UNIT 2

TOPIC: Home and family

GRAMMAR: 1. The Indefinite Tense-forms.
2. The Adjective.
3. The Adverb.
4. Degrees of comparison of
adjectives and adverbs.

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 Step I

CLASSROOM ACTIVITIES (1)

GRAMMAR EXERCISES

The Indefinite Tense-forms

1. a) Read and underline the Indefinite tense forms. Explain why they are
used there. 
While the traditional British family structure is no longer an expected
cultural standard, the family remains fundamentally important to individuals
throughout their life. Britons value the unique personal relationships that family
members share and the support they receive from one another.
The average British family lives in a semi-detached house with a garden.
They own their house, which is situated in the suburbs of a large town. The house
has three bedrooms, two toilets, one family room and one toy room.
On average there are two children and a pet in the family. The preference is
to have a small family unit. This allows mobility and relieves economic pressure
over a parent’s lifetime. Children are encouraged to be independent and self-reliant
at an early age. However, more adult children are living with their parents for
economic reasons than ever before.
Mr. Average works in an office 35 hours a week. He goes to work by car,
which takes him 20 minutes. He doesn’t particularly like his job, but there are
chances of promotion. Mrs. Average works locally in the service industry three
days a week and doesn’t earn as much as her husband. She quite likes her job as it
gets her out of the house, she meets people, and it is close to the children’s school.
Mrs. Average takes the children to after-school events a couple of times a week
using a car share. Owning a second car is costly.
Technology is an important part in the modern family home, the Averages
own two televisions, two tablets, two laptops, one computer and two games
consoles. Gadget time plays a significant role in keeping children entertained in
British households – a third of parents admit to using gadgets in this way.
Movies are one of the most popular forms of entertainment. It’s not just
blockbusters one can enjoy at the cinema – cinemagoers can also experience opera
and ballet, too. Some cinemas offer live streaming of concerts and plays. The low
cost of admission in multiplexes makes it an affordable treat whatever the weather.
The most popular evening entertainment is watching television. The next
most popular activity is visiting friends, going to a restaurant, or going to the pub.
Gardening is still the most popular hobby and the most popular sports are football,
badminton, swimming and tennis.
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b) Look through the text again and answer the teacher’s questions.

Present Indefinite (Simple)

(Настоящее неопределённое / простое время)

1. Обычное (привычнoе), (регулярно) повторяющееся действие. Часто

употребляется с наречиями always, never, usually, generally, regularly, often,
seldom, rarely, sometimes, occasionally и с фразами every day (week, month,
etc.), from time to time, every now and then, etc.:
Val has breakfast at 7 o’clock on weekdays.
Mrs. Horton never drinks coffee in the evening.
How often do you have your English classes?
2. Постоянное действие или состояние:
The O’Caseys live in Dublin.
Len is a university student. He studies law.
Nina comes from Russia.
Ron likes football.
3. Неоспоримые истины:
Magnet attracts iron.
The Volga flows into the Caspian Sea.
4. Действие в будущем, связанное с расписанием:
The train arrives at 9.30 tomorrow.
The performance starts at 7 p.m.

2. Ask questions to get more information. Pay attention to the time of the
action.
Model: T – Bill speaks several foreign languages.
St – How many languages does he speak?
What languages does he speak?

Past Indefinite (Simple)

(Прошедшее неопределённое / простое время)

1. Однократное действие в прошлом. На момент в прошлом указывают

обстоятельства времени и места yesterday, the day before yesterday, last, ago,
in 1998, the other day, in Oxford Street, in Brighton, etc., а также
придаточные предложения и контекст.
Diane returned from Rome yesterday.
I first met Jim 10 years ago.
Where did you buy this bag? – I bought it in Oxford Street.
I didn’t recognize Tom when I saw him on television.

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2. Ряд последовательных действий в прошлом:
Olga arrived at the hotel, checked in and went up to her room.
3. Обычное (привычное) или повторяющееся действие в прошлом:
Every night Miriam read a page from the Bible. She was very religious.

3. Confirm the statements if they are right. If they are wrong, disagree and
correct them:

Model 1: T – Magnet attracts iron.

St – It does.

Model 2: T – The Sun goes round the Earth.

St – I’m afraid you are wrong. The Earth goes round the sun.

4. Disagree and give your reasons paying attention to the time of the action:
Model: T – Hillary missed a lot of classes last month.
St – I’m afraid you are mistaken. She didn’t miss any classes
last month. She attended classes regularly because she
didn’t want to fail her exams in winter.

5. Express doubt and surprise:

Model 1: T – Neville flew to Spain yesterday.
St – Did he really fly to Spain yesterday? I think he flew to Italy.

Model 2: T – I went to the Fine Arts Museum after classes yesterday.

St – Didn’t you go there last Friday?

6. Answer as in the model:

Model: T – What did you do when you woke up yesterday?
St – When I woke up yesterday, I got up and had breakfast.

Past Indefinite (used to do)

Конструкция used to do передает привычные, регулярно повторяющиеся
действия, состояния, характерные для прошлого и не актуальные в
настоящем:
In my childhood, I used to go to bed early. – В детстве я (обычно) рано
ложился спать.
When Kevin was a child, he didn’t use to play football with other boys.
Did Sam use to read up till midnight when he was a university student?
 Обратите внимание:
Типичное поведение или действие, происходившее время от времени в
прошлом, передается конструкцией would do (бывало):
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 When Richard felt depressed he would spend all days locked in his study.

7. Paraphrase as in the models:

Model 1: T – When Jim was a child, he was shy. Now he isn’t shy.
St – Jim used to be shy, but now he is not.

Model 2: T – I didn’t like coffee when I was a teenager. (to drink tea)
St – Did you use to drink tea?

1. to stay up late; 2. to miss classes; 3. to take long trips; 4. to work hard at the
beginning of the term; 5. to wear glasses; 6. to hate school; 7. to work in the office;
8. to have more free time before.

8. Translate into Russian:

1. Mike and I used to work in the same office building and we would often go out
for lunch together. 2. When Robert was a boy, he would sometimes stay at his
aunt’s place in the country. 3. My sister and her husband would sometimes invite
us over for the weekend. 4. On warm summer evenings we would all sit under the
old oak-tree. 5. The old captain would tell his grandsons stories about far-away
lands. 6. Ian used to hate classical music when he was a teenager. 7. Chris would
visit his old uncle every Sunday on his way to town. 8. What did you use to do
after school when you were a child?

Future Indefinite (Simple)

(Будущее неопределённое / простое время)

1. Ряд последовательных действий в будущем:

On Friday afternoon Gwen will leave the office early and take a train to
Harrogate.

2. Действие в будущем, решение о котором принимается в момент речи:

The weather is getting better. – Then I’ll walk home.
3. С модальными фразами и словами I (don’t) think, I’m (not) sure, I wonder, I
expect, probably:
I think I'll finish the work tonight.
 Обратите внимание:
После глагола hope может употребляться как настоящее, так и будущее
(реже) время:
I hope Mary passes her driving test.
I hope Mary will pass her driving test.

4. Для предсказания будущего действия:

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 Do you think Patsy will pass her exam? – Yes, she’ll pass it with flying
colours!

5. Для выражения согласия, обещания и предложения сделать что-либо:

Will you help us finish the work? – I’ll do it.
I’ll support your idea, I promise.
Tracey looks sleepy. I’ll make her a cup of coffee.

9. Support the conversation as in the model:

Model: T – Our house needs to be repaired.
St – Do you think it will cost much?

to be back to work to rain to like to finish

to be back home to get married to cost to do

10. Offer to do something as in the model:

Model: T – I’m awfully hungry.
St – I’ll give you a sandwich and a cup of tea.

11. Translate into English.

HOME ACTIVITIES (1)

12. Translate into English. 

В университете Джимми Крейг (Craig) изучал экономику и финансы. По
окончании университета он нашел работу в небольшом банке на севере
Англии. Вскоре он познакомился с Фионой (Fiona) Пэддингтон. Она была
студенткой третьего курса местного университета и помогала в работе
своему отцу, который возглавлял сеть (chain) супермаркетов в этой части
страны. Когда Джимми и Фиона поженились, они сняли (to rent) маленькую
квартиру в центре города. Фиона продолжала учиться и на полставки
работала в университетской библиотеке. Хотя их жизнь была достаточно
тяжела, они никогда не занимали деньги у родителей.
Сейчас Джимми – вице-президент банка, а Фиона работает три дня в
неделю в офисе своего отца. Им принадлежит дом, который расположен в
тихом пригороде Лидса (Leeds). В доме много красивой современной мебели,
картин и цветов. У Крейгов двое детей, которые учатся в школе. Родители
уверены, что оба ребенка хорошо сдадут выпускные экзамены и поступят в
Оксфордский университет.

13. Complete the sentences using one of the forms of used to. 
Model 1: – I used to ride my bicycle to work, but now I go by bus.
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Model 2: – What time did you use to go to bed when you were a child?

Model 3: – I didn’t use to stay up past midnight, but now I often go to

bed very late because I have to study.

1. Tom ______________ (play) tennis after work every day, but now he doesn’t. 2.
I ____________________ (enjoy) any physical exercise, but now I exercise for an
hour every day. 3. When you were a child, where __________________ (go) for a
holiday? 4. I _________________ (spend) a lot of time with my grandparents, but
now I don’t often see them. 5. Ann ______________ (have) most of her lunches
and dinners at restaurants before she got married. 6. I __________________ (keep
a dog), but now I don’t have any pets at all. 7. I ______________________ (swim)
before, but now I go to the pool three times a week. 8. I _______________(attend)
classes regularly, but now I do. 9. Nick ________________ (live) with his parents,
but now he lives with his own family. 10. I _____________________ (be)
interested in ancient history, but now I am.

14. a) Listen to the text The Taylors. Home and Family. Read it after the
speaker.
b) Get ready to read the text aloud in class.
c) Give the English for the following words and word combinations. Write out
the sentences illustrating them: 
играть на виолончели / флейте; местный самодеятельный (любительский)
оркестр; гостиная; убирать / наводить порядок в комнате; близорукий;
робкий; носить очки; с годами; перерасти что-либо; унаследовать
музыкальный дар; теперь, когда… ; хорошие перспективы трудоустройства;
митинг; несмотря на это.

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 CLASSROOM ACTIVITIES (2)

GRAMMAR EXERCISES

Adjectives and Adverbs: Degrees of Comparison

(Прилагательные и наречия: степени сравнения)

1. Односложные прилагательные и наречия; двусложные прилагательные и

наречия, оканчивающиеся на –y, а также двусложные прилагательные,
оканчивающиеся на -er; -ow, образуют сравнительную и превосходную
степени сравнения путем прибавления к основе соответственно суффиксов
-er и –est. (при этом у наречий суффикс –ly отбрасывается):
small – smaller – (the*) smallest
happy – happier – (the) happiest
fast – faster – fastest
quickly – quicker – quickest

e.g. The colibri is the smallest bird.

At that moment June felt she was the happiest girl on earth.
Who is the fastest runner of all animals? – The cheetah runs fastest.

