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TASK – 1
1. The table below shows the number of motor vehicles per 1,000
inhabitants in eight countries in 1990 and 2000.

The table compares the figure of motor vehicles per 1000 people in eight
different countries in 1990 and 2000.

Overall, Brazil and Romania saw huge increases in the rate of vehicles per
population, while Cambodia had the lowest figures of all eight countries
in both years.

In 1990, the highest rates of vehicles per 1000 people were found in
Luxembourg and New Zealand, at 548 and 531 vehicles per thousand
people respectively. The Bahamas followed, with 235 vehicles per 1000
people. Meanwhile, the figures for Brazil, Chile, Jordan, and Romania
fluctuated between 50-68. Cambodia had the lowest figure of 1 vehicle
per 1000 people.

By 2000, the figures for Brazil and Romania had increased more than
tenfold, reaching 13,580 and 8012. Vehicle numbers in Luxembourg and
Chile increased slightly, to 728 and 88 per 1000 people, while the figure
for Jordan tripled. The figures for New Zealand and Cambodia stayed
relatively the same, however the number of vehicles per 1000 people in
the Bahamas dropped to 187.

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2. The first chart below shows the percentages of women and men in a
country involved in some kinds of home tasks (cooking, cleaning, pet
caring and repairing the house). The second chart shows the amount of
time each gender spent on each task per day.

The charts show information relating to the percentage of

males and females in a particular country who did certain kinds
of tasks at home, and the average time they spent doing those
tasks.

Overall, cooking and cleaning were the two tasks that were
performed by the largest percentage of both men and women,
and the two tasks that men and women spent the most time
performing.

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In this particular country, just over 80% of women spent time

cooking, compared to around 60% of men. Similarly, while 60%
of women spent time cleaning, the figure for men stood at
around 40%. On the other hand, a slightly larger percentage of
men were involved in pet care, at just over 20%, while the figure
for house repairs was double that of women, at approximately
18%.

In terms of the time spent performing these tasks, women spent

over 80 minutes a day cooking, and just under 70 minutes a day
cleaning. The time men spent on these same tasks was slightly
less, at 60 minutes and approximately 45 minutes respectively.
Additionally, while both men and women spent an equal
amount of time on pet care, men spent significantly more time
doing house repairs, at an average of just under 20 minutes per
day.

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3. The table describes the changes of people who went for

international travel in 1990, 1995, 2000 and 2005. (million).

The given table data gives information about the international travelers
in five different areas in 4 different years.

In general, the number of international travelers increased over the

period and Europe was their favourite destination for travelling.

According to the presented table, around 450 million international

travelers visited different parts of the world initially in 1990 and this
number gradually increased and reached to around 700 million in 2005.
Europe marked the largest number of such international tourists which
was more than 50% of total travelers. In 1990, more than 280 million
tourists out of total 448.9 million travelled European continents alone
and this number reached to over 400 million in 2005 when total
international travelers were about 693 million.

America and Asia and the Pacific regions were another two favoured
tourist destinations among international travelers and in 1990 they
received about 80 and 602 million tourists respectively. After 15 years,
the number of international travelers in Asia region increased to 135.8
million which was higher than that of America. Africa received around
18.2 million international travelers in 1990 and it increased to 28.7
million in 2005. Finally, the least number of international tourists visited
Middle East region starting from 8.9 million in 1990 and reaching at 15.8
million in 2005.

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4. The pie charts below show the percentage of time working adults spent
on different activities in a particular country in 1958 and 2008.

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The pie charts illustrate the average percentage of an employed

person’s day spent doing different activities in 1958 and 2008,
in a particular country.

Overall, employed people in this particular country spent the

most amount of time in a day, in both 1958 and 2008, at work.
Furthermore, there was an inverse relationship between
working and sleeping over the 50 year period.

In 1958, working people in this country spent one-third of their

day at work, followed by just under one-third of their day
sleeping. Going out with friends or family took up the next
largest portion of time in a day, at 19%. Meanwhile, travelling
to work was the activity that took up the least percentage of
time in someone’s day.

Fifty years later, the percentage of a day that people spent at

work increased to 42%, while the figure for sleeping had
dropped to 25%. Less time was spent going out with family and
friends (6%), but more time was allocated to relaxing at home
(13%). In addition, the figure for the portion of day that people
spent travelling to work quadrupled to 8% over the period.

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5. The graph below shows the percentage of workers in 5 different

European countries with a day or more illness absence from
1991 to 2001.

The line chart illustrates the rate of employees

who took at least one day of sick leave in different
European nations from 1991 to 2001.

Overall, while the proportion of workers who were

absent by sickness in the Netherlands and Sweden
increased over the given period, France had a
reverse trend. Additionally, the UK and Germany
remained fairly constant during the period
examined.

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France and the Netherlands started the period

around 5%. One year later, the rate of workers
with illness absence in the Netherlands increased
by approximately 0.5%, before plummeting to just
over 4% in 1996. The figure then recovered
gradually to about 5.4%, being the highest among
the five nations. Furthermore, after standing at
around 5% for the first two years, France witnessed
a plunge to 3% by 1999, followed by a plateau for
the rest of the period.

Turning to the remainder, the proportion of

laborers with sick leave in Sweden remained nearly
stable at roughly 3% from 1991 to 1995, after
which it ascended significantly to about 4.7% by
2001. Both the UK and Germany experienced
almost no change throughout the period, with the
former being around 2.5% and the latter being
relatively smaller at approximately 1.5%.

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6. The bar chart below describes some changes about the percentage of
people were born in Australia and who were born outside Australia living
in urban, rural and town between 1995 and 2010.

