MODULE 3

PRINCIPLES OF MEDICAL LABORATORY SCIENCE PRACTICE 1

MLS 112

Bachelor of Science in Medical Laboratory Science

SCHOOL OF NURSING, ALLIED HEALTH, AND BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES

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 MLS 112
PRINCIPLES OF
MEDICAL LABORATORY SCIENCE PRACTICE 1
(PMLS 1)

COURSE LEARNING OUTCOMES

At the end of the course module, you should be able to:

1. Describe the Profession of Medical Laboratory Science, the Profession’s historical foundation,
the Profession’s code of ethics in the national setting, and the Profession’s impact to the health
care industry and society.
2. Discuss the Medical Laboratory Science curriculum, the Philippine Medical Technology Board
Exam and relevant international licensure examinations for Medical Laboratory Scientists
3. Identify the national and international bodies overseeing the Profession of Medical Laboratory
Science and characterize their functional responsibilities
4. Describe the clinical laboratory both as a health care workplace and as a training site of the
Medical Technology Internship program
5. Characterize the Clinical Chemistry section, its historical development, and the services it offers.
6. Describe the Microbiology section and enumerate the routine tests carried out inside the
Microbiology section
7. Enumerate the various classes of medically important parasites and the role of the Parasitology
section for the detection of parasites in stool samples
8. Describe the performance of physical, chemical, and microscopic examination during routine
urinalysis
9. Describe the Hematology section and characterize the parameters tested in the Complete
Blood Count
10. Describe the Immunology-Serology section and enumerate common tests performed in the
Serology section
11. Characterize the Blood Bank section and the routine services it offers
12. Enumerate and define the steps of routine tissue processing in the Histopathology section
13. Discuss biohazard and biosafety principles
14. Enumerate and describe other hazards found inside the clinical laboratory
15. Describe prescribed policies and practices in healthcare waste management in the Philippines

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 COURSE INTRODUCTION

Dear PMLS 1 Student,

PMLS 1 acquaints the students to the major disciplines relevant to the practice of Medical
Technology/ Medical Laboratory Science profession.

The preliminary term of the course focuses on the nature of the profession of Medical
Laboratory Science. It also introduces the students to the historical foundations of the
profession, the profession’s role in the health care industry, and the profession’s impacts
within the context of modern society.

The preliminary term of the course also discusses the required education and licensure that
leads to the practice of medical laboratory science in national and international settings.

The midterm coverage of the course elaborates the on the role of the clinical laboratory as
the primary workplace of modern medical laboratory science. Moreover, the midterm
coverage also describes the routine working sections of the clinical laboratory.

Furthermore, the final term of the course introduces the hazards that are inherent in the
clinical laboratory setting and the safety principles for management of the said hazards.

By the end of the course, the student should be able to characterize the nature of the
Profession of Medical Laboratory Science, describe the clinical laboratory, and understand
the principles of biosafety and occupational safety.

With these, may you have a very productive semester. Happy learning!

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 MODULE 3 – The Clinical Laboratory
The module will introduce the student to the clinical laboratory as a workplace. It presents
legal definitions of the clinical laboratory. It also describes classification of clinical laboratory
by ownership, function, institutional character, and service capability.

Moreover, the module discusses the National Reference Laboratories in the Philippines and
their significant role in laboratory services.

Furthermore, the module describes accredited Medical Technology Training Laboratories

and the prescribed clinical internship program for Medical Technology/ Medical Laboratory
Science students.

MODULE SELF MONITORING FORM

To help you keep track of your tasks for this module, you are provided in the below
with a self-monitoring form. Take the time to tick on the “Yes” box for each activity that you
finish and be reminded about pending activities that you are yet to do. Remember that your
success in achieving the module objectives depends entirely on how conscientious you are
of your own progress.

