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APA 7th Edition Style Tutorial

Site: University of the People Printed by: Prio Nugroho

Course: Learning Resource Center Date: Saturday, 13 July 2024, 4:57 PM
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Table of contents

APA Style
APA In-Text Citations
Single Author
Two Authors
Three or More Authors
Group Author
Multiple Publications, Same Author
Multiple Publications, Different Authors
Personal Communications
Direct Quotes
APA References
Print Book
Online Book
Print Journal Article
Online Journal Article
Print Magazine Article
Online Magazine Article
Article from Database
Print Newspaper Article
Online Newspaper Article
Webpage on a News Website
Webpage
Television, Film, & Video
Music
Thesis & Dissertation
Reports
Social Media
Other Sources
APA Formatting Guide
APA Headings
APA Activity
APA Side By Side

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APA Style

Citing APA
You will often use sources for academic writing, and it’s important to
know how to responsibly cite and integrate those sources into your
own writing. APA format provides guidelines and structures for citing
 those sources in a way that helps you avoid plagiarism and give
proper credit to your sources.
   


 APA stands for the American Psychological Association. Most papers

 Reuse  Embed  that use APA formatting and citation style are those written in the
Social Sciences: Psychology, History, Political Science, Economics,
Geography, and Sociology.

In addition to the Publication Manual of the American Psychological

Association, 7th edition, the APA maintains its own website with
multiple examples of how to format your paper and cite your sources.
If you’re unable to find the answer to your question here, check the
APA Manual 7th edition or the APA website.

APA Guidelines

Papers constructed according to APA guidelines generally include the following elements:

Title Page
Abstract
Body
Subsections within the body, with headings
Tables and Figures
References

In most cases, each of these elements will begin on a separate page, and it is important to note that not all academic papers will include all
of these elements.

For specific types of reports, your subsections may need to be named with headings that reflect the type of report you are writing. For
example, in reports on experiments or studies you’ll usually need to follow the IMRAD structure with Introduction, Methods, Results, and
Discussion sections. Be sure to check with your instructor to determine what the expectations are for your paper.

The APA style demos in this section will provide you with more information regarding APA basic formatting, in-text citations, and the
references list.

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APA In-Text Citations

APA citations follow specific conventions that distinguish them from other styles. In most cases, APA citations in your text will follow the
guidelines illustrated on the following pages. This video will show you what in-text citations should look like and explain why you must use
them.

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Single Author

When listing the source of information you are using in your paper, list the last name of the author (without 1 person
their initials), followed by a comma, and then the year of publication. When referring to the author(s) directly
in the text (also called a narrative citation), then list only the year (and page number, if needed for a direct
quote).

Examples:

One scholar argued that it is impossible to measure social class (Calvert, 1982).

Calvert (1982) argued that it is impossible to measure social class.

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Two Authors

Authors should be presented in the order that they appear in the published article. If they are cited within 2 people
closed brackets, use the ampersand (&) between them. If they are not enclosed in brackets, then use the
spelled out “and.”

Examples:

A well-known study argued that social class is rapidly becoming obsolete (Calvert &
Liu, 1987).

Calvert and Liu (1987) argued that social class is rapidly becoming obsolete.

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Three or More Authors

Starting with the first author mentioned in the text, the correct format is (Author et al., year). This includes 3 people
even the first citation. All authors, up to 20, should be listed in the corresponding reference.

Examples:
Calvert et al. (1987) argued that the concept of social class is rapidly becoming
obsolete.

The concept of social class is rapidly becoming obsolete (Calvert et al., 1987).

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Group Author

With Abbreviations
For group authors with abbreviations, use the full name and the abbreviation in the first citation. Then, use only the abbreviation in
subsequent citations.

Examples:

According to the National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH, 2019), women between the ages of 40 and 59
have the highest rates of depression in the United States.

Women between the ages of 40 and 50 have the highest rates of depression in the United States (National
Institute of Mental Health [NIMH], 2019).

Without Abbreviations
For group authors without abbreviations, simply list the group author with the usual citation format.

Examples:

According to Stanford University (2018), first-generation college students face many obstacles as they work
to complete their degrees.

First-generation college students face many obstacles as they work to complete their degrees (Stanford
University, 2018).