The chart gives information about the percentage of people living in

cities, towns, and rural areas in Australia in 1950 and 2010, in terms of
those born in Australia and those born elsewhere.

Overall, it is clear that living in a city was far more common for both
groups of people in both 1950 and 2010. Furthermore, the percentage of
both groups of people living in cities increased over the period.

In 1950, around 50% of people born in Australia lived in a city.

Meanwhile, 20% of people born in Australia lived in a town, compared
with around 30% living in rural areas. By 2010, the number of those living
in cities had increased to approximately 65%, while the percentage of
those living in towns and rural areas dropped to a little over 15% each.

On the other hand, the percentage of people born outside of Australia

that lived in cities was around 60% in 1950, and 80% in 2010. Notably, a
significant portion of those who weren’t born in Australia lived in rural
areas in 1950 (40%); however, this figure dropped substantially in 2010
to around 5%.

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7. Two charts below show the percentage of qualified graduates

in a particular country. Summarise the information by selecting
and reporting the main features and make comparisons where
relevant.

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The given pie charts illustrate the proportion of

graduates with various degrees in a given country in
1980 and 2008.

In 1980, a quarter of graduates had a first degree in arts,

while only 12% received a master of arts degree, and a
very small minority (2%) did a doctorate in arts. First-
degree Science graduates made up just under a fifth,
while graduates with a master’s degree in science
accounted for almost a third of the total. Only 13% have
a Ph.D.

In 2008, graduates holding a Master of Arts and Sciences

were 11% and 10% respectively. This percentage was
significantly less than in 1958. The share of graduates of
masters of arts and sciences was almost the same as in
1958. The number of PhDs has grown significantly from
2% to 7%. by 30%, which is also significantly higher than
in 1958.

Overall, it is interesting to see that undergraduate or

first-degree courses had become less popular over time,
but more people attended graduate courses.

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8. The charts below show the percentage of electricity consumed

by different sectors in Eastern Australia in 2007 and 2010.

The charts give information on the percentage of power

used by various sectors in Eastern Australia in 2007 and
2010.

Overall, it is apparent that while the share of most

industries' power usage stayed the same, there was a
change in manufacturing, aluminum and the production
of other metals.

In 2007, the residential sector took up more than a

quarter of all energy use, being the largest single energy
consuming industry. This is followed by the commercial
sector at 23%, and the manufacturing and aluminum
mining sector at 13% each. Transport and agriculture
both used a measly 1% each, while mining took up 9%.

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By 2010, most sectors' energy usage remained

unchanged as a percentage of the total. Indeed, the
residential, commercial, agricultural, transport and
mining sectors remain at their same proportional
consumption, the aluminum industry's energy usage
dropped from 13% to 11%, while the manufacturing
industry's energy usage also fell from 13 to 9%of the
total. Contrary, the share of other forms of metal mining
rose from 12 to 18%.

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9. The table below shows the percentages of people joining

in seven different sports in a European country from
1999 to 2009.

The table indicates how preference for 7 different sports

changed over the course of 10 years, measured in
percentage term.

In general, the three favorite sports remain unchanged

in terms of popularity ranking, while the remaining four
sports underwent changes of different magnitudes.

It is immediately evident that football remained by some

distance the most popular athletic activity during the
whole decade, with football players accounting for
around half of the population. Second and third in the
list were swimming and tennis, whose figures were
approximately one third of the population base for both
categories. It is also noteworthy that football saw a

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noticeable decrease of 9% in the proportion of

participants, and the opposite trend was observed in the
other two sports mentioned.

Among the less popular sports in the list, a remarkable

twofold growth in the percentage of golf players was
recorded, making it more preferred than yoga in 2010, at
17% and 13% respectively. At the same time, the
proportion of people taking part in volleyball ended the
period with 1% more participants than the beginning
figure despite the 1% dip in the latter half of the phase.
By contrast, basketball players declined slightly by 1%
every 5 years.

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10. The table below gives information related to

population growth, average birth per woman, life
expectancy at birth in countries with different income
levels in 2000 and 2004.

The given table compares the population growth,

average birth per woman and life expectancy at birth,
among high, middle and low-income countries in 2002
and 2004.

The population growth in the low-income countries was

the highest at 2.0% in 2000, which however, declined by
0.2% after two years. It still remained the highest among
all. The other two groups of countries had almost similar
population growth in both the given years.

The average Birth Rate was also the highest in the low-
income countries at 3.9 and 3.7 in 2002 and 2004

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respectively. It was the lowest in the high-income group

at 1.7 in both the given years, whereas in the middle-
income group it was just over 2 in 2002 and 2004.

The life expectancy at birth was the highest in high-

income group at 78 years in 2002. This increased further
to 78.8 in 2004. Life expectancy increased from 69.1 to
70 years in middle-income countries and from 58.1 to
58.8 in low-income countries.

Overall, life expectancy increased in all groups of

countries, whereas the other two indicators either
decreased or remained constant.

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11. The charts below show changes in the proportion

of energy produced from different resources in country
in 1985 and 2003.

The given pie charts compare the percentage of energy

generated from seven different sources in a particular
country from 1985 to 2003.

Overall, it can be seen that the use of some sources to

produce energy increased with time, whereas that of
others decreased. The maximum energy was produced
from oil and the least from hydrogen and other
renewable sources from 1985 to 2003.

Oil was the major source of energy production

throughout the whole period, although its usage
dropped from just over half (52%) in 1985 to

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approximately two fifths (39%) in 2003. The use of

nuclear also declined from 22% to 17% over the given
period.

The use of natural gas and coal showed an increase from

13% and 8% in 1985 to 23% and 13% respectively in 2003.
Interestingly, the proportion of energy produced from
hydrogen remained stable at 4%, whereas that from
other renewable sources increased from 1% to 4% over
the given period of 18 years.