Schedule Activities Completed

Yes No
6th week Unit 1: Engage
Day 1 to Unit 1: Explore
Day 3 Unit 1: Explain
Unit 1: Elaborate
6th week Unit 2: Engage
Day 4 to Unit 2: Explore
Day 6 Unit 2: Explain
Unit 2: Elaborate
Unit 1 & Unit 2 Quiz:
Evaluate

Do Read Quiz Submit

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 MODULE CONTENTS

Module Introduction: The Clinical Laboratory. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 04

Module Self-Monitoring Form . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 04

Module Contents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 05

Module & Unit Objectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 06

Unit 1: The Clinical Laboratory As A Workplace . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 07

Engage: Definition of a Clinical Laboratory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 07

Explore: Definition of Terms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 07

Explain: The Clinical Laboratory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 08

Elaborate: Point-of-Care Testing, Waived Testing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

Unit 2: Accredited Medical Technology Training Laboratory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14

Engage: Promises to My Future Intern Self . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14

Explore: CMO 13, s. 2017 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14

Explain: The Medical Technology Training Laboratory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15

Elaborate: Medical Technology Internship Program . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16

Evaluate: Module 3- Unit 1 & Unit 2 Quiz . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17

References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18

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 MODULE OBJECTIVES:
After the student is done reading and doing the tasks in this module, the student is expected
to be able to:
1. describe the clinical laboratory as a workplace;
2. classify clinical laboratories according to ownership, function, institutional
character, and service capabilities;
3. describe an accredited medical technology training laboratory; and
4. discuss the prescribed clinical internship training program for Medical Laboratory
Science students

This module is divided into two units as follows:

Unit 1 – The Clinical Laboratory As A Workplace

Unit Objectives:
1. State the legal definition of a clinical laboratory.
2. Classify the clinical laboratory according to ownership, function, institutional
character, and service capability.
3. Identify the different National Reference Laboratories.
4. Describe point-of-care testing.

Unit 2 – Accredited Medical Technology Training Laboratory

Unit Objectives:
1. Describe an accredited Medical Technology Training Laboratory.
2. Enumerate the responsibilities of the Medical Technology Training Laboratories.
3. Discuss the general guidelines for the Medical Technology Internship Program.

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 UNIT 1: THE CLINICAL LABORATORY AS A WORKPLACE
Unit Objectives:
1. State the legal definition of a clinical laboratory.
2. Classify the clinical laboratory according to ownership, function, institutional
character, and service capability.
3. Identify the different National Reference Laboratories.
4. Describe point-of-care testing.

ENGAGE DEFINITION OF A CLINICAL LABORATORY

Secure a copy of the Department of Health Administrative Oder No. 27, series of 2007(DOH
A.O. 2007-0027) and read its legal definition of a clinical laboratory. Make your own definition
of a clinical laboratory based on what is presented in DOH A.O. 2007-0027.

Class Code: ________ Class No: _______ Name (FN, GN): ___________________

EXPLORE DEFINITION OF TERMS

To ensure that clinical laboratories provide high-quality services, the Department of Health
issued DOH A.O. 2007-0027. It presented the revised rules and regulations governing the
licensure and regulation of clinical laboratories in the Philippines.

The said Administrative Order provided important definition of terms presented on the next
page.

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 a. Clinical Laboratory
- A facility where tests are done on specimens from the human body to obtain
information about the health status of a patient for the prevention, diagnosis, and
treatment of diseases.
- Also functions to provide consultative advisory services covering all aspects of
laboratory investigation including the interpretation of results and advice on
further appropriate investigation.
- Also include areas that are involved in the collection, handling, and or preparation
of specimens and those that act as mailing or distribution centers

b. Routine Testing
- The basic, commonly requested tests in the laboratory, the results of which are not
required to be released immediately upon completion.
- It shall follow the usual procedures and system in the laboratory.

c. STAT Tests
- Abbreviation for sta’tim (immediately)
- Tests done on urgent cases, the result of which shall be released immediately,
within one (1) hour after the procedure

d. Critical Values
- Definition by Lundberg: “life-threatening” unless something is done promptly and
for which some corrective action could be undertaken

EXPLAIN THE CLINICAL LABORATORY

Under conventional practice, the clinical laboratory is one of the traditional workplace of a
licensed medical technologist. As mentioned earlier, a clinical laboratory is a facility where
tests are done on specimens from the human body to obtain information about the health
status of a patient for the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases.

