsana ba motse mmogo Ie dingaka tsa motse.

96
Dikaeloseraleng (stage directions)

Go ya ka boKeuris (1997:77) mosola 0 mogolo wa dikaeloseraleng ke

go sedimosetsa mmuisi. Mmuisi a ka tlhaloganya tshedimosetso e ka
mekgwa e Ie mebedi, e Ieng:

- jaaka tshedimoso ka ga lefatshe la

boikakanyetso.
- jaaka tshedimoso ka ga mokgwa 0 lefatshe Ie,
Ie ka netefatswang mo tiragatsong ya terama ka
teng.

Mo tlhotlhomisong e, go ya go tlhokomelwa ya ntlha fela, e leng

tshedimoso ka ga lefatshe la boikakanyetso. Tshedimosetso e e
tlholwang ke dikaeloseraleng gantsi ke ya matlho (pono) Ie ya ditsebe
(kutlo).

Tshedimosetso ya matlho (pono)

Tshedimosetso ya matlho e e ka tlhagisiwang ka ga moanelwa mo go

dikaeloseraleng, ke e e amang (a) popegoponagalo, (b) diponagalo tsa
sefatlhego Ie (c) diponagalo tsa diatla Ie mmele tsa moanelwa.

(a) Popegoponagalo

Tebego ya moanelwa gantsi e tsamaelana Ie dintlha tse di botlhokwa tsa

semele sa gagwe. Mo diterameng tsa metlae, gantsi go fitlhelwa
baanelwa ba tlhophelwa dikarolo go ya ka popego ya mmele, jaaka
baratiwa ba baswa ke ba ba lebegang. Gantsi mo ditlhalosong tse di

97
amang pope go ya mmele go fitlhelwa Ie ditlhaloso ka ga tebegokakaretso
ya moanelwa, e leng diaparo, dihutshe, dikorone, dikgare, masira, dibaga
mmogo Ie ditlhobolo, melamu, marumo, dithobane, jalo jalo. Mo
motshamekong wa terama dilo tse, di naya babogedi tshedimosetso ya
matlho ka ga moanelwa mabapi Ie tiro ya gagwe, bogolo jwa gagwe mo
setshabeng Ie tse dingwe. Mabapi Ie tshedimosetso e e lebaganeng Ie
popegoponagalo Ntsime 0 tlhagisa ditebego tsa baanelwa ba ba latelang
Jaana:

Tshegofatso: Senwametsi, se itlhoboge jaanong, 0

sa ntse 0 Ie mo8wa. [ts.8]

Selebi : E seng wena Mmapitsa yo montJe. [ts.23]
Mmasera: Kana Mmapitsa 0 bopegile sesadi tota.
[ts.75]
Tselane : (ka matlho a a tsahakelang). [ts.44]

Dikaeloseraleng tse di fa mmuisi tshedimosetso ya go re Senwametsi, 0 sa

ntse a Ie m08wa, Mmapitsa 0 bopegile sesadi, e bile 0 montJe Ie go re
Tselane 0 na Ie matlho a mantle ka gonne a phatsima ka boitumelo ka
dinako tsotlhe.

(b) Diponagalo tsa sefalhego

Diponagalo tsa sefatlhego di tsamaelana Ie tiragatso ya terama rno

babogedi ba kgonang go tlhaloganya Ie go ranolo diponagalo tse.
Diponagalo tsa sefatlhego di ka tlhalosiwa mme gantsi ditlhaloso tse di
fitlhelwa mo dikaeloseraleng. Mo diterameng tse di tshwantshang
bonnete, go fitlhelwa go na Ie kamano fa gare ga rnaikutlo a a rileng Ie