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12. The two plans below compare the layout of a

typical Japanese office and a typical American office.

The given picture compares the layout of a classic

American and Japanese office. It can be seen that there
are a few similarities and many differences between the
two.

In both layouts there is room for one department

manager and two section managers and a few junior
employees. However, in the American office there are
separate cabins for the department manager and section
managers. There are also separate cubicles for the other
junior employees whereas in the Japanese office the
whole working is from one big hall.

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The employees in the Japanese office have to sit around

tables headed by the section managers, and the section
managers in turn are supervised by the department
manager sitting behind them. In the American office the
windows are on both the east and the west walls
whereas in the Japanese office the windows are towards
the north. The major difference is that in the American
office, there are two conference rooms, a room for
storage and another room for the printer and copier
whereas in the Japanese office there is no such facility.

Overall, it is clear that the standard American and

Japanese office represent the different styles of working
of the Japanese and the Americans.

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13. The bar chart and pie chart give information about
why US residents travelled and what travel problems
they experienced in the year 2009.

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The bar chart compares the figures for Americans going

out for five reasons and the pie chart illustrates the
percentage of six problems that concerned them when
travelling in 2009.

Overall, it is clear that the main reason why people in the

US went out in 2009 is to commute to work, and the cost
of travelling is the problem concerning them the most.

Looking first at the bar graph, the proportion of

Americans going out for commuting to work stood at
49%, while the figure for those leaving their house for
personal reasons accounted for 19%. In addition, the
rate of people in the US going out for shopping and
recreation made up 16% and 10%, respectively, while
visiting friends or relatives accounted for the lowest
percentage, at only 6%.

Turning to the pie chart, the cost of travelling was the

most concerning problem of Americans when going out,
with the figure making up 36%, while the proportion of
safety concerns is half of that, at 19%. In addition, 17%
of US citizens were concerned about aggressive drivers,
while highway congestion made 14% of them worried
when leaving their house. Access to public
transportation and places for people to walk accounted
for the lowest percentages, at only 8% and 6%,
respectively.

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14. The chart below shows the expenditure on three

categories among different age groups of residents in
the UK in 2004.

The bar chart depicts the expenditures in three

categories by age group for UK residents in 2004.

Overall, as the age increases, food, drink, and

entertainment expenditure gradually rose. However,
while food and drink kept climbing with age,
entertainment spending peaked for the 61-75 age group
before declining for the age 76+.

Regarding food and drink, the figure started at only over

5% for the age group under 30 and consistently
increased with age. Ultimately, this category reached its

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highest percentage for the 76+ group, at roughly 23%. As

for entertainment expenditure, its figure grew similarly
with age, from around 6% (age group 30) to
approximately 23% (age group 61-75). Despite this,
entertainment suddenly dropped by 10% for the 76+
group.

Turning to restaurant and hotel expenditure, the age

group under 30 had the most significant proportion
(almost 15%) out of the three categories. As the age
increases, the figure declined slightly to 12% (aged 46-
60) before plummeting to only 2% (aged 61-75). For the
oldest age group, restaurant and hotel bounced back to
roughly 6%, but the category was still the lowest.

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15. The table shows the production of milk annually in

four countries in 1990, 2000 and 2010.

The data given in the table shows the changes in the

annual production of milk in four different nations
during 1990, 2000 and 2010.

In general, while the production of milk annually in

Netherlands, Tanzania and Guatemala showed an
increasing trend, that of Australia declined over the
given period. Netherlands was the largest producer of
milk throughout the period.

In 1990, the annual production of milk was higher in

Netherlands than in other countries and it produced
11,262,000 litres of milk. This production rate dropped

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moderately to 11,155,000 litres in 2000 before showing

a significant rise to 11,466,000 litres in 2010. Tanzania’s
milk production annually was much lower than
Netherlands. Its production inclined noticeably from
87000 litres in 1990 to 1,55,000 litres in 2010.

Analysing further, the quantity of milk produced in

Guatemala showed an upsurge to more than double in
2000 and reached 55,000 litres from 26,000 litres in
1990, thereafter it considerably improved to 84,000
litres in 2010.In contrast, the annual milk production
rate in Australia showed a steady drop from 11,246,000
litres in 1990 to 9,165,000 litres in 2010 after reaching
11,105,000 in 2000.

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16. The chart below shows what Anthropology

graduates from one university did after finishing their
undergraduate degree course. The table shows the
salaries of the anthropologists in work after five years.

The pie chart illustrates the initial employment status of

students studying Anthropology from one university
after finishing their undergraduate degree courses while
the table demonstrates their income after 5 years’ work.

Overall, it can be seen clearly that full-time work was the

most popular choice of Anthropology graduates while

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just a few people chose part-time work together with

postgrad study. In addition, the figures for the
government sector or freelance consultants is higher
than that of private companies.

There were 52% of people who decided to do full-time

jobs after graduating. This figure was 37% higher than
part-time work which was the second-highest, ahead of
unemployed with 12%. The percentage of full-time
postgrad study and unknown were the similar, at 8% and
finally 5% combining part-time jobs and higher
education study.

Turning to the table, 80% of freelance consultants were

employed at higher salary ranges, with 40% in both
$75,000 to $99,000 and $100,000+. Meanwhile,
freelance consultants had identical figures with
government workers at lower salary brackets, with 20%
of the employees earning less than $74,000. 50% of
federal workers earned more than $100,000, while 30%
of them were in the $75,000 to $99,999 range. Lastly,
private industry salaries were evenly distributed, with
10% in the lowest $25,000 to $49,999 bracket and a
striking 35% in $50,000 to $74,999 scale. Only 55% of
workers in private companies earned more than
$75,000.