Generally, the mechanism of the clinical laboratory as a workplace follow the general
laboratory process. The laboratory process has three phases.
a. Pre-analytical phase
- Includes all processes before the actual performance of the test
- Includes physician’s request for the test, collection of the specimen, transport of
the specimen to the clinical laboratory, and receiving of the specimen by the
laboratory.

b. Analytical phase
- Includes the actual performance of the requested laboratory test

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 c. Post-analytical phase
- Includes processes that are carried out after the actual performance of the test
- Includes applicable calculations, recording and releasing of results, and
interpretation of results by physicians.

Classification of Clinical Laboratories

I. CLASSIFICATION BY OWNERSHIP
Type Description
Government Operated and maintained, partially or wholly, by the national
government, a local government unit (provincial, city, or
municipality), any other political unit or any department,
division, board or agency
Private Owned, established, and operated by any individual,
corporation, association, or organization

II. CLASSIFICATION BY FUNCTION

Type Services
Clinical Pathology Clinical Chemistry, Hematology, Immunohematology,
Microbiology, Immunology, Clinical Microscopy, Endocrinology,
Molecular Biology, Cytogenetics, Toxicology, TDM and other
similar disciplines
Anatomic Pathology Surgical Pathology, Immunohistopathology, Cytology, Autopsy,
Forensic Pathology, Molecular Pathology

III. CLASSIFICATION BY INSTITUTIONAL CHARACTER

Type Description
Institution Based A laboratory that operates within the premises and as part of an
institution, such as but not limited to hospital, medical clinic,
school, medical facility for overseas workers and seafarers,
birthing home, psychiatric facility, drug rehabilitation center
Freestanding A laboratory that does not form part of any other institution

IV. CLASSIFICATION BY SERVICE CAPABILITY

1. GENERAL CLINICAL LABORATORY
A. Primary Category
- Minimum technical working area of 10 square meters (as per DOH Department
Memorandum No. 148 s.2003)
- Tests offered:
a. Routine Hematology
i. Hemoglobin Mass Concentration
ii. Erythrocyte Volume Fraction (Hematocrit)
iii. Leukocyte Number Concentration (WBC count)
iv. Leukocyte Type Number Fraction (Differential count)

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 b. Qualitative platelet determination
c. Routine urinalysis
d. Routine fecalysis
e. Blood typing (for hospital based laboratories)
B. Secondary Category
- Minimum technical working area of 20 square meters (as per DM No. 148 s.2003)
- Tests offered:
a. Services offered by primary laboratory
b. Routine Chemistry
i. Blood glucose substance concentration
ii. Blood urea nitrogen concentration
iii. Blood uric acid substance concentration
iv. Blood creatinine concentration
v. Blood total cholesterol concentration
c. Quantitative platelet determination
d. For Hospital-based laboratories:
Cross-matching
Gram staining
KOH preparation
C. Tertiary Category
- Minimum technical working area of 60 square meters (as per DM No. 148 s.2003)
- Tests offered:
a. Services offered by secondary laboratory
b. Special Chemistry
c. Special Hematology, including coagulation procedures
d. Immunology
e. Microbiology- Culture and Sensitivity (C&S):
Hospital based: Aerobic AND anaerobic C&S
Non-hospital based : Aerobic OR anaerobic C&S
D. Limited Services Capability (For institution-based only)
- Provides the laboratory tests required for a particular service in institutions
- Examples: Labs in dialysis center and hygiene clinics
2. SPECIAL CLINICAL LABORATORY
- Laboratory that offers highly specialized laboratory services that are usually not
provided by a general clinical laboratory
- Example of tests offered:
a. Assisted reproduction technology laboratories
b. Molecular and cellular technology
c. Molecular Biology
d. Molecular Pathology
e. Forensic Pathology
f. Anatomic Pathology

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 National Reference Laboratories (NRL)
- A laboratory designated by the DOH to provide special functions and services for
specific disease areas.
- Functions:
a. Provision of referral services
o Confirmatory testing
o Surveillance
o Resolution of conflicting results between or among laboratories
b. Training
c. Research
d. Evaluation of diagnostic kits and reagents
e. Implementation of *EQAP

* External Quality Assurance Program (EQAP) or National External Quality Assurance