 Обратите внимание:
late – later – (the) latest (most recent)
late – later – (the) last (final)

often – oftener (more often) – oftener (most often)

early – earlier – earliest (ly не является суффиксом)

2. Остальные двусложные и все многосложные прилагательные и наречия

образуют сравнительную и превосходную степени сравнения путем
употребления перед прилагательным слов more и most или less и least:
interesting – more interesting – (the) most interesting
beautifully – less beautifully – least beautifully

 Обратите внимание:
Двусложные наречия, оканчивающиеся на –ly, могут образовывать
сравнительную и превосходную степени сравнения путем употребления
перед прилагательным слов more и most или less и least:
quickly – more quickly – most quickly

3. Следующие прилагательные и наречия имеют особые формы степеней

сравнения:
good (well) – better – (the) best
bad (badly) – worse – (the) worst
little – less – (the) least

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 much – more – (the) most
old – older – (the) oldest (о возрасте)
old – elder – (the) eldest (о положении в семье)
far – farther – (the) farthest (о расстоянии)
far – further – (the) furthest (о времени, расстоянии,
дополнительной информации, дальнейших действиях)

* Артикль относится к последующему существительному.

 Сравните:
 This is the most interesting story I have ever heard. – Это самая
интересная история из все, что я когда-либо слышал.
 This is a most interesting story. – Это чрезвычайно (крайне)
интересная история.

15. Answer the questions as in the model using the hints:

Model: T – Which is the smallest state in the world?
St – The smallest state in the world is the Vatican.

the Pacific Ocean football the Himalayas the Antarctic

fog and icebergs Lake Baikal the Amazon the blue whale

16. Continue as in the model using the hints. (Use the preposition in with places
and groups of people, organizations; use the proposition of for a period of time.)

Model 1: T – Jack is lazy.

St – He is the laziest student in the class.

Model 2: T – Yesterday was hot.

St – Yesterday was the hottest day of the year.

the hotel the class Britain the week

the town the gallery the West End my life

17. Make sentences as in the model:

Model: – Peter / Jack / Olaf / to run / fast
– Peter runs faster than Jack but Olaf runs fastest of all.

1. Linda / Julia / Rita / to sing / beautifully; 2. Harry / Ted / Walter / to speak

Japanese / well; 3. Helen / Diane / Fiona / to dance / gracefully; 4. Colin / Mike /
Chris / to work / a lot (much); 5. Anna / Olga / Nina / to live / far from work; 6.
Fred / Dave / Paul / to write the test / badly; 7. Kate / Pam / Bitsy / to arrive / early;
James / Steve / Willie / to return / late.

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 Adjectives and Adverbs: degrees of comparison and comparative
constructions
(Прилагательные и наречия: степени сравнения и сравнительные конструкции)

1. Для усиления значения прилагательного и наречия в сравнительной

степени могут использоваться слова much / a lot / far (гораздо, значительно),
a bit / a little / slightly (немного):
e.g. His second novel is far more interesting than the first one.
Jane is a little taller than her sister.
Mary knows German much better than French.

2. В английском языке употребляются следующие сравнительные

конструкции:
e.g. Ben is older than Tom.
Sheila is as beautiful as her mother.
Kate sings as beautifully as her sister.
Harris is not so diligent as Fred. (= Harris is not as diligent as Fred.)
The new airport is twice as big as the old one.
Sam works twice as hard as his brother.
Dan’s car is three times as expensive as mine.

18. Draw conclusions as in the model:

Model 1: T – Jack is very busy. And what about Tom?
St – Tom is busier than Jack now.

Model 2: T – Tim is very friendly.

St – Yes, he is. But his brother is much/a lot friendlier.

Model 3: T – Tim is very industrious.

St – Yes, he is. But his sister is much (far/a lot) more
industrious.

19. Disagree and give your reasons.

Model 1: T – John is a very diligent student.
St – But he is not so diligent as Jim. Jim works much harder.

20. Make sentences using twice as… as… / three times as… as… .
1. Steve / Mike / room / large; 2. Text 1 / Text 2 / difficult; 3. This poem / that
poem / long; 4. today / yesterday / cold; 5. the bank / the post-office / far / my
house; 6. this book / that book / thick; 7. Julia / new boss / young; 8. new country
house / old country house / big.

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 Reflexive Pronouns
(Возвратные местоимения)

Число Единственное число Множественное число

Лицо
1 лицо myself ourselves
2 лицо yourself yourselves
3 лицо himself / herself / itself themselves

21. Give negative answers as in the model:

Model: T – Who did this work for you?
St – I did it myself.

22. Give advice as in the model using the verbs to make and to buy:
Model: T – I’m thirsty.
St – Make yourself a cup of tea.

TEXT 1. Home and Family

Cross-cultural Notes:

1. middle-class – средний класс (в социологии – широкая категория, к

которой относят среднюю буржуазию и верхушку мелкой, а также
интеллигенцию, чиновничество и т.п.)

2. a detached house – отдельно стоящий дом / a semi-detached house – дом,

имеющий одну общую стену с соседним домом / a terraced [ˈterəst] house –
дом, имеющий две общие стены с соседними домами/ a rented flat –
квартира, снимаемая у домовладельца / a 4-bedroom(ed) house – дом,
имеющий 4 спальни. В Великобритании и США категория дома определяется
количеством спален, а также его расположением по отношению к соседним
домам и районом. И англичане, и американцы предпочитают жить в доме, а
не в квартире, снимаемой у домовладельца. Квартиры обычно снимают
молодожены, молодежь.

3. a study – кабинет, расположенный в доме, квартире. Кабинет в

организации или учреждении называется office.

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4. AI (artificial intelligence) – искусственный интеллект

5. employability – 1. трудоспособность (физическая и психологическая

способность работать); 2. возможность трудоустройства, востребованность
на рынке труда (навыки и знания, способствующие успешному поиску
работы и увеличивающие шансы на рынке труда).

Phonetic Notes:

prosperous [ˈprɒspərəs] comfort [ˈkʌmfət]

monitor [ˈmɒnɪtə(r)] browse [braʊz]
cello [ˈtʃeləʊ] to increase [ɪnˈkriːs]
amateur [ˈæmətə(r) / ˈæmətʃə(r)] to inherit [ɪnˈherɪt]
orchestra [ˈɔːkɪstrə] technology [tekˈnɒlədʒi]

***
 
Bill and Carol Taylor are both in their early fifties. They got married twenty-
four years ago. They have three children: Sarah, now aged 23, Peter aged 21 and
Kate aged 18. As a reasonably prosperous middle-class family living in the south
of England, they are probably quite like many of the families you will meet if you
come to England.
Bill works for a firm which provides advice and materials for health and
safety at work. He heads the Operations Department. His job involves planning,
monitoring inventory, keeping team members motivated, and addressing conflicts
to avoid operations interruptions. But when he was younger, he dreamt of
becoming a professional musician, and now, at weekends, he plays the cello in a
local amateur orchestra. Carol taught for several years at a local school before her
eldest child was born. Carol took it for granted that she would have several
children and was delighted when Sarah was born, even though it meant that she
had to give up her job. Two years later Peter was born. A flat with a living room,
two bedrooms and a small kitchen was too small for a family of four, so they
decided to buy a house. But with just one income, it was not easy, so Carol
returned to work. She says working with teenagers is very rewarding, it’s not an
easy job. You can't switch off, sit down, relax, calm down a bit – you’ve got to
love it or you couldn’t do it.
They found a typical semi-detached house in a quiet suburb, and it was here
that Kate was born. Later they moved to a 4-bedroomed house with a study for Bill
and a toy-room for the kids. The Taylors live in comfort.
The three children attended the local schools. At home after school and at
weekends they played with friends, did not-quite-enough homework, tidied rooms
and occasionally helped around the house, browsed the Internet, read books,
visited friends they saw every day, listened to music and spent a lot of time doing
nothing very much.
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 Like any other couple Carol and Bill had plenty of worries over the children
as they were growing up. Sarah was short-sighted and very shy. Wearing glasses
seemed to increase her shyness but over the years, she grew out of it. She worked
hard and got quite good marks for her lessons; she had also inherited her father's
musical gifts and learnt to play the flute. But she decided that she was not good
enough to be a professional player and became a student of Music Business and
Production at the University of Kent. She never regretted her choice. Now she
works as an assistant to a music producer and earns a decent living.
Unlike his sister, Peter was a cheerful boy, energetic and lazy by turns. Carol
was worried that Peter was putting on too much weight as he filled himself with
chips, cakes, sweets and other fattening foods. The doctor insisted that he should
exercise, so he began swimming at the local pool, found he was good at it, joined a
club and became a competition swimmer. When Peter left school, he applied for
university though he wasn’t sure that it was for him. He couldn’t imagine living
away from home with other people. Now that he is in his third year, he has become
much more self-disciplined and organised. He has learned to work independently
and as part of a team. Peter is going to get a degree in Sport and Exercise for
Health and has good job opportunities.
Kate grew up to be very clever at her lessons but difficult at school and at
home. She joined rallies to protest for more action against climate change. Kate
and Bill argued a lot about politics. Despite this, she continued to do well at
school. She has always loved technology, which led her to Computer
Science. Now, as a first-year student, she is passionately interested in animation,
media and virtual reality. She regularly attends seminars on AI. Speaking about her
future career she says that every business needs IT professionals, which gives her
faith in her employability.

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 ACTIVE VOCABULARY 1

1. to marry sb, syn. to get married – жениться на ком-либо, выйти замуж за

кого-либо: e.g. He got married when he was still a student. to be married (to sb)
– быть женатым (на ком-либо), быть замужем (за кем-либо): e.g. Who is your
sister married to? / marriage (to sb) – женитьба, замужество: e.g. I’m related to
Bill by marriage.

2. age – 1. возраст: e.g. What’s his age? / at the age of (20) – в возрасте (20 лет),
syn. aged [eɪdʒd]: e.g. He was a man aged 40. BUT: He was an aged [ˈeɪdʒɪd]
man. – Он был пожилым человеком. / to be one’s/sb’s age – быть в каком-то
возрасте: e.g. When I was your age, I was already married. / to be (of) the same
age – быть (одного и) того же возраста: e.g. Our sons are (of) the same age. 2.
век, вечность: (in) the Middle Ages – (в) средние века; for ages – целую
вечность, сто лет: e.g. I haven’t seen you for ages!

3. to work – работать: e.g. She works for a big law firm in the city. / to work full-
time / part-time – работать полный/неполный рабочий день: e.g. When John
was a student, he used to work part time delivering newspapers every morning. / to
work out sth – разработать что-либо: e.g. An international peace plan has been
worked out. / work – 1. (uncountable) работа (syn. a job – countable): e.g. Thank
you for all your hard work. Steve is looking for a job. 2. (countable)
произведение: e.g. This is an interesting work of literature.

4. to provide (sb with sth) – 1. обеспечивать (кого-либо чем-либо): e.g. They

provided the boy with a good education. 2. to provide for a family –
обеспечивать, содержать семью: e.g. You can get married at 20 – if you can
provide for your family. 3. to provide for sth – предусматривать что-либо: e.g.
The agreement provides for students’ exchange. – В соглашении
предусматривается студенческий обмен (обмен группами студентов).

5. safe – 1. безопасный, надежный: e.g. Is it a safe place for a holiday? 2.

неопасный e.g. Is this dog safe? / safe and sound – живой и здоровый; целый и
невредимый; / to be on the safe side – на всякий случай, для большей
верности / safety – безопасность, невредимость: e.g. They traveled in safety.