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17. The diagram describes the process of making

cherry jam.

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The above illustrations demonstrate the process of cherry

jam production.

In general, there are nine stages in the cherry jam

manufacturing process, beginning with collecting cherries
from cherry trees and transporting the raw material to the
manufacturing plant and ending with labeling the cherry
jam jars.

First of all, a sheet is spread under the cherry tree following

by shaking it so the cherries fall to the ground. Then, the
cherries along with leaves and stems are collected and
transported to the processing plant. In the next stage, the
leaves and stems are removed from the cherries. After that,
the cherries are washed by water and then, stones are
removed from the middle of the fruit by penetrating a metal
spike through the middle part of the cherries.

Subsequently, the cherries are cooked and extra ingredients

such as lemon juice, sugar and pectin are introduced to the
mixture for extra flavor. After the cooking is finished, the
cherry jam is ready to be checked by the quality control unit.
The accepted batches of cherry jam are then poured into
glass or plastic jars and finally, a label is stuck on the cherry
jam jars.

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18. The bar graph below shows the numbers of male

and female research students studying six subjects at a
US university in 2011.

The provided bar chart shows the comparison between

the numbers of male and female students enrolling in
the research study in six different subjects, like linguistic,
psychology, natural science, engineering programming
and mathematics at an American University.

Overall, the graph shows that there are more male

students enrolled in the research field in comparison to
female students.

As per the provided illustration, both female and male

students got an equal number of entries in natural

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science. As far as mathematics is concerned, male

students had greater interest than females. Moreover,
male entrants can be seen in all of the subjects except
for linguistics. It is clear from the provided data that
natural science turned to be the most sought subject for
both genders as it recorded 400 entrants altogether (200
on each).

Further, in mathematics, men recorded another 200

entries as opposed to merely 50 female students.
Additionally, in the psychology subject, there were
almost 375 entrants. Even here, male students
dominated at 200 and females were at 175. On the other
hand, linguistic defined a completely different story as
female enrollers toppled the number of male entrants at
approximately 120 to 80, respectively.

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19. The bar charts below show the number of hours

each teacher spent teaching in different schools in four
different countries in 2001.

The bar graph outlines the average duration a teacher

spent on three different levels in four different countries
in 2001.

Overall, the teaching hours at the secondary level was

higher than that of primary level and the US tutors spent
more time teaching than the teachers in the other three
countries did.

A US teacher spent more than 700 hours to teach

primary students in 2001 while a Japanese educator
disbursed exactly 600 hours for teaching the same
graders. Time allocated to teaching elementary student

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by a Spanish teacher was 50 hours higher than that of

Japanese teacher but it was less than 600 hours in
Iceland. An American teacher’s average schooling
duration in 2001 for lower secondary students was 1000
hours which was 300 to 400 hours higher than the
teaching duration by a teacher in the other three
countries.

Analyzing further, higher secondary students received

almost 1200 hours’ lectures by a teacher in the US and
this duration was noticeable higher than of other
countries. In Japan, an upper secondary level teacher
taught for 700 hours in 2001, almost 500 hours less than
that of a US teacher. In Iceland and Spain, teaching
duration by a higher secondary level teacher was
approximately 900 hours, about 300 hours less than that
of an American teacher.

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20. The bar chart shows the number of hours worked

by men & women per week in Australia in 2007.

The presented column graph compares Australian male

and female in terms of their weekly working duration in
2007.

Overall, citizens’ working duration varied from 0 to

above 80 hours. In addition, residents spending 30-50
hours per week were the most prevalent in both
genders.

Turning into detail, with nearly 43%, man working

between 30 and 50 hours per week occupied the highest
percentage among 5 groups, followed by a figure of
exactly 30% for 60-80 category. By contrast, in
comparison to the aforementioned sectors, that of 10-

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20 and over 80 group were remarkably lower, with about

12% and 10%, respectively. Meanwhile, male working
less than 10 hours per week accounted for only 5% of
total population.

With regards to female counterparts, people spending

30-50 hours per week at work occupied 35%, ranking
first among all duration groups, whereas that of 10-20
sector was considerably smaller, with approximately
23%. In addition, there was an insignificant difference
between 60-80 and 0-10 category, in which the former’s
percentage of about 18% slightly edged out the latter’s,
with 15%. Unlike other sectors, the rate of only a tenth
revealed that fewest Australian women chose to work
more than 80 hours per week.

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21. The pie charts show the destination of export

goods in three countries in 2010.

The pie charts give information of the biggest recipient

of exports from Argentina, Mexico and Chile in 2010.

Overall, it can be seen that while the exporting

destinations of countries like Chile and Argentina were
more diverse, Mexico mostly exported to the USA.

The chart also shows that the exporting trends of

Argentina and Chile were close to identical, with
Argentina exporting the majority of its products to other
Latin American countries, at 38%, similar to Chile, at

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31%. Furthermore, Argentina exported 26% of its

products to Europe, 16% to the USA and 20% to the rest
of the world. The share of exports for Chile followed a
similar composition: 30% of its exports went to Europe,
18% of them arrived in the USA, and 22% in the rest of
the world.

On the other hand, the overwhelming majority of

Mexico’s exports at 62% were to the United States.
Meanwhile, the rest of its exports were evenly
distributed between Europe, other Latin American
countries and the rest of the world, at 6% each.

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22. The charts below show what UK graduate and

postgraduate students who did not go into full-time
work did after leaving college in 2008.

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The two bar charts show what graduate and postgraduate

students did for one year, in 2008, when they did not go into
full-time work after leaving college.