Scheme (NEQAS)
- Program where participating laboratories are given unknown samples for
analysis. The said samples are to be tested via the laboratory’s usual processing
and examination
- Quality of performance is evaluated using closeness of results to the pre-
determined value or to the reference value generated by the participating
laboratories through peer group analysis

- The Different NRLs in the Philippines

1. East Avenue Medical Center- NRL for environmental, occupational health,
toxicology and micronutrient assay
2. Lung Center of the Philippines – NRL for Clinical Chemistry
3. San Lazaro Hospital STD AIDS Cooperative Center Laboratory (SLH SACCL) –
NRL for HIV/AIDS and other Sexually Transmitted Infections
4. National Kidney & Transplant Institute- NRL for Hematology,
Immunohematology, Immunopathology, Automated Urinalysis, and Anatomic
Pathology for Renal Diseases and other unassigned organ system diseases
5. Research Institute for Tropical Medicine (RITM)- NRL for Microbiology and
Parasitology
• NRL for dengue, influenza, enteroviruses, measles and other viral
exanthems, polio, tuberculosis and other mycobacteria, bacterial
enteric diseases, mycology, emerging diseases, malaria and other
parasites
• Also the confirmatory testing laboratory for blood donor units for the
National Voluntary Blood Services Program
• National External Quality Assurance for Bacteriology, Parasitology, and
Mycobacteriology
• WHO-recognized National Influenza Center
6. Philippine Heart Center – NRL for Anatomic Pathology for Cardiovascular
Diseases

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 The Physician’s Office Laboratory (POL)
- An individual doctor’s office/ clinic wherein laboratory examinations are performed
- Required to secure a clinical laboratory license when it undertakes any or all of the
following:
o Issue official laboratory results
o Perform more than *monitoring examinations
o Cater not only to the physician’s own patients

*Monitoring examinations: Tests done in series on patients as a guide for treatment or

follow-up of their condition

Satellite Testing Site

- Any testing site that performs laboratory examinations under the administrative
control of a licensed laboratory, but performs outside the physical confines of that
laboratory
- Satellite laboratory outside the premises where the central laboratory is situated shall
be required to secure a separate license to operate

Mobile Clinical Laboratories

- Laboratory testing unit that moves from testing site to another testing site, or has a
temporary testing location
- Has a base laboratory and licensed as part of the base laboratory
- Only permitted to collect specimens
- Allowed to operate only within 100 km radius from its main laboratory

ELABORATE POINT-OF-CARE TESTING, WAIVED TESTING

Point-Of-Care Testing (POCT)

- Diagnostic testing at or near the site of patient care rather than in the clinical
laboratory
- Includes bedside testing, outpatient and home care
- If conducted in a hospital: Required to be under the management and supervision of
the licensed clinical laboratory of the respective hospital
- Persons performing POCTs are called operators and are usually primary patient
providers (phlebotomists, nurses, physicians, respiratory therapists, radiographers,
ambulance personnel, medical laboratory scientists, and patients)
- CLIA ’88 regulates the qualifications for health-care personnel authorized to perform
POCT.
o Clinical Laboratory Improvement Amendments of 1988 (CLIA’88): US
amendment to their Public Health Services Act in which Congress revised the
federal program for certification and oversight of clinical laboratory testing.
o Two subsequent amendments were made after 1988. However, the law
continues to be cited as CLIA ’88 as named in legislation.

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 Waived tests
- Characteristics:
o Considered simple to perform and interpret
o The likelihood of erroneous results is negligible; or pose no reasonable risk of
harm to the patient if the test is performed incorrectly
o Require no special training or educational background
o Require only minimum quality control
- Originally, only eight tests were listed as meeting these criteria in 1988 but have grown
to more than 80 today.
- Original eight waived tests (according to CLIA ’88)
o Blood glucose
o Reagent strip or tablet reagent urinalysis
o Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (nonautomated)
o Fecal occult blood
o Hemoglobin by copper sulfate (nonautomated)
o Ovulation tests
o Spun hematocrit
o Urine pregnancy tests

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 UNIT 2: ACCREDITED MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY TRAINING LABORATORY
Unit Objectives:
1. Describe an accredited Medical Technology Training Laboratory.
2. Enumerate the responsibilities of the Medical Technology Training Laboratory.
3. Discuss the general guidelines for the Medical Technology Internship Program.