6. to address [əˈdres] – 1. обращаться к кому-либо: e.g. One of the characters

addressed the audience directly throughout the play. / to address sth to sb –
обращаться к кому-либо с чем-либо: e.g. He addressed a few introductory
remarks to the audience. 2. рассматривать (какой-либо вопрос проблему): e.g.
The article addresses a few additional issues. 3. обращать внимание на…,
решать вопрос(ы), затрагивать вопрос: e.g. The country needs to start addressing
the very real problems still holding its economy back. / address (n.) – 1. адрес:
59
home address – домашний адрес; postal address – почтовый адрес; return
address – обратный адрес; email address – электронный адрес; 2. официальная
речь, послание: e.g. She gave an address to the Royal Academy.
The presidential address was not the only speech fixed for yesterday

7. to involve sb in sth – 1. вовлекать кого-либо во что-либо: e.g. Many

students are involved in this project. / involvement – участие, вовлечённость:
e.g. He denied having any direct involvement in the deal.

8. mean (meant, meant [ment]) – намереваться, иметь в виду: e.g. What do you
mean to do further? / to mean well/ill – иметь добрые/недобрые намерения: e.g.
Susan did not want to hurt your feelings, she meant well. / meaning – значение:
e.g. This word has several meanings.

9. to choose (chose, chosen) [tʃuːz – tʃəʊz – ˈtʃəʊzn] – 1. выбирать, отбирать:

e.g. It is for you to choose which book to take. 2. решать: e.g. He chose to stay
where he was. / choice – выбор , отбор: e.g. These people have the choice of
whether to buy a house or rent one.

10. to move – 1. двигаться, передвигаться: e.g. The boat was now moving
swiftly over the water. 2. двигать, передвигать что-либо: e.g. Could you help me
move the bookcase away from the wall? 3. трогать, волновать: e.g. His words
moved me deeply. / to move to (a new flat) – переехать (на новую квартиру):
e.g. Jill is moving to Boston next month. / movement – движение,
передвижение: e.g. He lay there without movement.

11. comfort [ˈkʌmfət] – 1. утешение, поддержка: e.g. This news is a great

comfort to me. 2. комфорт, уют: e.g. The Taylor children live in comfort. /
comfortable – удобный, комфортабельный; (compare: cosy – уютный): e.g.
You can comfortably sit in a cosy armchair in front of the fireplace on a cold
winter evening. / convenience – удобство: e.g. modern conveniences / convenient
– удобный, подходящий: e.g. Is it convenient for you to meet at 3 o’clock?

12. to attend – посещать, присутствовать: e.g. He was born in India and attended
high school and medical school in Delhi. / attendance – присутствие,
посещаемость: e.g. It is a parent’s responsibility to ensure children’s regular
attendance at school.

13. tidy – опрятный, аккуратный, чистый: e.g. The house looked very clean and
tidy. / to tidy (up) – прибирать, приводить в порядок: e.g. I’ve got to tidy my
bedroom.

14. occasion [əˈkeɪʒn] – случай, оказия: e.g. This is not an occasion for a
discussion. / on the occasion of – по случаю…: e.g. There was a celebration on
60
the occasion of the school’s anniversary. / occasionally – время от времени: e.g.
We go to the theatre only very occasionally.

15. to increase [ɪnˈkriːs] – 1. увеличивать, вызывать рост, усиливать: e.g.

Sunbathing increases your risk of getting skin cancer. 2. увеличиваться,
возрастать, расти: e.g. Our costs increased dramatically over the last decade. /
increase [ˈɪŋkriːs] – возрастание, рост, увеличение: e.g. Sales have been good
despite last year’s price increases.

16. unlike – не так как, в отличие от: e.g. Unlike Julia, who is hard-working, her
cousin is lazy.

17. to insist – настойчиво утверждать, настаивать: e.g. You must see a doctor
immediately; I insist. / to insist on sth/doing sth – настаивать на чем-то: e.g.
Why do you insist on our leaving so early? / to insist that sb should do sth –
настаивать на том, чтобы кто-либо что-либо сделал: e.g. Carol insisted that her
children should become university students.

18. to join – 1. соединять, сочетать: e.g. to join theory and practice – сочетать
теорию и практику; 2. вступить в члены (общества, партии и т.п.): e.g. to join
the army – пойти в армию / to join (in) sb/sth – присоединяться к кому-либо,
входить в компанию: e.g. May I join you in the game? You go home and I’ll join
you later.

19. to share –1. делиться: e.g. There is only one copy left, so we’ll have to share.
I share this flat with five other people. 2. делить, распределять: e.g. The money
was shared between five organizations. 3. разделять (мнение, вкусы и т.п.): e.g. I
share your opinion.

20. to earn – зарабатывать: e.g. How much do you earn? / to earn one’s living
(by sth) – зарабатывать на жизнь чем-либо: e.g. Everyone should have the
means to earn their own living.

21. despite [dɪˈspaɪt] sth – вопреки, несмотря на: e.g. He still loves her, despite
the fact that she left him. / syn. in spite of sth: e.g. In spite of the stormy weather
the tourists started out.

Useful phrases

to play the cello [ˈtʃeləʊ] (the flute [fluːt] / the piano [piˈænəʊ] / the guitar [ɡɪ
ˈtɑː(r)] / the violin [ˌvaɪəˈlɪn]) – играть на виолончели (флейте /фортепьяно /
гитаре / скрипке

to play__volleyball (and other games) – играть в волейбол (и другие игры)

61
to be delighted – радоваться, быть в восторге

to help around the house – помогать по дому

to get involved [ɪnˈvɒlvd] in – быть вовлеченным, втянутым во что-либо

to take sth for granted [ˈɡrɑːntɪd] – принимать что-либо как само собой
разумеющееся
Prepositions
either… or… / neither… nor… / both… and…
in one’s (late/early) seventies
in the suburbs (of); in a London suburb
to work for (a firm)
at weekends (Brit.) / on weekends (Amer.)
Special Difficulties
to give up – to refuse couple – pair
familiar – acquainted lonely – alone
various – different to do – to make
sense – feeling hard – hardly
other(s) – another – the other(s) late – lately
to get used to – to be used to – used to do near – nearly

Relations
a father, a mother – отец, мать; a stepfather, a stepmother – отчим, мачеха
a son, a daughter – сын, дочь; a stepson, a stepdaughter – пасынок, падчерица;
twins – близнецы
grandparents – дед и бабушка; grandchildren – внуки
a husband, a wife – муж, жена
the in-laws: mother-in-law – теща, свекровь
father-in-law – тесть, свекор
son-in-law – зять
daughter-in-law – невестка, сноха
sister-in-law – золовка, невестка (жена брата)
brother-in-law – шурин, деверь (муж сестры)
a widow – вдова; a widower [ˈwɪdəʊə(r)] – вдовец
a nephew [ˈnefjuː / ˈnevjuː] – племянник; a niece [niːs] – племянница
a cousin – двоюродный брат/сестра; a second cousin – троюродный брат/сестра
an aunt – тетя; an uncle – дядя
a bride – невеста (на свадьбе); a fiancée [fiˈɒnseɪ] – невеста (после помолвки)
a bridegroom – жених (на свадьбе); a fiancé [fiˈɒnseɪ]– жених (после помолвки)

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 Rooms
a living-room – общая комната, a nursery – детская
гостиная a kitchen – кухня
a sitting-room / a lounge [laʊndʒ] – a bathroom – ванная
гостиная a washroom / a bathroom / a restroom –
a dining-room – столовая туалет (Амер.)
a bedroom – спальня a toilet (a lavatory) – туалет
a study – кабинет a balcony – балкон
Furniture
a wardrobe [ˈwɔːdrəʊb] - шкаф a gas/electric cooker –
a closet – стенной шкаф газовая/электрическая плита
an armchair – кресло a dishwasher – посудомоечная
a couch [kaʊtʃ] – кушетка машина
a sofa – диван a washing machine – стиральная
a bookcase – книжный шкаф машина
a sideboard [ˈsaɪdbɔːd] – сервант, a tap – кран
буфет a sink – раковина (на кухне)
a cupboard [ˈkʌbəd] – кухонный a washbasin – умывальная раковина
шкаф, закрытая полка a vacuum [ˈvækjuːm] cleaner –
a standard [ˈstændəd] lamp – торшер пылесос
a hanging lamp – люстра, светильник a fridge – холодильник

COMPREHENSION EXERCISES

23. Paraphrase, explain or translate:

1. translate: Bill and Carol are both in their early fifties.

2. paraphrase: As a reasonably prosperous middle-class family…
3. translate: a firm which provides … materials for health and safety at
work…
4. paraphrase: His job involves … addressing conflicts
5. paraphrase: Carol took it for granted that she would have several children…
6. explain: Carol … was delighted when Sarah was born, even though it
meant that she had to give up her job.
7. explain: But with just one income, it was not easy, so Carol returned to
work.
8. paraphrase: …working with teenagers is very rewarding…
9. paraphrase: The three children … occasionally helped around the house…
10. translate: … they played with friends, … did not-quite-enough home-
work…
11. translate: Sarah was short-sighted and very shy.
12. paraphrase: Wearing glasses seemed to increase her shyness.
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13. paraphrase: … over the years, she grew out of her shyness.
14. translate: Peter was a cheerful boy, energetic and lazy by turns.
15. paraphrase: … he filled himself with chips, cakes, sweets and other fattening
foods.
16. paraphrase: … the doctor insisted that he should exercise…
17. translate: He has learned to work independently and as part of a team.
18. translate: Peter is going to get a degree in Sport and Exercise for Health
and has good job opportunities.
19. explain: Kate grew up to be very clever at her lessons but difficult at
school and at home.
20. translate: She joined rallies to protest for more action against climate
change.
21. paraphrase: … she is passionately interested in animation, media and virtual
reality.

24. Answer the teacher’s questions.

HOME ACTIVITIES (2)

25. Get ready to retell Text 1.

26. Paraphrase as in the models. 

Model 1: – Linda is a good painter. Steven is better.
– He is a better painter than she is.

1. Alex knows a lot of people. I don’t know many people at all. 2. My parents were
nervous about my motorcycle ride. I was just a little nervous. 3. I had a lot of fun
at the picnic yesterday. Mary didn’t enjoy it. 4. Felix is absent-minded. His brother
Tom is reliable.

Model 2: – Steven doesn’t paint as well as Linda.

– Steven paints worse than Linda.
1. Lucy doesn’t sing as beautifully as her friend Elsa. 2. George doesn’t play the
piano as well as Richard. 3. Liza doesn’t do sums as quickly as Bess. 4. Ben
doesn’t learn as diligently as his fellow-students.

27. Translate into English. 

1. Старшая сестра Сэма вышла замуж в 20 лет, когда она была студенткой.
Хотя ее муж был на год старше, он тоже был студент и не мог обеспечивать
семью. Они зарабатывали на жизнь тем, что по вечерам помогали хозяину
(owner) местного ресторана. Несмотря на трудности, они были счастливы,
хотя это был самый тяжелый период в их жизни. Их доходы (income)
увеличились только после окончания университета. 2. Когда правительство
64
снизило налоги, Харрелы смогли переехать в новый дом. Он был
расположен в тихом пригороде Лондона. Их новый дом был намного
удобнее, чем старый. В нем были все современные удобства. Дети Харрелов
были в восторге, потому что теперь они могли вступить в местный
теннисный клуб. 3. Все считают, что Джон такой же одаренный (gifted), как и
его старший брат. Когда он был ребенком, его мать настаивала на
необходимости уроков музыки. Она считала само собой разумеющимся, что
дети должны играть на фортепьяно. Но Джон никогда не разделял ее
мнение.