Overall, most of the students in the two groups that are

presented above went on to do either further study or part-
time work, in 2008.

Looking at the details, the number of graduate students who

went on to do further study was reported at 29,665 students,
which is just under double the amounts recorded for part-time
work and unemployment. Part-time work had 11,930 fewer
students, and unemployed students had even less, with 13,430
students. Volunteer work was the lowest, at 3,500, showing a
difference of 26,165 more students continuing with their
studies. The number of postgraduate students who went onto
study more was recorded at only 2,725. This is significantly
lower than the graduate group. In fact, it is almost 10 times
lower.

The number of students who went on to do part-time work is

shown at 2,535, which again is dramatically lower than the
numbers shown for graduate students. Almost 15,500 more
students from the graduate category went on to do part-time
work. Unemployment and volunteer work for postgraduate
students were also about 10 times lower than the figures shown
in the top bar chart.

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23. The chart below compares the number of people

per household in the UK in 1981 and 2001.

The stacked bar charts delineate the household

compositions with respect to the number of occupants
in the UK in 1981 and 2001.

Overall, most households in the UK had 2 occupants.

Over the surveyed period, single and 2-person
households enjoyed upswings whilst other
demographics experienced a corresponding downturn.

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Regarding the first stacked bar, 31% of households

consisted of 2 occupants, heading the list of total
demographics. Next came 3-person households with
20%, as opposed to single and 4-member households,
accounting for 17% and 18% in turn. Large household
sizes ranked in bottom place with 8% for 5-occupant and
6% for 6-occupant units.

After 20 years, households with a single person living

alone or two persons became dominant, with the figure
for the former rising up by 9%, amounting to over one-
quarter of total surveyed households. Meanwhile,
households with 3 or 4 occupants recorded a fall of 3%,
finishing at 17% and 15% respectively. Remaining in the
last place were household units of 5 or 6 members, with
their figures decreasing to 6% and 2%.

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24. The map below shows the museum’s plant in 1998

and after some changes were made in 2008.

The map illustrates the changes that were made to a

museum between 1998 and 2008.

Overall, it can be seen that many changes took place. The

principal change was the addition of a restaurant inside
the museum and the relocation of certain rooms.

In 1998, the museum building was rectangular in shape

with a garden in the centre. To the east and west of the

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garden, there were permanent exhibition rooms, while

to its north there was a café. Immediately to the south
of the garden, there was the tickets and entrance/exit
zone. In the south east corner, there was a room for bags
and coats and a WC and a shop, while in the south west
corner, there was a temporary exhibition room.

In 2008, many changes could be seen. To begin with, the

whole east side was converted in to permanent
exhibition rooms. The bags and coats room and the shop
were shifted to the south west corner and the temporary
exhibition room was moved northwards. In addition, a
restaurant was made in the north west corner. The WC
was also shifted to the east of the café and finally, the
garden was beautified with some fountains and a café
sitting area was demarcated in the garden beside the
café.

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25. The bar chart shows the distribution of

employment among agriculture, services, industries in
three countries in 1980 and projected distribution in
2020.

The bar charts depict the percentages of employment in

three main social sectors in three countries in 1980 with
projections towards 2020.

Overall, it is readily apparent that in country A and

country C, the majority of employment were in services,
whilst the demand for agricultural jobs was the highest
in country B.

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In 1980, country A’s workforce was mainly in service

sectors, accounting for nearly 45%, 15% and 25% higher
than the figures for industry and agriculture. The same
picture can be seen in country C as there were 65% of
employment in services, roughly 35% in industry and a
negligible share of 5% in agriculture. Conversely, with
the rate standing at 55%, agriculture was the main
source of employment in country B, far exceeding those
of industry and services, holding around one-fifth of
total employment.

In 2010, it is predicted that services will become more

dominant with the figures rising to 55% in country A and
80% in country C. The shares of the other two sectors in
these countries are expected to see a drop of 2% to 9%.
Meanwhile, these figures in country B are expected to
grow by 20%, reducing the disparity with the figure for
agriculture, which will experience a slight drop, reaching
a low of less than 50%.

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26. The chart below shows the proportions of

graduates from Brighton University in 2019 entering
different employment sectors.

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The pie chart compares the proportion of graduates

from Brighton University being employed in various
sectors in 2019.

In general, the majority of graduates find employment in

four major sectors: Service, Manufacturing industries,
Politics & government and Education whereas the
minority of those work as employees of Charity and
Sport.

It is evident from the chart that Service industries

employed the most graduates as roughly a third of those
found employment in this particular sector. Although
16,3% of graduates worked in Manufacturing industry,
only 7,8% were employed in Transportation and
warehousing. By comparison, approximately 14,7% of
graduates became employees in Education, about three
times higher than that of Civil Service.

By contrast, only 0,4% of graduates find work in Charity

and Sport, with three-quarters of those working in
Charity. At the same time, about 7,3% were employees
in the field of Science & Technology. It is also worth
mentioning that 2,8% of graduates were not
categorized.

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27. The diagram gives information about the process of

making carbonated drinks.

The diagram shows the stages involved in the production

of soft drink.

Overall, there are 5 stages in the process, beginning with

preparing the water for the drinks, and culminating with
the packaging and delivery of the finished product.

In the first stage of the process, water is put through a

filter before a softener and other chemicals are added to
it. Once the water has been processed, it is then pumped
on to stage 2 where it undergoes evaporation and

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carbonation. During this stage, the water is heated and

run through a cooling pipe before carbon dioxide is
added, creating carbonated water.

In the third stage of the process, the carbonated water is

put into a mixing tank where it is mixed with colouring,
flavouring, and sweetener. The resulting mixture is then
filtered before being packaged into cans and bottles.
Finally, once the bottles and cans have been packaged
into boxes, they are transported to supermarkets where
they are ready to be sold.