ENGAGE PROMISES TO MY FUTURE INTERN SELF

As a BSMLS student in Saint Louis University, you are required to complete a one-year
internship training program in an accredited medical technology training laboratory.
List five statements that describe how you promise to conduct yourself as a future medical
technology intern.

Class Code: ________ Class No: _______ Name (FN, GN): ___________________

EXPLORE CMO 13, s. 2017

The guidelines for Medical Technology program were outlined in CHED Memorandum Order
No. 14, series of 2006 (CMO 14, s. 2006) . However, the transition to the K-12 educational
system and outcomes-based education (OBE) necessitated the revision of the old policies.
Hence, CMO 14. S. 2006 is no longer applicable nowadays.

In place of the old memorandum order, the Commission has released the CHEMD
Memorandum Order No. 13, series of 2017 (CMO 13, s. 2017).

CMO 13, s. 2017 presents the policies, standards, and guidelines for the Bachelor of Science
in Medical Technology/ Medical Laboratory (BSMT/ BSMLS) Science Program including the
guidelines for Medical Technology Training Laboratories that will be responsible for catering
to the BSMT/BSMLS interns.

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 EXPLAIN MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY TRAINING LABORATORY

ACCREDITED MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY TRAINING LABORATORIES (Based on CMO 13 s.2017)

- Shall be a DOH- licensed, tertiary clinical laboratory and duly accredited by CHED for
Medical Technology/ Medical Laboratory Science Training Program
- Shall have adequate space to accommodate both staff and interns (1 sq. meters per
intern)
- Where a medical laboratory science (MLS) intern must render 32 hours per week of
internship duties not exceeding a total of 1664 hours in 1 year

Responsibilities of the Medical Technology Training Laboratories

1. The training laboratory shall be a licensed tertiary clinical laboratory and duly
accredited by CHED for Medical Technology/Medical Laboratory Science internship
training program.
2. There shall be an adequate number of registered medical technologists 1 for each of
the sections of the training laboratory.
3. The training laboratory shall have adequate space to accommodate both staff and
interns (1 sq. meter per intern).
4. The training laboratory shall have sufficient equipment and supplies based on the
volume and types of examinations and number of interns to be trained
5. The training laboratory shall provide adequate supervision in the daily activities of the
interns.
a. The person responsible for the training program shall be a registered medical
technologist preferably a Graduate Degree holder in Medical Technology/
Medical Laboratory Science, Public Health, Education, Administration or other
Med. Tech. related Program.
b. The program shall provide for an objective measure of evaluation of the baseline
knowledge, skills, and attitude.
c. The program shall include the following:
i. Objectives of the training
ii. Principles, methods, and procedures to be taught
iii. Right work attitude and ethical values
iv. Required quota of tests to be performed to develop accuracy and
precision
v. Objective evaluation of performance in each section
vi. Disciplinary Guidelines
6. The training laboratory shall be responsible for the orientation of interns 1 on policies
and procedures of the laboratory.
7. The training laboratory shall inform the school, through the clinical coordinator, of
violations and misconduct committed by the interns.

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 The practice is that the Higher Education Institution (HEI) and the accredited Medical
Technology Training Laboratory should have a Memorandum of Agreement before the MLS
students from the HEI can have their internship program in the training laboratory.

ELABORATE MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY INTERNSHIP PROGRAM

General Guidelines for the Medical Technology Internship Program

The general guidelines for the Medical Technology Internship Program are outlined in
Appendix A of CMO 13 s. 2017.

Description
The Medical Technology/Medical Laboratory Science Internship Training Program is in the
fourth-year level of the Bachelor of Science in Medical Technology/MedicaI Laboratory
Science program. It is an intensive practical and theoretical training in the different sections
in the clinical laboratory namely, Clinical Chemistry, Hematology, Immunohematology
(Blood Banking), Immunology, Serology, Microbiology, Urinalysis and Other Body Fluids
(Clinical Microscopy), Parasitology, Histopathology/Cytology, and other emergent
technologies. It also emphasizes the development of proper value system.