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Multiple Publications, Same Author

If an author has multiple publications you need to cite, use a comma to separate the years of publication in 1 person, 2 books
chronological order (oldest to most recent). If the publications occur in the same year, the American
Psychological Association Publication Manual recommends using suffixes a, b, c, etc.

NOTE: The corresponding letters should be used in the reference list, and these
references should be ordered alphabetically by title.

Examples:

A recent study argued for the abolition of social class (Calvert, 2004, 2005a, 2005b).

Calvert (2004, 2005a, 2005b) argued for the abolition of social class.

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Multiple Publications, Different Authors

When citing multiple authors for the same information, use semicolons to separate the different citations. 3 people 3 books
The authors should be cited in alphabetical order, and, if there is a need to cite more than one source by the
same author within a citation for multiple publications, place the years of publication in chronological order
(oldest to most recent).

Example:
A recent study argued for the abolition of social class (Calvert, 1987; Liu, 2004, 2005;
Smith, 2003).

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Personal Communications

Personal communications, which are considered “nonrecoverable data” by the APA, are information that An envelope
readers cannot typically access. These include personal interviews, emails, letters, and phone calls. This
information should be cited within the text, but not included in a References list.

When citing a personal communication within the text, include the following information: (Author’s first
initial. Author’s last name, personal communication, Date of publication).

Examples

Opinions vary when it comes to the correct way to baste a turkey (J. Doe, personal
communication, December 8, 2018).

Doe confided that turkey basting is not a precise art (personal communication,
December 8, 2018).

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Direct Quotes

While academic writing encourages paraphrasing over quoting, there are instances when it is necessary to cite a direct quotation. When
doing so, follow the corresponding rules for the in-text citation type and add a page number to the end of the citation.

When using the author or authors’ names within the text (also called a narrative citation), the year citation comes after the author’s name,
and the page number citation should be placed after the direct quotation. Be sure to put quoted material inside quotation marks. Place the
period after the citation for all quotes shorter than 40 words.

Examples:

According to Smith (2018), “the number of birds in North America has declined by 2.9 billion since 1970” (p.
31).

“The number of birds in North America has declined by 2.9 billion since 1970” (Smith, 2018. p. 31).

NOTE: For multiple pages, use pp. instead of the single p.

No Page Numbers
To cite quotations of material without page numbers, the American Psychological Publication Manual recommends providing section names,
heading names, or paragraph numbers—essentially providing readers with necessary information to locate the quotation.

Example:

According to Williams (2019), “gravity is actually the bending of space” (para. 5).

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APA References

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

0:00   
Reuse Embed 
Every cited source from your essay, with the exception of personal communications, should appear in your References page, which comes
at the end of the essay.

Click on the following pages to view information on how to create a specific reference entry for your source type.

In this video on APA format, you’ll see a sample references list with some tips on creating a references list of your own.

References Page Rules

The References page must conform to the following rules:

Begin on a separate page at the end of your essay, using the same format as your essay (i.e., one-inch margins and page number).
Entries in your list of references should be alphabetized by the authors’ last names. Use the title if a work does not have an author.
Center and bold the word References at the top of the page.
Double-space all references, even within individual references.
Use a hanging indent of 0.5 inches for each reference. This means the first line of each entry will be flush against the left margin, and
subsequent lines are indented 0.5 inches.

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Print Book

Single Author

Elements: Author’s Last name, Author’s First and Middle initials. (Year of publication). Title italicized. Publisher.

Larson, M. S. (1977). The rise of professionalism. University of California Press. Palgrave.

Multiple Authors (two to 20)

Multiple Authors (21 or more)

Edited

Elements: Editor’s Last name, Editor’s First and Middle initial, & Last names and initials of other editors, if any. (Ed. or Eds.). (Year of
publication). Title italicized. Publisher.

Siskin, M. (Ed.). (1988). The alphabet of desire. Plenum.

Revised Editions

Chapter or Article in an Edited Book

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Online Book

Elements: Author’s Last name, Author’s First and Middle initials, & Last names and initials of other An ipad with an ebook opened
authors, if any. (Year of publication). Title of the book italicized. URL to the full text ebook or to the
distributor’s homepage

Austen, J. (1813). Pride and prejudice. http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/1342

Online Book with a DOI

Smith, J. (2018). Women’s support groups. Routledge. https://doi.org/10/1022/0000091-00

Edited Ebook from a Library Database

NOTE: Use (Ed.) if there is a single editor.

