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Biomaterials Revision 2

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22 views60 pages

Biomaterials Revision 2

Uploaded by

yehnpanicker
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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GUIDE FOR

OBJECTIVELY
STRUCTURED
PRACTICAL
EXAMINATIONS (OSPE)
IN BIOMATERIAL
SCIENCE FOR BDS III

Compiled by: Christine Githae, Caren


Kekena and Nahash Mwathi
Hello Everyone!
Our hope and prayer is that this helps you in somewhat
revising for the OSPEs that you shall have and also help
remind you as you go along in your schoolwork in Pros and
Cons. We don’t take credit for the pictures but we are grateful
for our lecturers and different scholars for making them
available to us.

God Bless you immensely!

With love and Class One smiles:


Christine, Kekena and Nahash.
MODULE 1
MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF
BIOMATERIALS

-Types of stress
-Materials with considerably high/low stress (e.g. ceramics with high
compressive stress and low tensile stress)
-Illustration of flexural stress (A beam clamped at both ends and loaded at the
center of the opposing will undergo flexural stress)

-Torsion stress(It refers to a twisting, or rotational forces around an axis. Some


consider it an aspect of shear stress.)

Stress strain curve


-Proportional limit
-Elastic limit
-Yield stress
-Yield point
-Elastic and permanent deformation
-stress
-strain
-resilience
-toughness
-elastic modulus
-hardness
-ductility
-malleability

OPTICAL PROPERTIES

-Shade matching
-Fluorescence
-Metamerism
-hue
-Chroma
-Value
-Ideal optical properties
1.Translucency
2. Color stability
3. Pigmentable
4. Fluorescence e.g. porcelain.
5. Stain resistant
6. Polishable to a smooth surface

Rheological Properties
-Different types of flow and examples in biomaterials
-Measurement of rheological properties

Electrochemical properties

-Corrosion and tarnish


-Types of corrosion (wet and dry)
-Prevention of corrosion
1. Polishing of restorations
2. Use noble metals gold, platinum, palladium. Or add noble metal content when alloying.\
3. Passivation
4. Alternative materials.
5. Correct application and design of selected metals.
6. Patient education
-Galvanic corrosion occurs when two dissimilar metals are combined whereas
crevice corrosion occurs in crevices of unpolished restorations. Figure 9.2
illustrates corroded Silver-Tin-Copper-Mercury alloy fillings. The alloy is
known as dental amalgam

Polymers and Polymerization

-Linear Polymers
-Branched polymers
-Crosslinking
-It helps yield multi-functional monomers
-Increases molecular weight of the polymer, meaning the final product has
o Increased strength
o Decreased solubility
o Decreased sorption
o Increased Tg

-Mechanisms of polymerization and examples


Polymerization takes place by any of the following 4 processes:-
Condensation polymerization.

Addition polymerization. (Within which there are 3 specific mechanisms, namely:-


o Free radical based polymerization
activation, to initiation, through propagation, culminating in termination.
o Ion based ; The ion can be positive or negative hence:
cationic polymerization
anionic polymerization
Example in formation of polymethyl methacrylate from methyl methacrylate

-Properties of polymerization

Nature of Metals

-Crystal structure of metals


Face centered cubic (FCC)
Hexagonal close packed (HCP)
Body centered tetragonal
Rhombohedral
Base centered rhombohedral

Nature of Alloys

-Solid solutions
-substitutional

-Interstitial

Phase diagrams

Example of a system with phases (know the difference)


Rationale for alloying
The rationale for alloying is generally to;
1. Improve the mechanical properties e.g. strength, hardness, modulus of elasticity, ductility,
malleability, density etc.
2. Confer corrosion resistance
3. Modify the melting point of the metal
4. Reduce the cost

MODULE 2
Gypsum

 Know how to manipulate (correct ratio)


 Types of gypsum products and uses
Spherulite structure (needle –shaped clusters)

Know the different equipment

Vibrator
Gypsum dispenser

DENTAL ACRYLIC POLYMERS

 Stages in polymerization- Activation, initiation, propagation and termination


 Steps in manipulation of acrylic
 The stages during mixing- Sandy, sticky, stringy, doughy, rubbery
 Applications
 Curing cycles (long and short)
 Manipulation techniques- salt and pepper, handmixing, compression
moulding, injection moulding,
 Differentiate between cold and heat cured-advantages and disadvantages
of each
IMPRESSION MATERIALS
 Classification-according to chemical formulation, whether setting reaction is
reversible or not, consistency of the impression material before setting

Impression compound
 Low fusing and high fusing
 Sets via physical reaction

 Composition and characteristics


 Uses?