Requirements
1. Only those who completed all the course requirements for the first three years shall
be qualified for an internship. Note that all academic requirements, which includes
all subjects listed in the course checklist, should be completed before one is allowed
to enrol clinical internship.
2. Applicants shall complete a series of physical and laboratory examinations. The
laboratory examinations include urinalysis, drug testing for metamphetamines and
cannabinoids, complete blood count (CBC), HBsAg, anti-HBs, faecalysis, chest X-ray
and/or Sputum Microscopy.
Applicants are required to present proof of vaccination against hepatitis B. Any
applicant found positive for infectious diseases (like hepatitis, tuberculosis, etc.) shall
be temporarily suspended to undergo training unless proof of adequate/complete
treatment is submitted.
3. Other requirements of colleges and universities prior to internship shall be observed.
SLU students who are applying to become BSMLS interns are also required to undergo
tetanus vaccination and pregnancy test.

General Rules of the Medical Technology Internship Program

1. The school, in coordination with the CHED accredited training laboratory shall provide
a training program in line with the approved CHED updated rules on Medical
Technology Internship Program (MTIP).
2. The school and the training center enter into a Memorandum of Agreement (MOA).

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 CMO 2017-104, Article III, defined MOA as an agreement executed between
the HEI and partner host training institution specifying the detailed role and
responsibilities of all concerned parties, safety of student interns, training plan,
learning objectives, and method of evaluation.
Louisian BSMLS student interns are only assigned to accredited training
laboratories that have existing MOA with SLU. No MOA no affiliation.
3. The school shall assign interns only to accredited training centers.
4. The school shall pay the required affiliation fee to the training center.
5. As part of the CHED Memorandum on MT/MLS internship, colleges and universities
shall conduct seminars relevant to Medical Technology education.
6. The intern shall be required to render thirty-two (32) hours per week of internship duties
not exceeding a total of one thousand six hundred sixty-four (I, 664) hours in one year.
The interns must render the following number of hours in each discipline:
Discipline Internship Duty
Clinical Chemistry 300 hours
Clinical Microscopy & Parasitology 200 hours
Microbiology 250 hours
Hematology 300 hours
Blood Banking 200 hours
Histopathologic Technique & Cytology 100 hours
Immunology & Serology 220 hours
Laboratory Management (Collection, handling, transport 54 hours
and receiving of specimen, quality assurance, safety and
waste management)
Phlebotomy 40 hours
Total 1664 hours

7. Affiliation fee
§ Not more than six hundred pesos (Php 600) per intern per month
§ No other fees shall be collected unless a new policy/guideline shall be issued
by the commission
§ Fee is applicable to both public and private training institutions
§ Fee shall be distributed by the HEI to the accredited affiliate training
laboratory. The affiliation fee should be distributed as follows:
o hospital – 50%
o laboratory staff involved in the training program – 50%

EVALUATE MODULE 3- UNITS 1 AND 2 QUIZ

For CBL students: Refer to the Preliminary Term Summative Assessment Module and
answer Module 2- Unit 1 & Unit 2 Quiz.
For OBL students: Wait for the instructions of the class instructor.

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 REFERENCES
GOVERNMENT PUBLICATIONS

R.A. 7722: The Higher Education Act of 1994. Approved May 18,1994

DM No.148 s.2003. Clarification on Physical Plant Requirements of Clinical Laboratories.

DOH A.O.2007-0027. Revised Rules and Regulations Governing the Licensure and
Regulation of Clinical Laboratories in the Philippines. Approved August 22,2007

CMO No. 13 s.2017: Policies, Standards, and Guidelines for the Bachelor of Science in
Medical Technology/ Medical Laboratory Science (BSMT/MLS) Program. Approved
May 8, 2017

BOOKS

Suba, S., & Florida, J. (2014) . Introduction to Medical Technology with Science, Technology,
and Society. Pasig: Cengage Learnng Asia Pte Ltd

Cardona, C., Garcia-Meim, R., & Martin, G. (2015). Introduction to Medical Technology
Practice in the Philippine Setting. Quezon City: C&E Publishing, Inc.

Benitez, P., Dumaoal, O., Estrella, F., & Mortel, F., Nava, M.R. (2019). Principles of Medical
Laboratory Science 1. Quezon City: C&E Publishing, Inc.

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