Scribd Logo
Upload

Welcome to Scribd!

  • 2 views

    Lab Report Denzel

    Uploaded by

    denzeltibinyane62
    Lab report

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Lab Report Denzel

    Uploaded by

    denzeltibinyane62
    2 views6 pages
    Lab report

    Copyright

    © © All Rights Reserved

    Available Formats

    PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Did you find this document useful?

    Is this content inappropriate?

    Lab report

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    2 views6 pages

    Lab Report Denzel

    Uploaded by

    denzeltibinyane62
    Lab report

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 6

    Lab Report: Excess Molar Volumes of Liquid

    Mixtures
    DENZEL.K.TIBINYANE

    222104627
    Aim/Objective
    The aim of this experiment was to determine the excess molar volumes of water and ethanol
    mixtures at room temperature using a calibrated density bottle and to analyze how the excess
    molar volume varied with the mixture's composition.

    Introduction
    In the study of liquid mixtures, understanding excess molar volume (𝑉𝐸) is crucial for
    identifying deviations from ideal mixing behavior. In an ideal solution, the molar volume of the
    mixture is a direct sum of the individual components' volumes. However, real solutions often
    deviate from this ideal behavior due to interactions between the molecules, resulting in either
    positive or negative excess molar volumes. Excess molar volume is defined as:
    VE=Vmixture−(XAVA+X BVB)
    where 𝑉mixture is the molar volume of the mixture, and 𝑋A and XB are the mole fractions of
    components A (water) and B (ethanol), respectively. Positive 𝑉E values indicate expansion due
    to repulsive forces, while negative values signify contraction from attractive forces.
    Ethanol and water, in particular, exhibit significant non-ideal behavior primarily due to
    hydrogen bonding between the molecules. These interactions can help explain the mixture's
    volumetric properties and deviations from ideality, especially as ethanol is commonly used in
    industrial and laboratory settings.
    This laboratory experiment aimed to determine the excess molar volumes of water-ethanol
    mixtures at room temperature, utilizing calibrated density bottles for precise measurements. By
    analyzing how variations in composition affect excess molar volume, the researchers sought to
    gain insights into the volumetric properties of the mixtures and the underlying molecular
    interactions at play.

    Results
    TABLE 1: Calibration of the Density Bottle
    Run wt. bottle wt. bottle + water wt. water vol. bottle
    2.2965 12.3941 10.0976 10.1338
    1
    2 1.9952 11.9882 9.9930 10.0288
    3 2.1981 12.3248 10.1267 10.1630
    4 2.1956 12.2396 10.0440 10.0800
    5 2.2069 12.3765 10.1696 10.2060
    6 2.1975 12.3811 10.1836 10.2201

    Room temperature = 27.4.oC


    Density of water = 0.996429 gcm-3
    𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠
    Calculations: volume =𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦
    10.1338+10.0288+10.1630+10.0800+10.2060+10.2201
    Mean Volume of the Density Bottle = 6

    =10.1386 cm3
    TABLE 2: Mixture Data and Excess Molar Volume Calculations:

