ESL – Week 10

Present Perfect
Form: Has/ Have + past participle (base form + ed)

 Examples:
1. She has studied English for 4 years. (Affirmative)
2. She has not/ hasn’t studied English for 4 years. (Negation)
3. They have not/ haven’t been to Canada. (Negation)
4. Has she studied English for 4 years? (Question)
5. Have they been to Canada? (Question)
 Uses
1. An action that started in the past and continues in present.
Ex: He has played football since he was 5 years.
(He started playing when he was 5 and is still playing)

2. An action that started in the past, but time is not specified.

Ex: He has been to Australia.
(No time was mentioned)

3. An action that was recently completed.

Ex: I have just finished my work.
(Work was just completed)
4. Present perfect is used with expressions like “so far, until now, before” and keywords
like “today, this week, this month”.

Ex:
 I haven’t seen her this week.
 She has never been to Canada before.
 I have only met half of the staff so far.

5. Present perfect is used with keywords like “recently, already, yet and still”

Ex:
 The train has already left when she arrived.
 Have you finished your homework yet?
N.B.1:
 Already → is used in affirmative sentences and before the main verb.

Ex: I have already finished my homework.

 Yet → is used in negative sentences and questions and is put at the end of the sentence.

Ex: I haven’t finished my homework yet./ Have you finished your homework yet?

N.B.2:
“Already” and “yet” can be used with the past simple with the same meaning as the present
perfect.
Ex: She already ate = she has already eaten.
I didn’t finish my homework yet = I haven’t finished my homework yet.
N.b.3:
“Never” and “ever” are used with the present perfect

Never = negative sentences

Ever = question forms

Ex:
 Have you ever been to Canada?
 I have never been to Canada.
 Past Simple
Form: Base form + ed
 Examples:
1. He visited Russia last month. (Affirmative)
2. He didn’t visit Russia last month. (Negation)
3. Did he visit Russia last month? (Question)
 Uses:
1. To talk about finished actions.
Ex: We visited Russia for the first time in 1992.
1. Past simple is used with keywords like: yesterday, last night, last week, …etc
Ex: I saw Ben yesterday.
 Present Perfect vs Past Simple

Present Perfect Past Simple

No specific time is mentioned Specific time is mentioned in
in the sentence. the past.

Ex: I have already seen that Ex: I saw that movie last week.
movie.
Exercises:
1) American English File 3A
- Student Book - p. 134 (ex. a)
2) Complete the following with the present perfect or past simple:
1. I ________________ (never/visit) Vienna.
2. My great great grandfather ________________ (have) five sisters.
3. He ________________ (live) in London for a year when he was a student.
4. ________________ (you/see) Julie today?
5. I ________________ (read) six books this week.
6. She ________________ (live) in seven different countries, so she knows a lot about
different cultures.
7. She ________________ (break) her leg the day before her exam.
8. We ________________ (have) a bad storm the day before yesterday.
9. When the bell rang, all the children ________________ (jump) from their seats and ran
out.
10. Her husband is a very nice man. I ________________ (like) him ever since I
________________ (meet) him.
Answer Key:
a)
Have you played …yet
1) Have ... ever booked
2) (have / 've) already saved
3) Have ... paid ... yet, Did ... pay ... yet
4) Have ... ever lent
5) have / 've never used
6) have / ever been
7) (have / 've) already spent
8) have / 've already seen
Answer Key:
b)
1) have never visited
2)had
3) lived
4) have you seen
5) have read
6) has lived
7) broke
8) had
9) jumped
10) have liked - met
 Adjectives of Quality
 Definition: They attribute a certain quality to the noun they modify.
 Some adjectives can be identified by their endings.
❑ -able/-ible: reliable, capable, incredible
❑ -al: influential, chemical, industrial

❑ -ful: beautiful, helpful, respectful

❑ -ic: realistic, historic, terrific
❑ -ive: sensitive, creative, attractive
❑ -less: homeless, hopeless, helpless, restless
❑ -ous gorgeous, dangerous, adventurous
 Some adjectives take the form of the participle verb. These adjectives are called the
participle adjectives.

1. Present Participle = verb + ing

Ex:
 A crying woman
 An interesting film
 A boring book

 Here, the present participle, such as "crying" and "interesting" is not a verb, but rather an
adjective describing the noun that follows the participle.