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28. The table below shows water use for different

purposes in four countries. The use of water by four
different countries (%)

The table illustrates how four distinct countries

consumed water for three purposes.

Overall, Egypt and Saudi Arabia allocated the majority of

water resources to agriculture while New Zealand and
Canada did so for industrial purposes. It was also evident
that domestic water consumption remained relatively
low among all countries.

Regarding Egypt, just over four-fifths of water was

utilized agriculturally, while industrial and domestic
consumption both stood at below 10%. A relatively
similar pattern could be observed in Saudi Arabia, as
agricultural usage constituted 64%, double the figure for
industry, leaving domestic use with a mere 6%.

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In contrast, Canada distributed most of its water

consumption, 70%, to industrial activities, which was
more than triple the percentage for residential usage
and seven times as high as that for agricultural purposes.
Concerning New Zealand, industry and agriculture had
relatively similar shares, at around 45% each, compared
to 10% allotted to the domestic sector.

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29. The table shows the number of exchange students

from universities in Europe to Australia and vice versa.

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The following tables demonstrate the amount of

exchange students from European universities to
Australian universities and vice versa.

Over the period, the total number of exchange students

from universities in Europe to Australia climbed
significantly, whereas the total number of exchange
students from Australia to Europe remained stable.

Examining the number of exchange students from

European colleges to Australia, it is discovered that the
number of French students decreased from 61 in 2007 to
60 in 2009. In contrast, Germany saw a substantial
growth from 27 students in 2007 to 63 students in 2009.
The Netherlands, on the other hand, remained
unchanged at 36 exchange students throughout the two
years.

Considering the number of Australian university

exchange students in Europe, the data indicates that
France and Germany both experienced a noticeable
increase. The number of students in France went from
37 to 58, and the number of students in Germany
increased from 18 to 26 over the period. In contrast, the
number of exchange students in the Netherlands
decreased significantly from 32 in 2007 to 18 in 2009.

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30. The graph below shows the number of people

taking part in a wildlife survey in Britain between 2001
and 2009.

The given table illustrates the information about the

numbers of people (adults and children), who
participated in a survey about wildlife in Britain from
2001 and 2009.

It is evident from the graph that the total participants

grew more than eleven-fold from 2001 to 2009. The
number escalated from 48,000 to 54,000 in the given
period. The number of adults increased from 36,000 in
2001 to 212,000 in 2003, which was the biggest increase
ever. It went up to 332,000 in 2005, after which the
number of adults started falling and in 2008 only 240,000
took part in the survey.

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A similar trend of increase in the number of participants

was seen in children from 2001 to 2003, although the
number of children was much lesser than that of adults.
But, after that the numbers started to fall. Surprisingly,
in 2009, the number of children participating in the
survey grew dramatically to 270,000, an increase of nine
times. The total numbers of adults and children
participating was equal in 2009, at 270,000 each.

Overall, in all the given years the number of adult

participants was way more than the number of children,
except for 2009, in which both categories participated in
equal numbers.

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31. The bar chart shows the percentage of people who

ate five portions of fruits and vegetables per day in the
UK from 2001 to 2008.

The graph illustrates the share of the UK population who

ate fruit and vegetable five times per day between 2001
and 2008.

Overall, there was an uptrend over the entire period for

all categories; the figures for children and men increased
sharply, while the share of women went up moderately.

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The figure for children remained the lowest all over the
time frame; it started at roughly 12% in 2001, remained
constant until 2003 and then grew with a steady rate to
about 25% in 2007. The share of men had a similar trend,
but in 2001 it was around 17%, had no changes over next
2 years and then it started to increment rapidly to nearly
27% in 2007. Both segments of population suffered from
a slight decline over last year in the graph.

In contrast, the percentage of women who ate five

portion of fruit and vegetables in 2001 was the highest,
among other categories. Over time, it incremented
gradually between 2001 and 2006, from roughly 21% to
about 34%, while in the last two years it declined by
almost 3%, remaining the highest figure in 2008.

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32. The charts below show the performance of a bus

company in terms of punctuality, both actual and target
(what actually happened compared to what the
company was trying to achieve), and the number of
complaints and passengers.

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The first chart shows the actual and target percentage of

buses, from a particular bus company, that arrived at the
destination on time, between 1999 and 2003.
Meanwhile, the second chart shows how many
complaints were made during the same period.

It is clear that while the expected target of buses arriving

on time decreased over the years, there was no clear
pattern in the percentage of buses that actually arrived
on time. Additionally, the number of complaints from
their passengers increased throughout the period.

In 1999, the company’s target of buses arriving on time

stood at 86%, which was 1% higher than what was
actually achieved. Although the target remained
unchanged one year later, the percentage of on-time
arrivals dropped by nearly 3%. By 2003, this company
had reduced its target of on-time arrivals to just over
84%, while the actual figure had witnessed considerable
growth to about 85%.

Starting at approximately 7% of total passengers in 1999,

the number of complaints made by passengers rose
significantly before experiencing a slight decline to just
over 8% in 2001. This figure then grew considerably two
years later, with about 12% of passengers complaining in
the last year.

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33. The diagram below shows the process of making

cheese.

The graphic depicts how soft cheese is produced.

Overall, the process consists of nine steps, from raw

materials being acidified, through various processing
steps, to final products being distributed to retail
outlets.

The process begins with raw milk being combined with

bacteria in a container for acidification. Subsequently, a
designated enzyme is introduced into the mixture,
initiating the solidification of the liquid and resulting in

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the formation of curds. These freshly formed curds are

then carefully cut into smaller pieces and subjected to a
high temperature, which further separates the curds
from the whey. The whey is drained away, leaving the
curds behind for the following salting step.