Randall, S. & Ford, H. (Eds.) (2011). Long term conditions: A guide for nurses and health care professionals. http://www.ebrary.com

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Print Journal Article

An illustrated journal

Elements: Author’s Last name, Author’s First and Middle initials, & Last names and initials of other authors, if any. (Year of publication). Title
of article. Title of Journal italicized, Volume number italicized(Issue Number), Page numbers.

Winans, A. D. (1992). The Mafioso and American political culture. Journal of Popular Culture, 22(1), 21-47.

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Online Journal Article

Journal Article with a DOI (Digital Object Identifier) A laptop with a journal
Elements: Author’s Last name, Author’s First and Middle initials, & Last names and initials of other authors, if article opened up
any. (Year). Title of article. Title of Journal italicized, Volume number italicized(Issue number), Page numbers.
DOI

Herbst-Damm, K. L., & Kulik, J. A. (2005). Volunteer support, marital status, and the survival times of terminally
ill patients. Health Psychology, 24(2), 225-229. https://doi.org/10.1037/0278-6133.24.2.225

Journal Article without a DOI, with a Nondatabase URL

Elements: Author’s Last name, Author’s First and Middle initials, & Last names and initials of other authors, if any. (Year). Title of article. Title
of Journal italicized, volume number italicized(Issue number), Page numbers. URL

Kelley, H., & Betsalel, K. (2004). Mind's fire: Language, power, and representations of stroke. Anthropology & Humanism, 29(2), 104-116.
https://anthrosource.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1525/ahu.2004.29.2.104

Journal Article without a DOI from Academic Research Database

NOTE: Do not include the database name or URL.

Anderson, H. (2019). Teaching during times of trauma. Education Today, 36(1), 35-43.

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Print Magazine Article

An illustrated magazine
Elements: Author’s Last name, Author’s First and Middle initials, & Last names and initials of other authors, if
any. (Year, Month and Day of publication). Title of article. Title of Magazine italicized, Volume number italicized
(Issue number, if available), Page numbers.

Cooper, H. (1998, May). The trouble with debt. Kiplinger's Personal Finance Magazine, 43, 100-103.

NOTE: Magazine citations are similar to journal citations, but they include
additional information about the publication date. For monthly magazines, the
month is included. For weekly magazines, both the month and day are
included.

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Online Magazine Article

Elements: Author’s Last name, Author’s First and Middle initials, & Last names and initials of other authors, if An online magazine
any. (Year, Month and Day of publication, if available). Title of article. Title of Magazine italicized, Volume
number italicized(Issue number, if available). URL or DOI link

Vogel, C. (2008, June). A honeymoon cut short: How one couple survived the sinking of the Lusitania. American
Heritage. http://www.americanheritage.com/honeymoon-cut-short

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Article from Database

Elements: Author’s Last name, Author’s First and Middle initials, & Last names and initials of other authors, if A laptop with a database
any. (Date). Title of article. Title of Journal italicized, Volume number italicized(Issue number), Page numbers. open

Mershon, D. H. (1998, November). Star trek on the brain: Alien minds, human minds. American Scientist, 86(6),
585.

NOTE: If an article from a database includes a DOI, provide the DOI link as you
would for any online journal article. If the article does not include a DOI, the
reference will look like a print version of the article. The 7th edition of
American Psychological Association Publication Manual states, “Do not include
the database name or URL.”

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Print Newspaper Article

Illustrated Newspaper
Elements: Author’s Last name, Author’s First and Middle initial, & Last names and initials of other authors, if any. (Year, Month and Day of
publication). Title of article. Title of Newspaper italicized, Page numbers.

Clark, D. E. (1994, March 21). Health factor in cauliflower still elusive. New York Times, C1.

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Online Newspaper Article

Elements: Author’s Last name, Author’s First and Middle initials, & Last names and initials of other authors, if an online newspaper
any. (Year, Month and Day of publication). Title of article. Title of Newspaper italicized. URL for article

Hunter, J.D. (2019, April 14). Pressure cooker: A Tiger Woods recipe. The Oregonian.
https://www.oregonlive.com/sports/2019/04/pressure-cooker-a-tiger-woods-recipe-commentary.html

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Webpage on a News Website

Elements: Author’s Last name, Author’s First and Middle initials, & Last names and initials of other authors, if an online newspaper
any. (Date published or updated). Title of webpage italicized. Site Name. URL

Street, F. (2020, January 9). How the village that inspired ‘Frozen’ is dealing with overtourism. CNN.
https://www.cnn.com/travel/article/overtourism-frozen-hallstatt-austria/index.html

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Webpage

Elements: Author (person or organization). (Date published or updated). Title of webpage italicized. Site A computer using the
Name. URL internet

Boyd, V. (2012, January 15). About Zora Neale Hurston. Zora Neale Hurston.
http://zoranealehurston.com/about/

NOTE: If the above example had no author or date, the title of the webpage
would be moved to the front, and (n.d.) should be used to reflect that no date
is available.