 Present participle adjectives indicate that the noun they describe causes a certain feeling.
Ex: I saw an interesting film. (The film causes the feeling of interest)
She got a tiring job. (The job makes her feel tired)
2. Past Participle = verb + ed/en
Ex:
 A horrified child
 A broken window
 A stolen car
 A tired man

 Here, the past participle such as "broken" and “tired" is not a verb, but an adjective
describing the noun that follows the participle.

 Past participle adjectives indicate that the noun they describe undergoes a certain
state/feeling.
Ex: He entertained an amused audience with his play. (The audience has the feeling of
amusement)
I found a burnt paper. (The paper undergoes the state of being burnt)
 Adjectives Positions
1. They can come before nouns.
Ex:
A rich man - A happy girl

Note: Adjectives that come before nouns are called attributive adjectives.

2. They can also come after nouns when they are preceded by linking verbs.
Noun + linking verb + of quality adjective
List of linking verbs:
Be - Become - Get (= become) - Grow (= become) - Feel (= become) - Look (= appear) - Smell - Sound - Taste

Note: Adjectives that come after their nouns are called predicative adjectives
 Examples:

1. Bilal became free.

2. Laila seems happy.
3. Nour felt cold.
4. She grew impatient.
5. The idea sounds interesting.
6. The soup tastes delicious.

All of these 'of quality adjectives' come in predicative positions, thus, they are also called
predicative adjectives.
 When adding more than one of quality adjective, follow this order:

Quantity + Quality (opinion) + S A Sh C O M

1) Quantity (e.g. one, two, three…)

2) Quality/ opinion (e.g. good, beautiful, handsome…)
3) Size (e.g. small, big, long, short…)
4) Age (e.g. new, young, old…)
5) Shape (e.g. round, straight…)
6) Color (e.g. brown, blue, pink…)
7) Origin/ Nationality (e.g. French, Pakistani, Egyptian…)
8) Material (e.g. wooden, silk, silver, rubber…)
 Examples:

1) This is a brown round wooden Egyptian table. (X)

Correction: The round brown Egyptian wooden table. (shape, color then origin)

2) She wears an Egyptian old colorful necklace. (X)

Correction: She wears an old colorful Egyptian necklace. (age, color, origin)

3) This is a golden ancient small box. (X)

Correction: This is a small ancient golden box. (size, age, material)
Exercise: Choose the correct answer for each of the following:
1. Adjectives can typically end with ............. (A. -cle - B. -vul - C. -ir - D. –ful)
2. The movie made me feel .................... (A. scary - B. scared - C. scaring - D. scare)
3. He got a .................. result. (A. surprising - B. surprised - C. surprise - D. surprisment)
4. She rescued a .................. boy. (A. bited - B. biting - C. bitten - D. bite)
5. He is .................... (A. relious - B. relial - C. reliable - D. reliful)
6. “Pleasing," "entertaining" and "boring" are examples of ................. adjectives. (A. present participle -
B. past participle - C. prefixed - D. prepositional)
7. Choose a participle adjective: (A. playful - B. play - C. playing - D. player)
8. Choose an attributive adjective: (A. Ahmed is an attractive man. - B. Ahmed is attractive. - C. An
attractive man passed by. - D. Both A & C are correct.)
9. Sally ...................... beautiful. (choose a linking verb) (A. wears - B. grows - C. draws - D. behaves)
10. Adam is successful. "Successful" is a/an ........................ adjective. (A. attributive - B. predicative - C.
present participle - D. past participle)
11. On our way, we passed by small two peaceful towns. This sentence is ..................... (A. correct - B.
incorrect)
12. I have visited .................... towns. (A. two small fascinating - B. fascinating two small - C. two
fascinating small - D. small fascinating two)
13. "curved" is a .............. adjective. (A. size - B. shape - C. quality - D. color)
14. Choose a size adjective: (A. steep - B. dark - C. zigzag - D. huge)
Answer Key:
1. D
2. B
3. A
4. C
5. C
6. A
7. C
8. D
9. B
10. B
11. B
12. C (Quantity – opinion – size)
13. B
14. D
 - Are you a saver or a spender?
- What do you spend your money on?
- How do you save money?