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ponagalo e e rileng ya sefatlhego. Mongebo ka tlwaelo 0 sup a gore
moanelwa 0 itumetse kgotsa 0 kgotsofetse, mme sefatlhego se se
sosobantsweng se raya gore moanelwa ga a itumela kgotsa ga a
kgotsofala. Tlhaloso ya ponagalo ya sefatlhego kgotsa maikutlo mo
dikaeloseraleng, e thusa mmuisi go ranola mafoko a moanelwa. Boteng
jwa maikutlo a moanelwa, jaaka go ten ega thata, go swaba thata, bo ka
tlhalosiwa mme mmuisi a ka bo lemoga jaaka tshenolo ya semelo sa
moanelwa. Mo go Se se jeleng rre, tshedimosetso e e amang diponagalo tsa
sefatlhego e tlhagisiwa jaana:

Selebi: (0 ema go se nene, 0 thikhitha tlhogo) . ... [ts.1]

. Mmatsie : (0 bua a rototse matlho) ... [ts.43]
Mmapitsa : (0 tlhonya sefatlhego) ... [ts.89]
Mmapitsa : (0 bo tshela a sosobantse
Sefatlhego) ... [ts.117]

Dikaeloseraleng di na Ie mosola wa go sedimosetsa mmUlsI ka ga

maikutlo a a farologaneng a baanelwa.

Fa diponagalo tse tsa sefatlhego di tlhokomelwa ka bongwe ka bongwe

go fitlhelwa e Ie go re ya ntlha e supa gore kgosi Selebi 0 ne a tsamaya
a akantse ka ga sengwe se se mo tshwenyang, ke go re mathata. Ya
bobedi e sup a letshogo Ie Ie dirang gore Mmatsie a rotole matlho, ka
ntlha ya go gakgamadiwa ke dikgang tse a di utlwang ka ga kgosi Selebi.
Ya boraro e tlhagisa maikutlo a ga Mmapitsa fa a utlwa gore Senwametsi
o mo mmeleng. Go tlhonya sefatlhego ga gagwe go supa gore 0 swabile
thata. Ya bofelo yona, e leng ya bone, e supa gore Mmapitsa ga a na
bopelotlhomogi ka gonne 0 tshelela kgosi Selebi botlhole jo bo bolayang

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mo dijong gore a swe. 0 sosobanya sefatlhego go tiisa pelo ya gagwe
gore a se ka a mo tihomogeia pelo mme a busetsa maikaelelo a gagwe
kwa morago.

(c) Diponagalo Ie ditshikinyego tsa mmele

Ka tlwaelo diponagalo tsa diatla Ie tshikinyego ya mmele tse di

dirwang ke moanelwa di tsamaelana Ie mafoko a gagwe. Le fa diponagalo
tsa diatia Ie tshikinego ya mmele di ka tlhagelela ka dipopego di Ie
dintsi, mo diterameng tse di ikaeletseng go tshwantsha bonnete, go
fitihelwa diponagalo tsa sefatihego Ie ditshikinyego tsa mmele tse di rileng
di na Ie ditlhaloso tse di tsamaelanang Ie ditlwaelo tsa setso sa morafe 0 0

rileng, jaaka go fogotlha diatla fa motho a tshogiIe, go ngwaya tihogo fa a

tiabegile kgotsa a akanya. Le fa go Ie jalo diponagalo tse di ka nna Ie
ditlhaloso tse mmaIwa, ke ka ntiha e mmuisi a tshwanetseng go netefatsa
mabaka a ponagalo ya mmele e e rileng e simolotseng teng. Ntsime 0

tlhagisa diponagalo tse di Iatelang:

Selebi: (a a menageia, a a pitika) ... [ts.118]

Bankgoditse: (a apitika) ... [ts.142]

Diponagalo tse di filweng tse, di Iemosa mmuisi gore kgosi Selebi Ie

Bankgoditse ba ne ba Ie mo ditlhabing tse di botihoko, ke ka moo ba
pitikang.

