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Digital Design
CS/EEE /ECE/INSTR F215

Lecture 2: Number systems

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 Number systems
General use Decimal numbers : 8956

Digits used are 0 - 9

8956 = 8 x 103 + 9 x 102 + 5 x 101 + 6 x 100

Can be generalized to any decimal number

a3a2a1a0 . a-1a-2

= a3 x 103 + a2 x 102 + a1 x 101 + a0 x 100 + a-1 x 10-1 + a-2 x 10-2

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 Number systems
Decimal number system: Base is 10 Numbers used : 0-9

Base also called radix

Binary number system : Base is 2 Numbers used : 0-1

For example: 101.11

= 1 x 22 + 0 x 21 + 1 x 20 + 1 x 2-1 + 1 x 2-2
= 4 + 0 + 1 + 0.5 + 0.25
= 5.75
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 Number systems
For Base - r system (anan-1…. a1a0. a-1a-2..a-m)r

an x rn + an-1 x rn-1 …… a1 x r1 + a0 x r0 + a-1 x r-1 +…..a-m x r-m

Find the decimal equivalent of

(123.4)8 [Octal] =1 x 82 + 2 x 81 + 3 x 80 + 4 x 8-1 = 83.5

(B2.4)16 [Hexa decimal] =11 x 161 + 2 x 160 + 4 x 16-1 =??

(110101)2 [Binary]
=1 x 25 + 1x 24 + 0 x 23 + 1 x 22 + 0 x 21 + 1 x 20 = ??
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Number Base conversions

Typical conversions
Base-10 to Base-r
Convert (49)10 to ()2 2 49 Remainder
2 24 1 LSB
2 12 0
2 6 0
2 3 0
2 1 1
(110001)2
0 1 MSB
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Number Base conversions

Typical conversions
Base-10 to Base-r
Convert (50)10 to ()2 2 50 Remainder
2 25 0 LSB
2 12 1
2 6 0
2 3 0
2 1 1
(110010)2
0 1 MSB
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Number Base conversions

Typical conversions
Base-10 to Base-r (fraction)
Convert (0.125)10 to Integer
()2
0.125x 2 = 0.25 0
0.25 x 2 = 0.5 0
0.5 x 2 = 1.0 1

(0.125)10 = (0.001)2 Limited to required number of digits

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Number Base conversions

Typical conversions
Base-10 to Base-r (fraction)
Convert (0.49)10 to ()2 Integer
0.49 x 2 = 0.98 0
0.98 x 2 = 1.96 1
0.96 x 2 = 1.92 1
0.92 x 2 = 1.84 1

(0.49)10 = (0.011111….)2 Limited to required number of digits

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Number Base conversions

Typical conversions
Base-r to Base-10
Convert (110110)2 to ( )10
=1 x 25 + 1 x 24 + 0 x 23 + 1 x 22 + 1 x 21 + 0 x 20
=1 x 32 + 1 x 16 + 0 x 8+ 1 x 4+ 1 x 2 + 0 x 20
=1 x 32 + 1 x 16 + 0 x 8+ 1 x 4+ 1 x 2 + 0 x 20
=54

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 Number systems
(B65F)16

Express the following numbers in decimal

(10110.0101)2 (1010.1010)2

(26.24)8 (16.5)16

(FAFA)16

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 Problems
(1) Use binary expansion to convert binary
fractions into decimals
(i) (101.1101)2 (ii) (1101.0111)2
(iii) (111.111)2 (iv) (101.01011)2
(2) Convert
(i) (13.6875)10 (ii) (32.45)10
(iii) (28.555)10 (iv) (7.0202)10 into binary
fraction
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(3) Convert the following numbers with the
indicated base to decimal :

(i) (4310)5 (ii) (198)12

(iii) (735)8 (iv) (525)6

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Number conversions
Other conversions

Binary to octal Octal: base 8 digits used 0 - 7

1110001010101 For Octal- 2^3, 8bit: 2^3

001 110 001 010 101

1 6 1 2 5

(1110001010101)2 (16125)8

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Number conversions
Other conversions

octal to binary Octal: base 8 digits used 0-7

6373
6 3 7 3

110 011 111 011

(6373)8 (110011111011)2
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Number conversions
Other conversions
Binary to Hexadecimal Hexa: base 16 digits used 0-F