65
 Step II

CLASSROOM ACTIVITIES (3)

GRAMMAR EXERCISES

Clauses of Time and Condition. Object Clauses

(Придаточные времени и условия. Придаточные дополнительные)

1. В придаточных предложениях времени (когда?) и условия (при каком

условии?) не употребляется будущее время; вместо него употребляется
настоящее время. (В главном предложении будущее время употребляется по
смыслу.) Придаточные времени вводятся словами when, as soon as, till/until,
before, after, etc. Придаточные условия вводятся словами if, on condition that,
in case, etc.:

e.g. If we finish the work early, we will go to the cinema.

John and Carla will get married as soon as they graduate from university.

2. В придаточных дополнительных (что? о чем?) будущее время

употребляется по смыслу. Придаточные дополнительные вводятся словами
if, whether (ли). В главном предложении часто употребляются следующие
слова и фразы: I wonder, I’m (not) sure, I (don’t) know, etc.

e.g. I wonder when the weather will change for the better. – Интересно, когда
улучшится погода.

 Сравните:
Придаточные времени и условия Придаточные дополнительные
(Present Indefinite) (Future Indefinite)

when + придаточное времени when + придаточное

дополнительное
When Mr. Levin arrives, he will meet I don’t know exactly when Mr. Levin
the President of the company. will arrive.

if (если) if (ли)
If Paul changes his plans, he will let you I don’t know if Paul will change his
know. plans

28. Answer the questions as in the model:

Model 1: T – What will you do when you come home?
St – When I come home, I’ll do my homework.
66
Model 2: T – What will you do if your friend doesn’t answer the
phone?
St – If I my friend doesn’t answer the phone, I’ll text
her.

Model 3: T – When will you finish this work?

St – I’ll finish this work as soon as I finish my experiment.

29. Complete the sentences:

Model 1: T – They will go to the country when…
St – They will go to the country when they finish their work.

Model 2: T – If you don’t want to get into trouble…

St – If you don’t want to get into trouble listen to your
parents’ advice.

Model 3: T – I don’t know when …

St – I don’t know when John will arrive.

30. Translate into English.

VOCABULARY EXERCISES

31. Express surprise as in the model:

Model: T – I’ll have to work late on Friday.
St – Do you mean that you won’t go to the concert?

1. to go to the office; 2. to join us on the trip; 3. to divorce; 4. to come to the party;

5. to quit his job; 6. to tidy up the flat; 7. to make lunch myself; 8. to do it again.

32. Answer as in the models:

Model 1: T – Which of these two books will you choose for your
report?
St – There isn’t much to choose between the two. Neither of
them is good for me.

Model 2: T– Where shall we go for the weekend?

 There is very little choice. We can go either to Klin
St – or to Tver.
 There is no choice at all. We can only go to Klin.
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33. Paraphrase using neither…nor…; either…or…; both…and…:
Model 1: T – Father doesn’t like such weather. Mother doesn’t like it
either.
St – Neither Father nor Mother likes this weather.
(Глагол согласуется с ближайшим существительным!)

Model 2: T – Jill was ill. So was her husband.

St – Both Jill and her husband were ill.

34. Answer the teacher’s questions. (to get involved in, work, provide, address,
safe)

35. Paraphrase as in the model:

Model: T – Pat is always sure her parents will support all her needs.
St – Pat takes it for granted that her parents will support all
her needs.

HOME ACTIVITIES (3)

36. Open the brackets and use the verbs in the proper forms. 
A. Back in ancient times, most educated people ___________ (1-to believe) that
the earth ________ (2-to be) round. Aristotle _____________ (3-to explain) that
when ships ____________ (4-to sail out) to sea, they always _______________ (5-
to disappear) from sight hull (корпус) first. On the other hand, ships sailing
towards land always ___________(6-to show) their masts first as they came over
the horizon.

B. 1. If I __________ (to stay) in your town some more days, I ______________

(to call on) you and we ______________ (to have) a good talk. 2. Jess looks
different now. When you ______________(to see) him again, you
_________________________ (not to recognize) him. 3. I don’t want to go out
without you. I ________________ (to wait for) you until you __________ (to be)
ready. 4. I have no idea when I _______________ (to finish) reading this book. 5.
Tell me when the meeting of the first-year students _________________ (to take)
place. 6. He ________________ (to open) the door if you ________________ (to
give) him the key. 7. Try to see him before he ______________ (to go) to the
university. 8. She _____________ (to hope) that she ______________ (to do well)
in French. 9. He ________________ (to start working) as an economist as soon as
he ___________________________ (to graduate from) university. 10. I don’t
know when we _________________ (to write) a test in Grammar.

68
37. Translate into English: 
1. Если ты не будешь регулярно посещать лекции, ты не сдашь экзамен по
экономике. 2. Я не знаю, кто еще вступит в наш клуб, но я надеюсь, что
количество членов клуба вскоре увеличится. 3. Я не знаю, разрешит ли г-н
Робертсон своей дочери поехать на Эльбрус (Elbrus) с однокурсниками. Он
всегда говорит, что она должна проводить каникулы в более
комфортабельных и безопасных местах. Когда она станет старше, она
поймет, что у него были самые добрые намерения. 4. Многие политики
утверждают, что, если правительство повысит налоги, жизненный уровень
(living standards) населения понизится. 5. Я не уверен, согласится ли Рита
переехать из пригорода Манчестера в центр города. Тогда ей придется
отказаться (to give up) от прогулок по лесу и многих прелестей (pleasures)
жизни в пригороде.

69
 CLASSROOM ACTIVITIES (4)

GRAMMAR EXERCISES

The Adverb
(Наречие)

hard – упорно, напряженно: e.g. to hardly – едва, с трудом (имеет

work hard, to think hard отрицательное значение): e.g. I hardly
know this woman.

near – близко: e.g. Don’t come nearer, nearly – почти: e.g. Mrs. Dobbs nearly
the animal is dangerous. fell asleep reading a new novel.

late – поздно: e.g. Nell returned home lately – в последнее время: e.g. I
late. haven’t spoken to Sid lately.

38. Repeat the sentence and add a sentence logically connected with it. Use the
verbs given in the box.
Model: T – George and Hilda have only met once. (know)
St – George and Hilda have only met once. They hardly
know each other.

hear speak change believe

sleep say recognize eat

39. Choose the right word.

1. If you come … (late/lately), you will miss the most interesting part of the
performance. 2. I … (hard/hardly) ever see Margaret these days. 3. Tom has …
(near/nearly) finished translating the article. 4. We have been thinking …
(hard/hardly) but cannot find a proper solution. 5. I met Kevin yesterday and asked
what he had been doing … (late/lately). 6. Magda lives … (near/nearly) here.

Link-verbs with Adjectives

(Глаголы-связки с прилагательными)

to be clever, young, old, an to get dark, cold, hot, upset,

actor, a diplomat, etc. tired, late, etc.

to seem difficult, strange, etc. to turn pale, red, etc.

to look funny, tired, happy, like to fall ill, silent, asleep, etc.
sb/sth, etc.
to feel fine, well, bad, ill, to grow old, dark, suspicious,
cheerful, etc. bored, angry, etc.
70
to sound pleasant, funny, etc. to go mad, bad, etc.

to smell sweet, sour, etc. to stay calm, cool, quiet, fit

to taste bitter, delicious, etc. to remain silent, calm, unmoved,

friends, enemies, etc.

to become old, suspicious, dark, to keep still, fine, warm, etc.

an economist, etc.

40. Read and state whether the verbs given in italics are notional or link
verbs. Translate the sentences into Russian.
1. It’s getting cold, turn on the heating. 2. Children grow very quickly. 3. What
will become of her? 4. Susan will become very pretty when she grows up. 5. Watch
your step! Don’t fall. 6. When Robert fell in love with Rachel, he lost his head. 7.
Shortly before Christmas Julia fell ill. 8. We lost our way and turned back. 9.
Jenny turned red when Mike spoke to her. 10. Don’t go out today, it’s raining. 11.
Something has gone wrong with the computer, it doesn’t work. 12. Where did you
get this wonderful picture? 13. As the argument continued, she got more and more
excited. 14. You don’t look well today, what’s wrong with you? 15. Look at the
palace – its history goes back to the Middle Ages.

41. Explain the reasons as in the model using the words from the box:
Model: T – Why didn’t you go to the theatre yesterday?
St – I felt bad. / I didn’t feel well.

to feel to smell to seem bad tired unpleasant

to look to sound to be well sad cold

VOCABULARY EXERCISES

42. Answer as in the model:

Model: T – Why did you send them flowers?
St – I sent them flowers on the occasion of their wedding
anniversary.

1. graduation; 2. birthday; 3. national holiday; 4. Independence Day; 5. her

husband’s birthday; 6. their wedding; 7. April Fools’ Day; 8. beginning of the
term.

43. Complete the sentences.

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1. Despite rainy weather… 2. In his speech, the Prime Minister addressed … 3.
Unlike his brother, Jim earns… 4. … Harry had to earn his living. 5. An increase
in industrial production was caused by… 6. In spite of being ill… 7. Addressing
the rally, a green activist… 8. Our main aim is to increase… .

44. Answer the questions. (suburbs; to grow out of sth)

45. Answer as in the model:

Model: T – John is coming to Moscow. Would you like to see him?
St – I’d be delighted. I know about his visit and I’m looking
forward to his arrival / to meeting him. (or: …I’ll be
looking forward to his arrival.)

46. Compare as in the model:

Model: T – Is Julie as quiet as her sister?
St – Unlike her sister, Julie is quite energetic.

47. Answer the questions. (to play the piano, to play sports)

48. Translate into English. (to insist on)

49. Describe the people your classmates know well and let them recognize who you
have described. Use the words given in the box.

Face oval [ˈəʊvl], round, long, expressive, beautiful (about a

woman) handsome (about a man), good-looking, plain
(простой, невыразительный)
Eyes black, brown, green, grey, blue, expressive

Nose straight, long, short, snub (курносый), crooked [ˈkrʊkɪd]

(кривой); hook-nosed (с крючковатым носом)
Lips thin, full, sensual [ˈsenʃuəl]

Teeth small, large, even (ровный), white, yellow

Mouth small, large, wide, expressive

Hair long, short, blonde, fair (русые), red, auburn [ˈɔːbən] (медно-
каштановый), dark, brown, jet-black
Figure thin, fat, well-built, slim (изящный), plump (полная,
пышная), stout (полный, крепко сбитый)
Character energetic, active, optimist(ic), pessimist(ic), kind, good-
natured, wicked [ˈwɪkɪd] (скверный, злобный), mean
(скупой, мелочный, придирчивый)

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 HOME ACTIVITIES

50. Complete the sentences with the adjectives or adverbs from the box.  
1. The road is icy, you should drive more ______________ (careful/carefully). 2.
Why is Jimmy behaving so _________ today? – I’m afraid he is feeling ________
(bad/badly). 3. Your new plan sounds absolutely ____________(perfect/perfectly)!
4. I think you behaved very _____________ (selfish/selfishly). 5. I think I’ll go
home, I don’t feel ________ (good/well). 6. One of the passengers was _________
injured in the accident (serious/seriously). 7. Linda looks ____________ upset
about losing her job (terrible/terribly). 8. It was a serious accident. The driver’s
injuries were __________ (terrible/terribly). 9. There was a ____________ change
in the weather (sudden/suddenly). 10. Don’t go up the ladder, it doesn’t look
________ (safe/safely). 11. Despite the wind the plane landed _________ (safe/
safely). 12. Why did you fall behind the class? – I was _________ ill (bad/badly).
13. Sue frowned and looked at her husband __________ (angry/angrily). 14. Jane
cooked an apple-pie ____________ for her boy-friend. She hoped he would like it
(special/specially). 15. Alice and Steve are ___________ married. They always
look ____________ when they are together (happy / happily). 16. The pudding
smells ________ (good/well). 17. This wine tastes a bit ___________ (strange/
strangely).