Kaelo ya tsebe

Mabapi Ie kaelo ya tsebe, boKeuris (1997:83) ba bua gore mo go

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dikaeioseraleng ga go fitlhelwe fela dikaelo tsa matIho, go fiwa Ie kitso
ya tsebe ka ga moanelwa. Kaelo ya mofuta 0, e tla gantsi ka mokgwa
wa tlhaloso ya lentswe la moanelwa, sekao: segalo, kgotsa lebelo Ie
moanelwa a buang ka lona. Fa ba tswelela peIe, ba re medumo e mengwe
e e t1hagisiwang ke moanelwa jaaka go gotlhoIa, go on a, Ie go gweeletsa
Ie yona e tlhalosiwa mo dikaeioseraleng. Kaelo e e ntseng jaana e thusa
mmuisi go lemoga maikutlo a moanelwa go tshwana Ie fa a tshogile, a
tshwenyegile kgotsa a tshwerwe ke boroko. Mo go Se se jeleng rre,
dikaelo tse di tlhagisiwa jaana:

Ka Ietsatsi Ie mmaagwe Mmapitsa a suI eng ka lona:

(go ne ga utlwala mokuo 0 0 mobe wa merubisi,

ga utlwala mantswe a masesane a a sa itsegeng)
... [ts.63]

Kgosi Selebi fa a ntse a menogela a segwa ke mala a a botihoko, Ntsime

o tlhagisa kaelo ya tsebe ka go re:

(Borangwane ba tsena mo ntiong. Ba kopantshiwa

ke medumo ya ga Selebi) ... [ts.119]

Sekao sa ntIha se supa gore mmaagwe Mmapitsa e ne e Ie moIoi, ke ka

ntlha e e reng fa a swa go nne Ie medumo e e sa tIwaelegang.
Sekao sa bobedi sona se supa gore kgosi Selebi 0 bogile thata pele a swa.
Botlhoko jo a neng a bo utlwa ka mo maleng, ke jo bo ka se keng jwa
itshokelwa ke motho ope, ke ka moo go neng go utlwala modumo wa
gagwe.

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3.8. KAKARETSO

Go tlhalositswe dikakanyo tse di lebaganeng Ie thulaganyo, e leng

thitokgang, kakanyetso Ie thaetlele, mme go bontshitswe Ie pharologano
e e Ieng teng fa gare ga setihogo Ie thitokgang. Thaetlele e tlhalositswe fa
e Ie botlhokwa ka gonne e Iemosa mmuisi ka ga se a yang go buisa ka ga
sona.

Go t1halositswe tshenolo Ie dielemente tsa yona, e Ieng baanelwa,

ditiragalo, nako Ie lefelo. Baanelwa ba tlhalosiwa fa ba arogantswe ka
dikarolo di Ie pedi, e leng baaneIwabagoio Ie baaneIwabatialeIetsi.
BaaneIwabagoio ba arogantswe go ya ka ditiro tsa bona fa ba Iebagantswe
Ie bolwantshi, bolwantshiwa Ie botsenagare.

Mabapi Ie ditiragalo go gateletswe gore di na Ie matlhakore a Ie mabedi:

Ie Ie siameng Ie Ie Ie sa siamang. Tikologo e na Ie mefuta e Ie meraro.
Ya tshwanelo, ya maikutlo Ie ya sekai. Kakanyo e, thekeniki, Ie yona e
tlhalositswe gwa ba gwa fiwa Ie dikao tsa dithekeniki tse di dirisiwang
mo go thulaganyo. Kwa bokhutlong go tlhokometswe dikaeioseraleng tsa
motshameko. Mabapi Ie tsona go lemogilwe gore ka kakaretso tiro ya
tsona ke:

- Go tialeletsa tlhaloso ya mokwadi.

- Go bontsha phetogo ya dielemente tsa thulaganyo.
- Go sup a kgaotso kwa bofelong.
- Go tlhama Iefatshe la boikakanyetso.
- Go tlhama baanelwa ba tiragatso.
- Go fa mmuisi dikaelo tsa matiho Ie ditsebe.

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