Zinc Oxide Eugenol (Zoe)


 Know how to manipulate (correct ratio)
 Composition and characteristics


 Modifications of ZOE Impression material

AGAR
 What’s a hydrocolloid?
 Formulation of agar
 Presentation

 Manipulation (3 chamber conditioning unit)

 Setting reaction
 Characteristics
 Applications
 Agar-alginate laminate technique

ALGINATE
 Composition
 Presentation
 Diatomaceous earth and its disadvantages
 Manipulation (correct ration- P:L=1:2)

 Applications

Polysulphide Impression Material


 Classification
 Formulation
 Presentation
 Advantages and disadvantages
 Modifications
 Applications

Setting reaction of Polysulphide


Polyether
 Presentation and formulation
 Manipulation
 Advances (vinylsiloxanether)


Polyether product


Presentation of Polyether product

Addition-Curing Silicone
Addition silicone product
 Presentation
 Formulation
 Setting reaction
 manipulation
 Advantages and disadvantages
 Applications

Condensational Silicone
 Presentation
 Formulation
 Setting Reaction
 Manipulation
 Advantages and disadvantages
 Applications

LIGHT CURING UNITS


 Classification
 Ideal properties
 Does it have a filter or not?
 Maintenance (both short and long-term)
MODULE 3
BONDING
Bonding properties

Wetting properties
Bonding in Enamel

Enamel etch patterns


Bonding in Dentine

Etched dentine
Resin tags

AMALGAM

Alloy particle shapes

Powder dispenser (old technique)


Pestle and motar format (old)

Alloy tablets and mercury

Capsule form illustration

Capsule form
Amalgamator/Triturator

*Know the stages in manipulation- trituration, condensation, carving and polishing


*Setting reaction
*Properties

RESIN COMPOSITES

Presentation in compules, syringes, etc


*Composition of composites
*Properties
*Current advances:
1. Flowable
2. Bulk fill
3. Condensable
4. Smart composites(release ions such as fluoride and hydroxide)
5. Minimal shrink
6. Fiber reinforced
Radiometer

Light emitting Diode (LED)


*what are the other light curing units?
*ideal properties?
*short term management?
*long term management?

CEMENTS
Zinc Phosphate
working time is commonly 3-6 minute, while ideal setting time is 2.5-8 minutes
-setting reaction
-properties:

-8 minutes at 37oC.

film thickness is no more than 25μm.

Zinc Polycarboxylate

(Poly-F Plus)

it has a very short mixing time of 30-60 seconds. Viscosity increases steadily. Once mixed, apply to a
dry tooth as soon as possible. The working time is 2.5-6 minutes, while the setting time is 7-9
minutes.
Properties

quickly neutralized as the cement sets.

the carboxylic end groups in the freshly mixed cement and the calcium ions on the tooth structure.
od as the other luting cements:
Compressive strength is 55-67MPa, lower than Zinc phosphate and glass ionomers; tensile strength is
slightly higher; Elastic Modulus is considerably lower at 2.4-4.4GPa hence potential for plastic
deformation.
rboxylate has low thermal diffusivity.

in patients with poor oral hygiene, and also when P/L ratio is low.
nature).
Refer to the lecture on rheology in the first module.

Zinc Oxide Eugenol

Temp Bond Zinc Oxide Eugenol for cementation

Kalzinol- Resin modified zinc oxide eugenol

What are the other modified forms of zinc oxide eugenol cement?
1. Ethoxybenzoic acid modified ZOE cement
20-30% of aluminium oxide is added to the powder while 50-60% EBA is added to the
eugenol.
2. Vanillate cement- replacing Eugenol

Temporary restorative eugenol free cement (Coltosol)


Eugenol free temporary luting cement

3. Addition of antibiotics

Properties

n.
-10 minutes.
-2% of volume.

GIC
Conventional GIC

(Ceram II)
(Fuji IX)

(ChemFil Superior)
-Anhydrous presentation

Resin Modified GIC

Vitremer

Compomer
Dyract Extra

CALCIUM HYDROXIDE

Dycal
-Non setting Calcium Hydroxide?

Visible light cured Dycal

MTA
Proroot (MTA cement)

Dovgan carrier for Carrying MTA to site

-Composition
-Properties
-Mixing setting times
It has a long setting time of 2hrs to 4hrs.

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