51. a) Complete the sentences with the words and expressions from the box.
Learn the words and expressions from the box.  

go away were looking forward to couple full-time

giving up on the other hand provide tiny
other giving up choose no longer
face used to own independent
elderly move into insist on own
family move out instead of

Grannies
In the story of Bill and Carol Taylor and their children, grandparents are
generally absent. Is it true that the British don’t care for their ____________ (1)
people and ____________ (2) to put them away into old people’s homes and forget
them?
Elderly people, either living in their ____________ (3) houses or in rented
council houses, spend a lifetime establishing their “home”. It is the children who
will _____________ (4) as they grow up; the older people will remain. Young
people _____________ (5) to universities or colleges, they find jobs in other
towns, so that is quite rare to find a parent/grandparent living close by when a
73
young ___________ (6) have a baby. Most grandparents would be horrified at the
idea of _____________ (7) their independent lives to ____________ (8) the
children’s homes and look after their grandchildren _____________ (9).
Do grandparents and grandchildren lose a warm relationship because they
are living _______________ (10) lives? Consider Carol Taylor’s parents, David
and Gwynneth in Wales. When Carol’s babies were born, Gwynneth travelled to
London to be with her for a week. Summer holidays were times for the family to
come to Wales. David and Gwynneth have three ___________ (11) grandchildren,
so they have as much ____________ (12) life as they can cope with. They would
hate to move from a little stone cottage in the village where they have lived most
of their lives. Sometimes elderly people ____________ (13) living in their
_________ (14) homes until they reach the point of needing more or less regular
nursing. At this point they or their children look for a place in a Home for Elderly
People. Many local authorities ___________ (15) “sheltered housing”, _________
(16) houses or flats where elderly couples live their own lives but where they can
always call a trained nurse if they have any difficulties.
Bill’s mother, Joan Taylor, is now widowed and much frailer than she
____________ (17) be. Bill and Carol worry about what to do when she is
_____________ (18) capable of looking after herself properly. This is a problem
many families __________ (19). One solution is to bring the elderly parent home.
Psychologically it can be difficult: elderly people often hate _____________ (20)
their independence and the rest of the family know they may have to face years of
ever-increasing restrictions on their freedom ______________ (21) greater child-
free independence they ___________________ (22). _________________
__________ (23), Grannies and Grandpas can be (or become) much-loved
members of the family.

b) Write five questions to the text.

c) Get ready to discuss in class the problem raised in the exercise.

52. Listen to Text 2. Read it after the speaker and get ready to answer the
questions (exercise 56).

74
 Step III

CLASSROOM ACTIVITIES (5)

53. Write a translation dictation.

Word building

54. Translate into Russian:

1). (verbs) to question, to milk, to water, to chalk, to father; to mother;
2). (nouns) export, import, increase, decrease;
3). 1. How did it come to your mind to question his authority? 2. How many times
a day does Polly milk a cow? 3. Water the flowers before it gets too dark. 4. Don’t
chalk the walls. 5. He was quite young, 16 or 17, when he fathered a son. 6. In
some stories one can read about dogs, which mothered babies. 7. Cats mother
tigers. 8. In recent years there has been a steady decrease in the birth rate in
Russia. 9. The increase of Britain’s export to the countries of the Commonwealth
is growing.

55. Discuss the problems raised in exercise 51.

TEXT 2. Men and Women.

Phonetic notes:
powder [ˈpaʊdə(r)] gender [ˈdʒendə(r)]
perfume [ˈpɜːfjuːm] anxiety [æŋˈzaɪəti]
delicious [dɪˈlɪʃəs] mortgage [ˈmɔːɡɪdʒ]

***
 
“Here they are, home from school,” said the soft voice on TV. “Uh-oh, look
at those shirts. How is mom ever going to get them white again?”
The message was clear. Buy our soap powder, Mrs. America, and you will
be a good mother. The next advertisements were not very different. “Buy our
frozen food,” they said, “or our floor polish, or our perfume. You will be a good
cook, a good homemaker, and your husband will always love you.”
In the mid-twentieth century, Americans had a clear picture of how they
thought a woman should be. The perfect woman was the happy, bright homemaker
in one of the prosperous middle-class suburbs. She had a washing machine and a

75
vacuum cleaner to make her work easy. She had plenty of time to make her home
beautiful, cook delicious meals for her husband and children, and be everyone’s
friend and adviser. Gender equality was not on the agenda. It was the husband who
was responsible for supporting the family. Divorce was rare and she felt secure in
her beautiful home.
Does this advertiser’s dream exist today? – Fewer and fewer families now
look like the advertisers’ picture of a mother, a father, and two children. The
number of single-parent families continues to rise. Women on their own cannot
afford to stay at home.
What do you do when you are a woman with two young children? You
spend a lot of time and energy looking after them. What do you do when you are
single and have no money? You look after the children and work at the same time.
That is Kate Wesley’s way of life.
“On the one hand, you grow up with the idea of going to university and
getting a job, on the other, you have to make peace with the fact that it’s not how
it’s going to be now. The only full-time job I had was ten years ago – I was an
assistant editor at the Associated Press in New York. I moved to the UK after I fell
in love with a Brit. For years, I didn’t have much anxiety about that, as my partner
was in full-time employment on a good salary with a solid pension, so I was
insulated from money and security worries. When the relationship ended, I was left
to pick up the pieces.
If you are a single mom and the sole breadwinner for the family, your main
priority should be financial security. Few things worry me as much as not being
able to provide for my family. Now I do a portfolio of jobs as an independent
worker: digital marketing, copy editing and hosting events for the Manchester
literature society. I lecture at the University of Salford, write fiction and do a food
and drink column. Although I live in a little village, with digital technologies I
continue working for people in the US.
It’s exciting but also scary. I don’t know if I can get a mortgage because my
work life is in flux. I don’t own my own house, I rent. I don’t have a pension; I
can’t afford the life style that I used to enjoy. I have two children, aged five and
seven. This way of working allows me to be around for them. When I split with my
partner earlier this year, I looked at full-time roles and considered applying for one
that I was qualified for, with a big organisation. I talked it over with my dad and a
couple of close friends and thought about it seriously, but from the beginning I had
a vague feeling of “not right” about it. When I thought about it, the higher salary,
pension and security didn’t seem so attractive when I considered that I would have
to put my children in childcare around the clock, give up all of the part-time roles
(with the literature festival, lecturing etc.), which I really enjoy, and end up with
very little time or flexibility for my own writing and independent creative projects.
What else keeps me going? The best thing in my life is the children. They
are super, super intelligent. It’s been tough for them and they still suffer. I feel bad
about it. When it comes to big goals, I want my children to graduate and be
financially secure.”

76
 ACTIVE VOCABULARY 2

1. to advertise [ˈædvətaɪz] sth / for sth – рекламировать что-либо

/ давать объявление (в газету) о чем-либо: e.g. The company advertised its
new washing machine on television. Mrs. Meadows advertised for a servant
in the local newspapers. / advertisement [ədˈvɜːtɪsmənt] – объявление,
реклама: e.g. If you need a nurse for the baby put an advertisement in the
newspaper. Advertisement helps to sell goods. / advertiser [ˈædvətaɪzə(r)] –
рекламодатель

2. prosperous [ˈprɒspərəs] – процветающий, преуспевающий: e.g. Japan is

one of the most prosperous countries of the world.

3. equal – равный: e.g. Paul speaks English and German with equal ease. /
equality [iˈkwɒləti] – равенство

4. responsible – ответственный: e.g. Isn’t she too young for such

responsible work? / to be responsible to sb – отвечать, нести
ответственность перед кем-либо: e.g. You are responsible to the Manager
for the cash (наличные деньги). / to be responsible for sth – отвечать,
нести ответственность за что-либо: e.g. The pilot of the plane is responsible
for the passenger’ safety. / responsibility [rɪˌspɒnsəˈbɪləti] (for sth) –
ответственность (за что-либо): e.g. You have a post of great responsibility.

5. divorce – развод: e.g. On the same day Mr. Wright told his lawyer to start
divorce proceedings. / to divorce sb – развестись с кем-либо: e.g. Did Mr.
Hill divorce his wife or did she divorce him?

6. to exist [ɪɡˈzɪst] – существовать: e.g. Man cannot exist without water. /

existence – существование: e.g. When did this word come into existence?

7. to own – владеть: e.g. He owns 3 houses. / own – свой собственный: e.g.

She needn’t borrow your bicycle as she has a bicycle of her own.

8. way – 1. путь, дорога: e.g. The way was long and tiring. 2. cпособ: e.g.
It’s not the right way to explain such difficult things to children.

9. only – 1. только: e.g. Everybody went to the theatre, only Anna refused to
go. 2. единственный: e.g. This is the only right answer to your question. / an
only child – единственный ребенок: e.g. Joe was an only child in the family
and often felt lonely.

77
 10. to assist sb (in / with sth) – помогать кому-либо, оказывать помощь:
e.g. In his work the head of the firm is assisted by managers. / assistant –
помощник, ассистент, заместитель: e.g. assistant manager – заместитель
управляющего

11. independence [ˌɪndɪˈpendəns] – независимость: e.g. When a boy leaves

college and begins to earn money, he can live a life of independence. /
independent (of) –независимый (от): e.g. If you have a motor-car you are
independent of trains, trams and buses.

12. to suffer (from) – страдать: e.g. Since Jenny divorced her husband she
has suffered from depression.

13. goal [ɡəʊl] – цель: e.g. Her goal in life was to become a film star.

Useful phrases

on the one hand… on the other hand (for one thing, … for another
thing…) – с одной стороны… с другой стороны…

COMPREHENSION EXERCISES

56. Answer the teacher’s questions.

1. What is the message of all TV advertisements (commercials)? 2. What was the
picture of a typical American housewife like fifty years ago? 3. Why is the old
image of the perfect housewife different from real life? 4. Why does an increasing
number of women go out to work? 5. How many children has Kate got? How old
are they? 6. How much time does Kate spend with the children? 7. What does Kate
say about her children? 8. What are her life goals?

57. Find the Russian for:

the message was clear; homemaker; single-parent families; to make peace with the
fact; to be insulated from worries; a portfolio of jobs; life is in flux; flexibility;
creative projects; … keeps me going.

58. Give the English for: 

на повестке дня; неполная семья; незамужний/неженатый; кормилец в семье;
художественная литература; ипотека; снимать, арендовать жильё; обсудить,
обговорить что-либо; смутное чувство; круглосуточный детский сад; это
было тяжело для них; я переживаю из-за этого.

VOCABULARY EXERCISES

78
59. Repeat and add a sentence logically connected using my/your… own:
Model: T – The Isle of Man has some features of independence.
(parliament)
St – The Isle of Man has some features of independence. It
has its own parliament.

сar ideas private jet room

business decision money television

60. Translate into Russian:

1. King Henry VIII divorced two wives, outlived one wife and executed two. 2.
King Edward VIII abdicated (отрекся от трона) in order to marry an American
divorcee [dɪˌvɔːˈsiː]. 3. What happens to the soul when it is divorced from the
body? 4. The divorce between religion and science was the greatest in the Middle
Ages. 5. In his arguments the author of the article divorces form from matter.