About Zora Neale Hurston. (n.d.). Zora Neale Hurston. http://zoranealehurston.com/about

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Television, Film, & Video

Television Broadcast

Note: Identify the primary contributors at the beginning of the citation and, in parentheses, identify their function, e.g.
Director, Executive producer, Writer, etc.

Elements: Last name, First and Middle initials, & Last names and initials of other primary contributors, if any. (Function). (Year, Month
and Day, if available). Title of episode. In First and middle initials followed by Last name (Executive Producer or Producers), Title of series
italicized. Production company.

Levy, S. (Director). (2017, October 27). Chapter three: The pollywog. In M. Duffer, R. Duffer, S. Levy, D. Cohen, & I. Paterson (Executive
Producers), Stranger Things. 21 Laps Entertainment; Netflix.

Film

Podcast Episode

YouTube Video or Other Streaming Video

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Music

Album

Note: Identify the primary contributors at the beginning of the citation and, in parentheses, identify their function, e.g.
Director, Executive producer, Writer, etc.

Elements: Composer or Artist. (Year). Title of album. Label.

Petty, T. (1994). Wildflowers [Album]. Warner Records.

Single Song or Track

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Thesis & Dissertation

Unpublished Master's Thesis

Elements: Author’s Last name, Author’s First and Middle initials. (Year submitted). Title of thesis italicized [Unpublished master’s thesis].
Name of College/University.

Blount, C. (1992). Genre Envy: The threat of theory and the promise of creative writing [Unpublished master's thesis]. University of South
Dakota.

Unpublished Doctoral Dissertation

Published Thesis or Dissertation

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Reports

Reports are similar to journal articles because they typically present research. Report references should be formatted the same as a book,
but keep the following in mind:

If the report has one or more authors, list those first as you would with a book.
If the report has a number assigned to it, then that number needs to be included in the reference. It should be placed in parentheses
immediately after the title.
If the report comes from a government agency or organization and no author is listed, list the organization name first.
If the publisher is the same as the authoring agency, omit the publisher from the source element.

Report With Author(s)

Elements: Last name, First and Middle initials. (Year released, Month and Day). Title of report italicized (Report Number). Publisher
Name (if different from authors). DOI or URL.

Smith, J. A., & Jones, S. P. (2013). The effects of applying the Excelsior College OWL's reading strategies in freshman writing classes
(Report No. 123). https://www.fdlp.gov/govinfo-excelsior-owl

Report From a Government Agency

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Social Media

Tweet

Elements: Last name, First and Middle initials or Name of Group. [@username]. (Year, Month and Day). Content of the post up to the
first 20 words italicized [Description of audiovisuals] [Source type]. Site Name. URL

NASA. [@NASA]. (2020, January 5). A team of astronomers have found EGS77—the farthest galaxy group known to date! [Video attached]
[Tweet]. Twitter. https://twitter.com/NASAUniverse/status/1213925744352661504

Facebook Post

Instagram Photo or Video

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Other Sources

Book Review

Note: It is often preferable to find and cite the full book/ebook, but book reviews can be used and cited when what the
reviewer has to say is applicable to your research.

Elements: Reviewer’s Last name, Reviewer’s First and Middle initials. (Year, Month and Day). Title of the review [Review of the book Title
of the book italicized, by Author’s First and Middle initials Author’s Last name]. Title of the Periodical in which the Review is Published
italicized, Volume number italicized(Issue number if available), Page numbers. If found online, include the DOI or the URL

Flower, T. (1998, February 24). Blues sisters [Review of the book Blues legacies and black feminism: Gertrude “Ma” Rainey, Bessie Smith,
and Billie Holiday, by A.Y. Davis]. Village Voice, 8, 139-141. http://www.villagevoice.com

Software

Note: Personal communications, which are considered “nonrecoverable data” by the APA, are information that readers cannot
typically access. These include personal interviews, emails, letters, and phone calls. This information should be cited within the
text, but not included in a References list. For information on how to cite personal communications within the text, see the
Personal Communications page.