1110001010101 4 bit, then Hexa decimal-2^4

0001 1100 0101 0101

1 C 5 5
(1110001010101)2 (1C55)16

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Representation of Negative Numbers

➢ Signed Magnitude
➢ Diminished radix complement
➢ Radix complement

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Representation of Negative Numbers

➢ Signed Magnitude 3-bit numbers Signed
magnitude
000 +0
Limitations 001 +1
010 +2
1. Two Zeros
011 +3
2. Add +2 & -1 100 -0
010 101 -1
101 110 -2
11 1
111 -3
MSB indicates Sign : 0 indicates positive, 1 indicates negative
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Complements
Diminished radix complement

Given a number N in base r having n digits (r-1)’s complement is

defined as (rn-1-N)

In case of decimal it is called 9’s complement

9’s complement of 865 is 103 -1 - 865 = 999 - 865 = 134

In case of binary it is called 1’s complement for 1011

24 - 1 - 1011 = 1111-1011 = 0100
1’s complement of 1011 is
(or you can simply use the
complement ~ 1 for 0 and 0 for 1)
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Complements

Limitations of 1’s Complement

➢ Two Zeros
➢ End-around-carry-bit addition

Add 4 & -7 Add 4 & -3

0100 0100
1000 1100
1100 1 0000
1
0001

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Complements Add 4 & -3

Limitations of 1’s Complement 0100

➢ Two Zeros 1100
➢ End-around-carry-bit addition 1 0000
1
0001

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Complements
Radix complement
Given a number N in base r having n digits r’s complement is defined as
(rn-N)
In case of decimal it is called 10’s complement

10’s complement of 865 is 103 -865 = 1000-865 = 135

10’s complement = 9’s complement + 1

In case of binary it is called 2’s complement

2’s complement of 1011 is 24 -1011 = 10000-1011 = 0101
2’s complement = 1’s complement + 1
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Complements
Advantages of 2’s Complement
➢ Two Zeros
➢ No End-around-carry-bit addition

Add 4 & -7 Add 4 & -3

0100 0100
1001 1101
1101 1 0001

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Complements

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Complements
Advantages of 2’s Complement
➢ Easy Implementation: Adder Subtractor M=0 adder, M=1 Subtractor

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Complements
Overflow in 2’s Complement

Add 4 & -3 Add -4 & -5 Add -8 & 4 Add 4 & 4

0100 1100 1000 0100

1101 1011 0100 0100
1 0001 1 0111 1100 1000

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Binary Codes - BCD

Consider example 7698
0000 0
0001 1 7 6 9 8
0010 2
0011 3
0100 4
BCD code
0101 5
0110 6
0111 7
1000 8
1001 9

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 BCD and Binary comparison
(185)10 BCD = (0001 1000 0101)

Binary = (10111001)2

BCD = 12 bits, Binary = 8 bits

Some systems work directly on BCD (IBM Power6)

User enters decimal → BCD i/p→ compute in BCD → BCD o/p →

Decimal output shown to user

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Binary Codes - BCD

General digital systems
User enters decimal → BCD i/p→ Binary i/p → compute in binary
→ Binary o/p → BCD o/p → Decimal output shown to user

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Binary Codes - BCD

BCD addition
4+5 4 0100
5 0101
9 1001 Expected Result

4+8 4 0100
8 1000
1100 Is this expected Result ?

Expected answer is BCD of 12 0001 0010

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Binary Codes - BCD

BCD addition
4+8 4 0100
8 1000
Greater than 9 1100 Add correction of +6
0110
00010010 = To skip 6 invalid
states (10 - 15) BCDs
1 2

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Binary Codes - BCD

BCD addition
9+9 9 1001
9 1001
Carry out generated 1 0 0 1 0 Expected result ?
0110 Add correction of +6
00011000
1 8

After addition if carry out is generated or if sum is greater

than 9 there is need for correction
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Binary Codes - BCD

BCD addition

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Binary Codes – Gray Code

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Binary Codes – Gray Code

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Binary Codes – Gray Code

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Thankyou

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