61. Answer the questions as in the models:

Model 1: T – Why not ask Sarah to tidy up the room?
St – Oh no, I don’t like the way she tidies up the room.

Model 2: T – Whose plan do you support, mine or Linda’s?

St – On the one hand your plan is better, but on the other
hand Linda’s plan is quite good, too.

62. Answer the teacher’s questions. (equal, only)

1. Do women get equal wages with men in your country? Do you think that men
and women should have equal rights and responsibilities in family life? What
makes you think so? Do you think your future husband/wife should have equal
opportunities with you in making a career? 2. Are you an only child in the family?
What are the advantages of being an only child? How do you see the disadvantages
of being an only child? What problems do families with only children face? How
many children would you like to have in your family? Why? In your opinion, why
do some people choose to be child free?

63. Translate into English. (way)

64. Answer the teacher’s questions. (independent, to exist, to advertise)

HOME ACTIVITIES (5)

79
65. Complete the sentences with the link-verbs from the box. 

to feel to get to smell to remain

to look to become to sound to go
to grow to seem to fall to turn

1. As time went by, Agnes’ state __________ worse. 2. John is a tall man, his car
__________ too small for him. 3. On hearing her aunt’s words Emma ________
red. 4. She nearly __________ mad with anxiety as there was no news from home.
5. The hat made him __________ taller. 6. Let’s postpone the meeting, I don’t
__________ well today. 7. He must be displeased, his voice _________ angry. 8.
She turned off the light and soon _________ asleep. 9. The powder ___________
bitter. 10. No matter how much they argued, they __________ friends. 11. In his
childhood George dreamt of _____________ a sailor. 12. After two hours of hard
work they _____________ tired.

66. a) Complete the sentences with the words and expressions from the box.
Learn the words and expressions from the box. 

responsibility to save up financially independent

spending restrictions pocket money a bank account
encourage unlike digital payments
prestigious universities the household budget pre-paid
chores to choose between finance their spendings
rewards various ways the value of money

Pocket Money
British parents take money seriously. Many experts say pocket money can
be useful in teaching children the value of money and how _______________ (1)
for specific items or activities. Allowing children to handle coins, notes and
_______________ (2) helps them learn about budgeting effectively from a young
age. It can give them a sense of _______________ (3) and allow them to make
their own spending decisions.
There are _______________ (4) to give pocket money to a child. Some
parents give it with no strings attached, while others make their children work for
the money cleaning their room or washing the car, helping with the washing-up,
vacuuming or gardening.
For parents who want to teach their children to be more _______________
(5) pocket money apps are a great place to start. These allow parents to track their
children’s spending and set _______________ (6). Many apps come with a
_______________ (7) debit card for older children. Even if a child receives a few
pounds a week, introducing them to banking at an early age can help them see the
_______________ (8) of saving. _______________ (9) a piggy bank, where it is
80
hard to keep track of the money inside, _______________ (10) shows exactly how
much a child can spend or save.
The benefits of giving children pocket money include:
 learning _______________ (11) – by having their own cash, they can see
how much things are worth, and can decide whether to spend or save it;
 discovering that money is something you work for – assuming they earn it
by doing _______________ (12);
 teaching that the money you have can only be spent once – if you spend the
money, it’s gone. This can help to start learning on how _______________
(13) buying different things.

There are also a few disadvantages to giving children _______________ (14).

Firstly, it can _______________ (15) them to spend unnecessarily. Secondly, it
may be difficult to fit into _______________ (16). Finally, it can lead to
arguments if children are not given as much money as their peers at school.
There is a dilemma for parents of university students: should they insist that
their children learn to live on student grants plus whatever they can earn during the
holidays – or should parents _______________ (17)? Recent statistics show that
students in more prosperous cities and _______________ (18) are more reliant on
their parents to fund their student life.

b) Write five questions to the text.

c) Get ready to discuss in class the problem raised in the exercise.

67. Translate into English: 

1. В начале двадцатого века, если замужняя американка работала, это
означало, что муж не может содержать семью. А в 90-х годах двадцатого
века уже более 60 процентов женщин имели работу. Этот процесс начался во
время Второй мировой войны. Огромное число женщин начало работать
электриками, механиками, инженерами, юристами. Несмотря на то, что
положение (ситуация) меняется, большинство женщин все еще находится у
подножия (at the foot) экономической пирамиды (pyramid). Например, в 80-е
годы женщины зарабатывали только 59% того, что зарабатывали мужчины.
Тогда же значительно увеличилось количество женщин, работающих
горничными (maid), медсестрами, кассирами и продавцами. Женщины
соглашались на эту работу с целью поддержать уровень жизни своей семьи.
2. Юрист из Атланты рассказывает: «У моей жены своя собственная карьера
адвоката. Когда я возвращаюсь домой после тяжелого дня, все что я хочу –
это отдохнуть. Вместо этого я должен помогать по дому или присматривать
за детьми. Иногда мне приходится уходить с работы раньше, чтобы забрать
нашего полуторагодовалого (18-месячного) сына из детского сада. Я за
равноправие в семье, но многие работающие мужчины должны стать
суперменами, чтобы жить рядом с работающими суперженами».

81
68. Get ready to retell Text 2.

82
 CLASSROOM ACTIVITIES (6)

69. Discuss the problems raised in exercise 66.

70. Translate into Russian:

1. She has married off all her daughters. 2. The village stood in a beautiful place
where the waters of two rivers married. 3. He cannot take this serious decision
himself – he is under age. 4. If only we could have the strength of youth and the
wisdom of age… 5. Tools and weapons dating back to the Stone Age were
displayed in the local museum. 6. He is ageing fast. 7. He died without providing
for his widow. 8. I am already provided with all I need. 9. I’ve lost a button from
my jacket. Has anyone got a safety pin? 10. The minister was accused of failing to
address concerns of climate change activists. 11. These goods are by no means
satisfactory. 12. The story of their sufferings moved us deeply. 13. What’s your
next move? 14. The nearest public conveniences are in West Street. 15. The two
pieces were put together so cleverly that the join could not be seen. 16. The
beautiful house cost them a tidy sum of money. 17. Rubens earned a great
reputation as an artist. 18. You may only use company computers to access the
Web in your own time. 19. Do you hold any shares in General Motors? 20. A
search-party was sent out when the travellers did not return from the mountains.

71. a) Skim through the text and say in one sentence what the message of the
text is. Answer the questions which follow. 

Cross-cultural notes:
1. The Warton Business School – престижное американское высшее учебное
заведение при Пенсильванском университете. Бизнес-школа основана в 1881
г. предпринимателем и филантропом Джозефом Уортоном. Факультет
финансов считается одним из ведущих в мире.
2. The Ivy League – Лига плюща, объединение восьми старейших и наиболее
престижных американских университетов (Harvard University, Yale
University, University of Pennsylvania, Princeton University, Columbia
University, Brown University, Dartmouth College, Cornell University).
Первоначально Лига была объединением университетских футбольных
команд, однако со временем название стало употребляться вне спортивного
контекста. Название связано с зародившейся в XVIII веке традицией
высаживания плюща студентами и выпускниками университетов.

* * *
a forklift – (вилочный) автопогрузчик

 (1.5 min.)
THE NEW AMERICAN STARTER HOME

83
 Luke Iseman, a 31-year-old graduate of the Wharton business school, lives
in a white shipping container which sits on a small lot in West Oakland, in an
industrial area of the city. Another container belongs to his friend and next-door
neighbor, who works for a biotech start-up in San Francisco. Driving a forklift and
moving shipping containers around is not the kind of work that most Ivy League
biz-school grads hope to land. But for Iseman, it’s all part of a new business
venture: an attempt to create a more affordable model of urban home ownership.
Just a few months earlier, Iseman and five of his friends had bought the lot, a
third of an acre, for $410,000. Each of them agreed to pay $500 each month to
cover the cost of the mortgage, property tax, and insurance. Iseman predicts, he
and his friends will be able to pay off their mortgage in about seven years. Before
moving to West Oakland, Iseman and his girlfriend lived in San Francisco, where,
with a roommate, they rented a two-bedroom apartment for $4,200 a month.
Appalled at the cost, they moved to Oakland.
The container is currently hooked up to the city’s water supply. Solar panels
on the roof provide electricity – more than enough to run household items
including Wi-Fi, a video projector, and an outdoor washing machine. A hose
connected to the container supplies the water; a propane tank heats the container
and the water, and fuels the stove. At the front of the lot, a small steel building will
provide a kitchen and two bathrooms for residents to share. Iseman also has plans
for a communal garden and workshop.
Iseman’s shipping container, which measures 192 square feet, is very much
like a studio apartment. Along the back wall, his bed is elevated to the height of a
standing desk for convenient double-duty as a workspace. Beneath the bed are
shelves for his clothing. A full-size door and four windows, all cut out of the walls
of the container by Iseman, provide easy access and plenty of natural light.
Iseman doesn’t see tiny houses and shared spaces as a downgrade from the
traditional model of single-family or individual ownership. “There should be a
choice about what you have private for yourself, as opposed to shared,” Iseman
says. “We don’t have those choices with most housing situations, and we should.
These things should exist on a spectrum.”

* * *
1. Where does Luke Iseman live?
2. Why did he decide to move to Oakland?
3. Do Luke and his friends rent or own the land on which their containers sit?
4. What are Iseman’s plans for developing the lot?

b) Scan the text for details.

c) Answer the teacher’s questions.

DISCUSSION

72. Discuss the following issues:

84
 What is the best age for getting married? What makes you think so? Should
parents give their consent to their children’s marriage? Why?
 What are the responsibilities of husband and wife in a family? Who should be
head of the family? Whose responsibility is it to bring up the children?
 Do married women in your country tend to work outside the home or do they
tend to stay at home? How do digital technologies help mothers to make a
career?
 Many young people prefer to live together out of wedlock. How should
responsibilities be shared? And if their relationship falls apart – who should
take care of the children?
 Why is housing a serious problem for young adults in many countries? What do
you think should be done to make housing affordable?
 What kind of a person would you like to see as your husband / wife?

Use the words listed below:

tall blond plain
characteris characteristics

short fair-haired slim

Physical

beautiful dark-haired plump

pretty blue-eyed stout
handsome dark-eyed well-built
Personal

intelligent generous reserved

tics

bright kind-hearted quiet

industrious good-tempered artistic

Buddhist [ˈbʊdɪst] Christian Moslem, Muslim

(optional)
Religion

Jew Orthodox [ˈmʌzlɪm / ˈmʊzlɪm]

Catholic
Protestant

DO YOU KNOW THAT

 Queen Victoria (reigned 1837–1901) had nine children. Due to
her children’s royal marriages, she was related to almost every
European royal house and was known as “the Grandmother of
Europe”.
 King Henry VIII (reigned 1509–1547) had six wives. He
divorced two, beheaded two and outlived one. His last wife
outlived him.
?
 King Edward VIII (reigned Jan.–Dec. 1936) abdicated (отрекся
от престола) in order to marry American divorcee Wallis
Simpson.