Once the curds are salted, they enter a shaping step in

which they are molded into round shapes and pressed
using a specialised machine, forming wheels of cheese.
These wheels are left to ferment for a period of 2
months, after which they are divided into individual
blocks of cheese for packaging purposes. The end
products are dispatched to shops where they can be sold
to consumers.

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34. The bar graph below shows the numbers of male

and female research students studying six computer
science subjects at a US university in 2011.

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The provided bar chart shows the comparison between

the numbers of male and female students enrolling in
the research study in six different subjects namely
linguistic, psychology, natural science, engineering
programming and mathematics at an American
University.

Overall, the graph shows that there are more male

students enrolled in the research field in comparison to
female students.

As per the provided illustration, both female and male

students got an equal number of entries in natural
science. As far as mathematics is concerned, male
students had greater interest than females. Moreover,
male entrants can be seen in all of the subjects except
for linguistics. It is clear from the provided data that
natural science turned to be the most sought subject for
both genders as it recorded 400 entrants altogether (200
on each).

In mathematics, men recorded another 200 entries as

opposed to merely 50 female students. Additionally, in
the psychology subject, there were almost 375 entrants.
Even here, male students dominated at 200 and females
were at 175. On the other hand, linguistic defined a
completely different story as female enrollers toppled
the number of male entrants at approximately 120 to 80,
respectively.

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35. The table gives information about annual salaries

of five employment sectors in Australia in 2006.

The table provided depicts the annual incomes of six different

professions in Australia in the year 2006.

In general, Engineering and IT & Telecommunication were the

highest-earning fields. Additionally, Sales boasted the most
potential maximum income while simultaneously having the
lowest minimum salary when compared to the other
professions.

Looking at the maximum annual incomes, sales stood out with

an extraordinary top payroll of AU$216,100 per year, in contrast
to the more modest figures for Education and Travel, which
were AU$69,000 and AU$67,000 respectively. Meanwhile, the
Engineering sector offered yearly salary of over AU$145,000,
nearly 50% higher than IT & Telecommunication.

Turning to the minimum annual earnings, Sales recorded the

lowest figure of AU$27,000, while Engineering guaranteed at
least AU$38,500, closely followed by IT & Telecommunication

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at AU$38,000. Moreover, both educators and Travel

professionals received less than half of their maximum income
for the lowest paid positions, specifically AU$33,000 and
AU$32,000, respectively.

Analysing further, both Engineering and IT &

Telecommunications took the lead with approximately
AU$80,000, while Sales ranked third with AU$70,000. The
Education and Travel sectors found themselves at the bottom
of the list with average earnings of AU$50,000 and AU$45,000
per year, respectively.

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36. The graph shows Internet Usage in Taiwan by Age Group,

1998-2000.

The bar chart illustrates the percentages of internet users in Taiwan in

three different age groups between 1998 and 2000.

Overall, young internet users in Taiwan were remarkably higher than

older internet users.

It is clear that the highest internet user was the young age group
(between 16 and 30 years), though the rate had decreased over the
period, while the lowest was the junior population (aged below 15). In
1998, the highest population of internet users in Taiwan was the young
people, as their figure was accounted for 53% of the total internet users.
It dropped drastically to 44% in 2000.

As for the middle age people (between 31 and 50 years), their figure had
decreased slightly from 41% in 1998 to 37% in 2000. The senior people
(aged 50 years and above) and the junior people figures were 4% and 2%
1998. As the senior people’s percentage grew by two-fold, the junior
group rate also increased by 6% in 1999. And then both figures continued
to increase as they reached 10% and 9% in 2000.

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37. The graph below shows the percentage of adults

according to age and gender who do not do any physical activity
in Australia.

The given column graph compares the percentage

of men and women of seven different age groups
who lead a sedentary life in Australia. It can be
clearly seen that except for the 45 to
64 year olds, all other age groups have more
females than males who do not do much physical
activity.

The 15-24 year age group is the most active with

only about 14 and 17 % men and women
respectively who don’t do much physical activity.

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The 25-34 age group has a little more percentage

of people following a leisurely way of life.

As age advances the percentage of easy-going men

and women also is seen to be on the rise, with the
exception of the 65-74 age group. Surprisingly, in
this age group the number of males and females
doing no physical activity is lesser than that of the
55-64 age group. However, the 75+ age group has
the maximum number of both genders doing no
physical work.

Overall it is clear that as age goes up more and

more people start leading physically inactive lives
except for the 65-74 year olds, and in most age
groups more females than males lead
sedentary lives.

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38. The charts below show the figure for work hours per week
in the industrial sector in four European countries in 2002.

The given column graphs compare the number of hours

spent on work per week by industrial workers in France,
Denmark, Sweden and the UK in 2002. In three
countries, it can be seen that the maximum workers
worked 36-40 hours, but in France the maximum
workers worked 31-35 hours per week.

In France, approximately half the workers worked for 31-

35 hours per week. The percentage of people who
worked for 36-40 hours and 46-50 hours was 35% and
20% respectively. The figures for the rest of the working
hours accounted for around 10% workers each.

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Denmark and Sweden witnessed the highest proportion

of people working for 36-40 hours, which was quite
different from that France. The second and the third
place came from 31-35 hours and 41-45 hours workers (
25% and 10% in Denmark; 35% and 39 % in Sweden) the
proportion of people working for the remaining hours
was higher in Denmark that In Sweden. It is interesting
to note that the UK, the percentage of people working
50= hours was the maximum. Almost 505 worked 36-40
hours per week.