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APA Formatting Guide

Once you review the different aspects of APA formatting, you may find that it takes you awhile to remember everything you need to do.
Referring back to helpful resources here can help, but a guide of the key components of APA can provide important reminders and support.

When you have your paper in order, it’s a good idea to review this handy guide:

Download the APA 7th Edition Checklist

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APA Headings

Even experienced APA users will sometimes feel confused about APA headings. Headings in your paper are separate from your paragraphs.
They work to let readers know what content is coming and to help organize your information in a hierarchical structure. If you have written a
paper in APA, you know how important those headings are to establishing focus, flow, and cohesion in your paper, but many are unsure
about how to use those headings, especially the different levels.

For beginning writers, most of the time, APA first-level headings are all we need, and in some cases, we have to take it to the second level.
But, if you have to create a larger project in APA, chances are you really are going to need to know how to use third and fourth-level
headings.

The following provides summaries and examples of all of the headings in APA, from your title, which is a first-level heading, to fifth-level
headings.

Your title should be presented as a first-level heading. It is centered, in bold font, and all major words should be capitalized. When all
major words are capitalized, this is called Title Case. It is important to note that you should not use the heading “Introduction.” Your
paper title acts as your first-level heading, and the first paragraphs of a paper after the title are understood as introductory
paragraphs.

Your Title Is a First-Level Heading

First-level headings can appear throughout your paper as well. They should be centered, in bold font, and in Title Case. A first-level
heading should look like this on your page:

First Level of Headings

Second-level headings are for sections within first-level headings, so you would use second-level headings to break up a bigger section
that you have established with a first-level heading. Second-level headings are placed flush against the left margin, in bold font, and in
Title Case. A second-level heading looks like this on your page:

Second Level of Headings

Third-level headings are necessary when you need to break down your second-level headings into smaller sections. A third-level
heading exists inside a second-level heading section. Third-level headings are flush against the left margin, in bold and italic font, and
in Title Case for capitalization. A third-level heading looks like this on your page:

Third Level of Headings

Fourth-level headings are sections inside third-level headings. Fourth-level headings are indented or tabbed once from the left margin,
in bold font, in Title Case for capitalization, and end with a period. Your text should also appear on the same line as a fourth-level
heading. On your page, fourth-level headings will look like this:

Fourth Level of Headings. Your paragraph begins right here on the same line.

The final level of headings APA describes is the fifth-level heading. This fifth level would be necessary if you need to break up your
fourth-level section into additional sections. Fifth-level headings are tabbed once from the left margin, in bold and italic font, in Title
Case for capitalization, and end with a period. Just like fourth-level headings, your text begins after the period. On your page, fifth-level
headings will look like this:

Fifth Level of Headings. Your paragraph begins right here on the same line.

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APA Activity

After completing this activity, you may download or print a completion report that summarizes your results.

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APA Side By Side

Sometimes, the easiest way to think about your in-text citations and references (and how they must match) is to see them side by side. The
following examples provide reference information and corresponding in-text citation information for common source types and situations
you are likely to encounter while working with your sources.

And, remember, in your paper, your in-text citations and your references must match or correspond. This means that you must have an in-
text citation for any source that appears on your References list, AND you must follow APA formatting guidelines so that the first part of each
of your References entry matches up with your in-text citation.

Click on the following items below to learn more.

Book

Reference

Larson, M. S. (1977). The rise of professionalism. University of California Press. Palgrave.

Parenthetical

(Larson, 1977, p. 121).

Narrative Citation

According to Larson (1977), insert quote or paraphrase here (p. 121).

Online Book

Online or Database Journal Article: With DOI

Online or Database Journal Article: Without DOI

Reference

Gasinska, A. (2016). The contribution of women to radiobiology: Marie Curie and beyond. Reports of Practical Oncology & Radiotherapy,
21(30), 250-253. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5002019/
Parenthetical

(Gasinska, 2016, p. 251).

Narrative Citation

According to Gasinska (2016), insert quote or paraphrase here (p. 251).

Webpage

Video

Source with Two Authors

Source with Multiple Authors (3 or more)

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