85
 HOME ACTIVITIES (6)

73. Translate into English. 

1. То, что произошло между Аликом 1. What happened between Alec and
и Ниной было необыкновенно Nina was a remarkably wonderful
прекрасным чувством. feeling.
2. Это был секрет, которым они не 2. It was a secret they did not want to
хотели делиться с окружающими. share with others.
3. Они влюбились друг в друга еще в 3. They fell in love with each other in
выпускном классе, а летом оба они their last year at school and in summer
сдавали экзамены в университет. they both took entrance exams to
university.
4. Алик хорошо сдал все экзамены и 4. Alec passed all the exams well and
поступил в университет, а Нина нет, became a student, and Nina did not, as
потому что был очень большой the competition was fierce.
конкурс.
5. По выходным они тайком 5. They secretly met at weekends and
встречались и говорили о будущем. talked about their future.
6. По крайней мере, одно было ясно: 6. At least one thing was clear: they did
они не представляли свое будущее not imagine their future without each
друг без друга. other.
7. В некотором роде, эти встречи по 7. In a way, these weekend meetings
выходным были самой счастливой were the happiest time in their life.
порой в их жизни.
8. Весной Нина обнаружила, что у 8. In (the) spring Nina discovered that
нее будет ребенок. she was going to have a baby.
9. Алик сказал: «Мы поженимся. Я 9. Alec said, “We are going to get
предполагал сделать это еще зимой, married. I meant to do it in winter, but
но не хотел говорить об этом со didn’t want to talk to my parents about
своими родителями». it”.
10. Для Алика это решение означало, 10. For Alec that decision meant that he
что ему придется бросить учебу в would have to give up his university
университете и искать любую работу. studies and search for any job.
11. Это был единственный для него 11. It was the only way for him to
способ содержать семью. provide for the family.
12. Он также был уверен, что им 12. He was also sure that they would
придется снимать квартиру, have to rent a flat as his parents were
поскольку его родители были против against the marriage.
этого брака.
13. Нина была сиротой и ей некому 13. Nina was an orphan and there was
было помочь, кроме тети. nobody to help her except her aunt.
14. А родителям Алика хотелось 14. And Alec’s parents wanted to have a

86
иметь невестку из преуспевающей daughter-in-law from a prosperous
состоятельной семьи. family.
15. Было еще много других вещей, 15. There were many other things he did
которые он не хотел рассказывать not want to tell Nina about.
Нине.
16. Они переехали в другой город, 16. They moved to another town where
где Алик начал работать на местной Alec started working at the local textile
ткацкой фабрике. [ˈtekstaɪl] factory.
17. С одной стороны, Алик 17. On the one hand, Alec felt happy
чувствовал себя счастливым и and independent, but on the other hand
независимым, с другой стороны, он he missed his parents.
скучал по родителям.
18. Единственное, что их 18. The only thing that kept them going
поддерживало, было Нинино чувство was Nina’s sense of humour.
юмора.
19. Они делили радости и тревоги. 19. They shared happiness and trouble.

KEYS 

Key – 50:
1 – carefully; 2 – badly; bad; 3 – perfect; 4 – selfishly; 5 – well; 6 – seriously; 7 –
terribly; 8 – terrible; 9 – sudden; 10 – safe; 11 – safely; 12 – badly; 13 – angrily;
14 – specially; 15 – happily; happy; 16 – good; 17 – strange.

Key – 51:
1 – elderly; choose; own; move out; go away; different; couple; giving up; to move
into; full-time;
2 – independent; other; family; insist on; own; provide; tiny;
3 – used to; no longer; face; giving up; instead of; were looking forward to; on the
other hand

Key – 66:
1 – to save up; 2 – digital payments; 3 – responsibility; 4 – various ways; 5 –
financially independent; 6 – spending restrictions; 7 – pre-paid; 8 – rewards; 9 –
unlike; 10 – a bank account; 11 – the value of money; 12 – chores; 13 – to choose
between; 14 – pocket money; 15 – encourage; 16 – the household budget; 17 –
finance their spendings; 18 – prestigious universities.

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 UNSUPERVISED EXERCISES WITH KEYS

1. to do – to make

to do sth – делать, выполнять что-либо, e.g. to do work (an exercise, a

translation) – делать работу (упражнение, перевод)
Expressions:
to do a room – прибрать в комнате
to do one’s duty – выполнить свой долг
to do the cooking/washing/shopping/cleaning – готовить еду, стирать, делать
покупки, делать уборку
to do sb good/ harm – приносить кому-либо пользу/ вред
to do sb a favour – сделать кому-либо одолжение, оказать услугу
to do sports – заниматься спортом
to do well (at college/ at a subject) – хорошо успевать (в колледже/ по какому-
либо предмету)
to do without sb/sth – обходиться без кого-либо/чего-либо
to do an experiment – поставить эксперимент
to do research – проводить исследование

to make sth – сделать (создать) что-либо, e.g. to make a shelf – сделать полку
Expressions:
to make a mistake – сделать ошибку
to make a report – сделать доклад
to make a speech – выступить с речью, произнести речь
to make progress – делать успехи
to make a note (of sth) – заметить, отметить что-либо
to make an excuse/ to make excuses – искать оправдания, отговорки
to make breakfast/ lunch/ dinner/ supper – приготовить завтрак, обед, ужин
to make tea/ coffee – заварить чай, кофе
to make the bed / to make one’s (sb’s) bed – убрать,заправить постель
to make both ends meet – сводить концы с концами
to make up one’s mind –решить сделать что-либо
to make sb angry – рассердить кого-либо
to make sb laugh – рассмешить кого-либо
to make a step – сделать шаг
to make a promise – дать обещание
to make up (a quarrel) – помириться
to make fun of sb – высмеивать кого-либо
to make a fuss – суетиться
to make (a) noise – шуметь

A. 1. You can … progress only if you … these exercises regularly. 2. Don’t put off
till tomorrow what you can … today. 3. Let her … the cake herself, she must learn
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how … it. 4. Don’t … this mistake again. 5. … your work first, then you can go
for a ride in the park. 6. The family was so poor that they could hardly … both
ends meet. 7. You can … a very nice summer dress out of this piece of cloth. 8.
Don’t … anything until he comes back. 9. Who usually … the cooking in your
family? 10. You look tired. Shall I … you a cup of tea? 11. Will you … me a
favour and talk to the director about it? 12. I can’t ... up my mind whether to go or
not. 13. I’m sure he will … his duty. 14. It will … you a lot of good … sports
regularly. 15. Charles is going … a report at the next lesson. 16. Take this
medicine, it will … you no harm. 17. Stop … excuses! You did the only right
thing. 18. The President of the company … a speech at the annual meeting last
Thursday. 19. If you … a promise to return the book in time, I’ll give it to you for
two days. 20. Why are you … such a fuss about these red shoes? Can’t you …
without them? 21. Stop … fun of Lucy, she is almost crying. 22. All the
experiments … in this field prove Dr. Johnson’s theory. 23. You two quarreled
over a trifle (пустяк). You should try to ... up.

B. 1. Я заметила время, когда он пришел. 2. Небольшая прогулка принесет

мальчику большую пользу. 3. Если ты солжешь ему, это его рассердит. 4.
Дождь заставил нас вернуться домой. 5. Почему ты не хочешь с ним
мириться? 6. Интересно, будет ли ей какая-нибудь польза от этого совета? 7.
Что тебя так неожиданно рассмешило? 8. Ты ведь обещал помириться с
братом, не так ли? 9. Тебе не повредит прислушаться к его советам. 10. Не
суетись. Он сделает все возможное, чтобы поставить этот эксперимент. 11.
Перестаньте шуметь! 12. Мальчик делает успехи. Если он будет заниматься
спортом регулярно, это пойдет ему на пользу. 13. У Бена не всегда хватает
времени приготовить завтрак, поэтому он часто завтракает в кафетерии на
работе. 14. Эдна очень любит готовить. Она делает лучший кофе, который я
когда-нибудь пила. 15. Как многие из ее соседок, Джоанна сама ухаживала за
садом. 16. Не уезжай! Мы не можем без тебя! Твои советы так важны для
всех нас. 17. Вы не могли бы оказать мне услугу и повесить эту полочку?

2. other(s) – another – the other(s) – each other – one another

other (с последующим существительным) – другой, другие: e.g. Some people

like tea, other people like coffee. / Let’s meet some other time.
What other + существительное: e.g. What other books do you need?

others (без последующего существительного!) – другие; e.g. Some people like

tea, others like coffee.

another – еще один, другой (с существительным в единственном числе); e.g.

Give me another cup of tea (еще одну). / Give him another book, he has read this
one (другую).

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the other – второй, другой (из двух); e.g. Jill has two exams next week: one
(exam) is on Monday and the other (exam) is on Friday.
Expressions:
the other day – на днях (если действие относится к прошлому): e.g. The other
day I met Mark in the local supermarket.

one of these days – на днях (если действие относится к будущему): e.g. We are
going to see Bertha and Phil one of these days.

the others – другие, остальные (из известного количества); e.g. Two students
of our group are going to the south next summer, the others are going to the Baltic
Sea coast.

each other – друг друга/у (из двух); e.g. Bill and his wife looked at each other
and smiled.

one another – друг друга/у (из трех и более); e.g. The Browns are a very
friendly family, they all love one another.

A. 1. What … medicine did the doctor prescribe? 2. I would like … cup of coffee.
3. The bank is on … side of the street. 4. Some people go to the mountains for a
holiday, … go to the seaside. 5. Only two of my fellow-students failed the exam,
… passed it. 6. … week and you’ll be quite well. 7. What … books from the list of
recommended literature have you read? 8. Anna’s got two brothers. One is a
doctor, … is still a student. 9. John and I haven’t seen each … for a year. 10. I
don’t know Julia Simpson, but I know many … students from her college. 11.
Father, Mother, sister, brother – hand in hand with … … .

B. 1. Эта группа студентов очень дружная. Они все помогают друг другу. 2.
На прошлой неделе вы взяли две книги. Сейчас вы возвращаете одну. А
когда вы вернете вторую? 3. Одни студенты предпочитают работать в
читальном зале, а другие – дома. 4. Эта книга слишком трудна для вас,
возьмите какую-нибудь другую. 5. Когда Мэри и Анна встретились, они не
могли узнать друг друга. 6. Все уже смотрели этот фильм. Давайте
посмотрим другой. 7. Еще один такой тяжелый день – и я этого не выдержу
(to stand). 8. Некоторым людям нравится проводить выходные дни за
городом, а другие люди предпочитают оставаться дома.

3. to be used to – to get used to – used to do

to be used to sth/doing sth – иметь привычку, привыкнуть к чему-либо: e.g.

Jill is used to getting up early.

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to get used to sth/doing sth – приобретать привычку, привыкать к чему-либо:
e.g. It was difficult for Gerry to get used to working nights.

used to do sth – (кто-либо) обычно что-либо делал (но не делает этого

сейчас): e.g. Last summer we used to take long walks in the park.

A. 1. I … (not) being ordered about. 2. When we moved to a small village in

Sussex, I had … country life. 3. That’s just the book I … read to my son when he
was a little boy. 4. Granny, try … to the idea that you are no longer young and
should not take such long walks. 5. The man … take a nap (вздремнуть) in the
afternoon. 6. He will have to refuse that job if he … (not) working nights. 7. When
I was a student, we … arrange parties every month. 8. Did you find it difficult …
driving to work from the suburbs?

B. 1. Он был когда-то способным студентом. 2. Разве вы не привыкли много

ходить пешком? 3. Вот здесь я когда-то жил. 4. Когда мы переехали на север,
мне пришлось привыкнуть спать во время белых ночей. 5. На этой улице был
когда-то кинотеатр. 6. Студенты еще не привыкли быстро переводить с
русского языка на английский. 7. Джордж так и не смог привыкнуть работать
по ночам, поэтому ему пришлось поменять работу. 8. В студенческие годы
мы обычно ходили в походы.