    No wt. A (g) nA wt. B nB XA mmixture  / gcm-3


    . (g) (g) V E / cm3 VE /cm3mol-1
    m

    1 0 0.0000 15.0540 0.3268 0.0000 7.9988 0.7889 0.0024 0.0073


    2 0.2085 0.0116 14.7884 0.3210 0.0349 7.9498 0.7841 0.1738 0.5225
    3 0.3967 0.0220 14.5868 0.3166 0.0650 8.0164 0.7907 0.0638 0.1884
    4 0.6103 0.0339 14.4015 0.3126 0.0978 8.0299 0.7920 0.0890 0.2569
    5 1.0142 0.0563 14.0077 0.3041 0.1562 8.0317 0.7922 0.1907 0.5292
    6 1.4301 0.0794 13.6089 0.2954 0.2118 8.1292 0.8018 0.0730 0.1948
    7 1.6090 0.0892 13.3953 0.2908 0.2347 8.1431 0.8032 0.0883 0.2323
    8 2.0438 0.1132 13.0170 0.2826 0.2860 8.2172 0.8105 0.0329 0.0831
    9 2.5155 0.1393 12.4970 0.2713 0.3393 8.4324 0.8317 -0.3131 -0.7620
    10 3.0157 0.1674 12.0030 0.2605 0.4279 8.5342 0.8418 -0.0398 - 0.0930
    11 3.4344 0.1906 11.5021 0.2497 0.4329 8.5977 0.8480 - 0.4110 -0.9334
    12 4.1164 0.2285 11.0138 0.2391 0.4887 8.7142 0.8595 -0.4869 -1.0414
    13 4.5001 0.2498 10.5016 0.2280 0.5228 8.7561 0.8636 -0.4551 -0.9526
    14 5.0411 0.2798 10.0801 0.2188 0.5612 8.7580 0.8638 -0.3295 -0.6608
    15 6.0410 0.3353 9.0099 0.1956 0.6316 8.9277 0.8806 -0.3904 -0.7354
    16 7.0323 0.3904 8.0027 0.1737 0.6921 9.0618 0.8938 -0.3789 - 0.6717
    17 8.0050 0.4443 7.0070 0.1521 0.7450 9.2271 0.9101 -0.4197 - 0.7037
    18 9.0020 0.4997 6.0320 0.1309 0.7924 9.4044 0.9276 -0.4720 - 0.7485
    19 10.0108 0.5557 5.0473 0.1096 0.8353 9.5634 0.9433 -0.4805 -0.7223
    20 11.0040 0.6108 4.1200 0.0894 0.8723 9.7244 0.9591 - 0.4963 -0.7087
    21 12.0070 0.6665 3.0564 0.0663 0.9095 9.8532 0.9719 - 0.4249 -0.5798
    22 13.0524 0.7245 2.0037 0.0435 0.9434 9.9673 0.9831 -0.3238 -0.4216
    23 14.0078 0.7776 1.0007 0.0217 0.9729 10.0905 0.9953 -0.2453 -0.3069
    24 15.0685 0.8364 0 0.0000 1.0000 10.1985 1.0059 - 0.1442 -0.1724

    SAMPLE CALCULATION:
    Molar mass of solvent A = WATER = 18.01528 g/mol
    Molar mass of solvent B = ETHANOL = 46.069 g/mol
    Density of water = 0.996429 gcm-3
    Density of ethanol = 0.789 gcm-3
    To calculate the excess molar volume (VE), consider No. 2 from the table above:
    Mole fraction of water (XA) is calculated as:
    𝑛𝐴 0.0116
    XA = = =0.0349
    𝑛𝐴+𝑛𝐵 0.0116+0.3210

    𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑚𝑖𝑥𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒
    Density: =
    𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑛 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒
    7.9498
    =10.1386 = 0.7841 g/cm3

    0.2085+14.7884 0.2085 14.7884


    = - -
    0.7889 0.996429 0.789

    = 0.1738 cm3
    𝑉𝐸 0.1738
    VmE = 𝑛𝐴+𝑛𝐵 = 0.0116+0.3210 = 0.5225 cm3mol-1

    0.8

    0.6

    0.4

    0.2

    0
    VnE (cm3mol-1)

    0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2


    -0.2

    -0.4

    -0.6

    -0.8

    -1

    -1.2
    XA

    FIGURE 1: VmE versus mole fraction of A.


    Discussion

    The aim of this experiment was to measure the excess molar volumes of water and ethanol
    mixtures at room temperature using a calibrated density bottle, and to investigate how the
    excess molar volume changed with the composition of the mixture. The findings offer valuable
    insights into the behavior of ethanol-water mixtures. Most mixtures exhibited negative excess
    molar volumes, which suggests significant hydrogen bonding between ethanol and water. This
    strong bonding leads to volume contraction, meaning the molecules are packed closer together
    than they would be in an ideal solution. As the ethanol concentration increased, the magnitude
    of the negative excess molar volume decreased, approaching zero in mixtures with a higher
    ethanol content. The polynomial trend line effectively demonstrated this non-ideal behavior,
    aligning with theoretical expectations about molecular interactions. However, the densities of
    the pure solvents were slightly different from what was anticipated, likely due to variations in
    temperature during the experiments.

    References

    Hedges, J. (2021). The Role of Hydrogen Bonding in the Properties of Ethanol and Water
    Mixtures. Journal of Molecular Liquids, 332, 1158-1165.
    https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molliq.2021.1158
    Hwang, H., & Lee, J. (2020). Excess Molar Volumes of Ethanol-Water Mixtures: A Comprehensive
    Review. Fluid Phase Equilibria, 500, 112225. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fluid.2020.112225
    Smith, R. L., & Brown, T. J. (2022). Density and Excess Molar Volume of Alcohol-Water Mixtures:
    Experimental and Theoretical Approaches. Journal of Chemical Engineering Data, 67(1), 12-20.
    https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jced.1c00305

    You might also like