4. hard – hardly; late – lately; near - nearly

hard – 1. тяжелый, трудный, упорный: e.g. hard work

2. упорно: e.g. to work hard
hardly – едва, с трудом: e.g. She was so tired that she could hardly walk.

late – 1. поздний: e.g. a late hour

2. поздно: e.g. to finish work late
lately – в последнее время: e.g. I haven't seen him lately.

near – 1. близкий: e.g. a near relation

2. близко: e.g. He lives quite near here.
nearly – почти: e.g. He nearly died of hunger.

A. 1. What have you been doing …? – I have been working so … that when I
returned home … at night I could … talk to my family. 2. Don’t go out … . 3. Of
all my … relations only my sister lives in Moscow. 4. It’s … work to teach your
younger brother or sister a foreign language. 5. I … fell asleep while watching TV
last night. 6. Where is the railway station? – It’s … here. 7. I could … recognize
my former classmate – he had changed so much. 8. Have you seen much of Sandra
…?

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B. 1. Не подходи близко, у меня начинается простуда. 2. В последнее время
мы не получаем писем от брата. 3. Что привело тебя сюда в такой поздний
час? 4. Мы поздно вышли из дома и едва успели на поезд. 5. Кэрри понимала,
что ее ждет такая же жизнь, как и у ее сестры: тяжелая работа с утра до
вечера. 6. Чарльзу было почти сорок лет, когда он впервые почувствовал, что
хочет стать художником. 7. Кто придет на твой день рождения? – Только
близкие родственники.

5. couple – pair

couple [ˈkʌpl] – 1. пара (супружеская): e.g. Most English elderly

couples live in houses of their own.
2. пара (о непарных предметах): e.g. a couple of
apples

pair [peə(r)] – пара (о парных существительных): e.g. a pair of shoes

A. 1. How was the party last night, John? – Lovely! Jane got acquainted with a …
of young men and I met the girl of my dream. 2. If you don’t see well buy yourself
a … of glasses. 3. Though for Bob and Patsy it was a marriage of convenience
twenty years ago, they are now a loving … . 4. It’s getting colder every day, you
must buy a … of warm shoes. 5. On Friday night Andy used to go to the pub to
drink a … of glasses of whiskey. 6. If you wait for a … of days I’ll try to get you
the book you need. 7. Sam has torn his trousers, he needs a new ... .

B. 1. Через пару недель они снова встретились на лекции. Оказалось, что они
однокурсники. 2. Нелли сидит на диете. Он обычно съедает в день килограмм
яблок и выпивает пару бутылок минеральной воды. 3. Если ты купишь пару
перчаток под цвет туфель (to match sth), ты будешь выглядеть очень
элегантно. 4. Как многие молодые супружеские пары, Брауны снимали
квартиру. 5. Борис уже не ребенок, у него есть пара крепких рук, и он может
зарабатывать себе на жизнь.

6. familiar – acquainted – acquaintance

familiar – знакомый с чем-либо, известный (о предмете): e.g. The name

sounded familiar. He is familiar with many African languages.

familiarity – знакомство (с предметом): e.g. Applicants should demonstrate

some familiarity with housing law.

acquainted – знакомый с кем-либо (о человеке): e.g. Are you acquainted with

Jim?

to be (to get) acquainted with sb – быть знакомым с кем-либо (познакомиться

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с кем-либо): e.g. Colin and Sarah got acquainted at a seaside resort.

acquaintance – приятель, знакомый: e.g. Eve is an acquaintance of mine.

A. 1. If you want to get … with Larson, let me know, I can introduce you to him.
2. What a gathering! Not a single … face! 3. This is a fact with which every
schoolboy is … . 4. Are you … with the Robinsons? 5. He has some … with
German, but does not speak it fluently. 6. Looking through the photographs she
remembered the … scenes of her childhood.

B. 1. Я не совсем знакома с латинскими (Latin) названиями растений. 2.

Знакомые звуки музыки напомнили ему юность. 3. К сожалению, я не знаком
с этой дамой . 4. Робинсоны пригласили на свадьбу всех друзей и знакомых.
5. Когда ты познакомился с Анной?

7. lonely – alone

lonely – одинокий: e.g. Phone me when you feel lonely.

alone – 1. один, в одиночку: e.g. Don’t go out alone, you are a stranger
in this country.
2. только (существительное/местоимение + alone): e.g. Smith alone
сan tell you what has happened.

A. 1. The house stands on the hillside all … . 2. Sue never felt … as she always
had a lot of work to do. 3. We are not … in thinking that he is sure to win. 4. You
… can help me with his task. 5. The house standing by the road looked … . 6.
Soon the figure of the … traveller disappeared in the distance.

B. 1. Ему нравится жить одному. 2. Холден часто чувствовал себя ужасно

одиноким. 3. Не двигай пианино в одиночку. 4. Вдова жила одиноко. 5. Ты не
одинок – у тебя есть друзья. 6. Только ты можешь сделать своих родителей
счастливыми.

8. sense – feeling

sense – 1. чувство (природное или приобретенное): e.g. He has a sense of

humour.
2. здравый ум, рассудок: e.g. Liz had the sense to park the car in the
shade on a hot summer day.
Expression: common sense – здравый смысл

nonsense – ерунда, чепуха

feeling – впечатление, ощущение, чувство: e.g. I have a feeling that he is right.

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A. 1. I have a … that something is going to happen. 2. His … of duty made him
stay after office hours to finish the work. 3. She had a wonderful … of freedom as
she rode a bicycle in the countryside. 4. Didn’t you have the … to take shelter
from the rain? 5. The speaker appealed to the … of the audience rather than to their
reason.

B. 1. У нее было чувство надвигающейся бури. 2. Влюбленные никому не

говорили о своих чувствах. 3. Все отмечали, что у Макса развито (имеется)
чувство ответственности. 4. Чувство голода было настолько сильным, что
мальчик был готов съесть что угодно. 5. Она играла на скрипке с большим
чувством.

9. various – different

various – разнообразный, различный

Expression: for various reasons – по разным причинам

different – другой, отличный от, различный

A. 1. Jimmy Valentine was a criminal known to the police under … names. 2.

They are … people with the same name. 3. If you need a name for the baby, take a
special dictionary: there are … names there. 4. I called three … times but they
were out. 5. … people have … ideas of how best to spend a holiday.

B. 1. В силу разных причин мы изменили свои планы. 2. Твой метод сильно

отличается от нашего. 3. В этом магазине вы можете купить ванны и
умывальную раковины различных цветов. 4. Эти два брата мало отличаются
друг от друга.

KEYS : 

1. A. 1 – make; do; 2 – do; 3 – make; do; 4 – make; 5 – do; 6 – make; 7 – make; 8

– do; 9 – does; 10 – make; 11 – do; 12 – make up; 13 – do; 14 – do; to do; 15 – to
make; 16 – do; 17 – making; 18 – made; 19 – make; 20 – making; do; 21 –
making; 22 – done; 23 – make.
B. 1. I made a note of the time you came. 2. A short walk will do the boy a lot of
good. 3. If you tell him a lie, it will make him angry. 4. The rain made us return
home. 5. Why don’t you want to make it up with him? 6. I wonder if she will make
use of this advice. 7. What made you laugh all of a sudden? 8. You made a promise
to make it up with your brother, didn’t you? 9. It will do you no harm to listen to
his advice. 10. Don’t make a fuss. He will do everything possible to do this
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experiment. 11. Stop making a noise! 12. The boy is making progress. If he does
sports regularly, it will do him good. 13. Ben does not always have enough time to
make breakfast, that is why he often has breakfast in the cafeteria at the office. 14.
Edna is fond of cooking. She makes the best coffee I have ever tried. 15. Like
many of her neighbours, Joanna did the gardening herself. 16. Don’t leave! We
cannot do without you. Your advice is so important to all of us. 17. Could you do
me a favour and fix this shelf?

2. A. 1 – other; 2 – another; 3 – the other; 4 – others; 5 – the others; 6. another; 7 –

other; 8 – the other; 9 – other; 10 – other; 11 – one another.
B. 1. This group of students is very friendly. They all help one another. 2. Last
week you took two books. Now you are returning one. When will you return the
other? 3. Some students prefer to work in the reading room, others – at home. 4.
This book is too difficult for you, take some other one (…another one). 5. When
Mary and Ann met, they could not recognize each other. 6. Everybody has already
seen this film. Let’s see another one. 7. Another hard day like this and I will not
stand it. 8. Some people like to spend the weekend in the country, other people
prefer to stay at home.

3. A. 1 – am not used to; 2 – to get used to; 3 – used to; 4 – to get used to; 5 – used
to; 6 – is not used to / does not get used to; 7 – used to; 8 – to get used to.
B. 1. He used to be a capable student. 2. Aren’t you used to walking much? 3. This
is where I used to live. 4. When we moved to the North I had to get used to
sleeping during the white nights (the Arctic day). 5. There used to be a cinema in
this street. 6. The students are not yet used to translating from Russian into English
quickly. 7. George could not get used to working nights (at night), that’s why he
had the change his job. 8. When I was a student we used to go on hikes.

4. A. 1 – lately, hard, late, hardly; 2 – late; 3 – near; 4 – hard; 5 – nearly; 6 – near;

7 – hardly; 8 – lately.
B. 1. Don't come near, I'm starting a cold. 2. We haven't got any letters from my
brother lately. 3. What has brought you here in such a late hour? 4. We left home
late and could hardly catch the train. 5. Carrie realized that she would have the
same kind of life as her sister's: hard work from morning till night. 6. Strickland
was nearly forty when he first felt that he wanted to become an artist. 7. Who will
come to your birthday party? – Only near relations.

5. A. 1 – couple; 2 – pair; 3 – couple; 4 – pair; 5 – couple; 6 – couple; 7 – pair.

B. 1. In a couple of weeks, they met again. It turned out that they were fellow-
students. 2. Nelly is on a diet. She usually eats a kilo of apples a day and drinks a
couple of bottles of mineral water. 3. If you buy a pair of gloves to match your
shoes you will look very elegant. 4. Like many young (married) couples, the

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Browns rented a flat. 5. Boris is no longer a child, he’s got a pair of strong hands
and can earn his living.

6. A. 1 – acquainted; 2 – familiar; 3 – familiar; 4 – acquainted; 5 – familiarity; 6 –

familiar.
B. 1. I am not quite familiar with Latin names of plants. 2. The familiar sounds of
music reminded him of his youth. 3. Unfortunately I am not acquainted with the
lady. 4. The Robinsons invited all their friends and acquaintances to the wedding.
5. When did you get acquainted with Anna?

7. A. 1 – alone; 2 – lonely; 3 – alone; 4 – alone; 5 – lonely; 6 – lonely.

B. 1 – He likes living alone. 2 – Holden often felt terribly lonely. 3 – Don’t move
the piano alone. 4. The widow lived alone. 5. You are not alone – you have friends.
6. Only you can make your parents happy.

8. A. 1 – feeling; 2 – sense; 3 – feeling; 4 – sense; 5 – feelings.

B. 1. She had a feeling of the coming storm. 2. The lovers did not tell anybody
about their feelings. 3. Everybody noted that Max had a sense of responsibility. 4.
The (His) feeling of hunger was so great that the boy was ready to eat anything. 5.
She played the violin with great feeling.

10. A. 1 – various; 2 – different; 3 – various; 4 – different; 5 – different, different.

B. 1. For various reasons we changed our plans. 2. Your method differs from ours
greatly. 3. In this shop you can buy baths and washbasins of various colours. 4.
The two brothers are not very different from each other.

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