Overall, France was a country where the people worked

for the least hours, whereas the Swedish people spent
the most time on work among the people from four
different countries.

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39. The diagram below shows a simple system that

turns dirty water into clear water.

The diagram illustrates a simple method of

purifying dirty water in order to make it suitable
for consumption.

Overall, the system showcases how readily

available natural materials and basic equipment
can be utilized to produce drinkable water in just a
few straightforward steps.

Firstly, a storage drum and a plastic barrel are

positioned adjacent to each other, with the top of
the latter higher than the former. These two

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components are connected by a pipe running from

the bottom of the barrel into the side of the drum.
Subsequently, a filter is constructed within the
barrel by adding layers of sand, charcoal, and
gravel. Lastly, a tap is installed at the bottom of the
drum, and another one is placed at the top of the
pipe.

The process commences by lifting the plastic lid of

the barrel and pouring impure water into it. The
water then passes through the filter and travels up
the pipe into the drum, where it is stored. When
the tap in the drum is opened, potable water is
released for use.

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40. The bar chart below gives information about

five countries spending habits of shopping on
consumer goods in 2012.

This bar chart depicts the spending patterns of Belgians,

Spaniards, Austrians and Brits on six varying merchandises in
2012.

Overall, Britishers outlaid higher amount on buying these

commodities. Products like books, cameras and toys cost higher
than gaming consoles, outdoor gaming accessories and
cosmetics.

As per the data, the British people spent a bit more than 155-
thousand-pound sterling on console games in 2012, and the
other three countries spent anywhere between 145 to 150
thousand each. To purchase outdoor sports equipment,

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Britishers disbursed nearly 156 thousand, which is quite closer

to the spending of Spaniards. On the same product, in the same
year, Austrians ended up spending the lowest.

Going further, people residing in Belgium and Austria bought

almost 145 thousand pounds worth of cosmetics while the
amount spent on this product in Spain and Britain was nearly 10
and 15 thousand more. It must be noticed that Britishers spent
the highest amount on these items in 2012, and their greatest
expense ratio accounted for buying toys and cameras. For
English people, books cost more than 160 thousand while for
Belgians, it was the lowest, nearly 15 thousand less.

The interest of these countries in owning toys and cameras

showcased a similar pattern. Austrians favoured spending on
cameras more than toys. British people spent between 167 to
170 thousand on these two products. Again, Austrians spent the
least, which was nearly 145-thousand-pound sterling.

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41. The table shows the amount of money given to

developing countries by the USA, EU countries and other
countries from 2006 to 2010.

The table illustrates the total amount of donations made

by the US, UK, and other countries to support
technological developments in developing countries
between 2006 and 2010.

Overall, it can noticed from the table that the US was the
most significant contributor to developing nations in all
the above-mentioned years. At the same time, Europe
and other countries donated a similar amount of money
to help develop technology in underdeveloped
countries.

Over five years, there was a dramatic increase in the

total aid, which rose from USD 15.7 billion to USD 30
billion. In 2006, the USA donated over three times as
much money as other countries to developing countries

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with a donation of USD 9.7 billion, while Europe and

other countries contributed only $3.3 and USD 2.7
billion, respectively.

In the subsequent two years, all the countries steadily

increased their donations, wherein the total amount
reached a total of USD 24.3 billion in the year 2009. The
US charities offered the highest amount of donations
with an upsurge in assistance, which peaked at USD 22.7
billion in 2010.

Meanwhile, the charities provided by Europe and other

countries also increased gradually, hiking to $3.8 and
USD 3.1 billion in the year 2008 respectively. Despite a
vague decrease in the aid provided by both countries in
2009, there was a significant turnaround in the
assistance offered by Europe and other countries with a
contribution of $4.0 and USD 3.3 billion in 2010,
respectively.

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42. The map show the changes on plan of Liverton

docks between 1980 and today.

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The map illustrates the changes that have happened to Liverton

docks since 1980.

Overall, it can be seen that the most noticeable change was the
removal of warehouses, ships and cranes. There is an addition
of amenities for different purposes for both kids and adults.

In 1980, Liverton was merely an industrial town. There were

three warehouses by the river, two of which were located to the
north of the river while the other was situated to the south. The
town also accommodated two cranes. One occupied the place
between the two warehouses in the north, whereas the other
was on the southern bank of the river, which was near the
warehouse. The river was also the mooring for four large ships.

It is evident that major changes have happened to Liverton

today, which have incorporated more tourist attractions. The
old facilities were demolished, which has given room for new
entertainment amenities. To the north of the river, one
warehouse has been converted into an education center and
the other has been replaced by a playing area for young
children. The place which was once occupied by the crane is
now a sailing club. To the south of the river, a walkway for
pedestrians has been constructed along the river bank and new
apartments have replaced the old warehouse. A new hotel has
been built to the left of the apartments and a parking zone is to
their right. To the east of the town, a bridge has been
constructed to connect the two banks of the river and a flood
barrier has been erected parallel to the bridge.

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43. The table below shows the number of temporary migrant

workers in four countries in 2003 and 2006 and the number of
these workers per 1,000 people in these countries in 2006.

The table illustrates how many temporary foreign workers

there were in four particular nations during 2003 and 2006, and
the number of such workers for every one thousand people in
these countries as of 2006.

Overall, all countries saw an increase in the number of

temporary migrant workers, with the United States having the
largest counts in both years by far. However, it had the lowest
number of migrant workers relative to the population, whereas
the opposite was true in New Zealand.

In 2003, 577,000 migrants worked in the United States

temporarily, compared to 152,000 in Australia and 137,000 in

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the United Kingdom. Meanwhile, there were only 65,000

temporary migrant workers in New Zealand, the lowest among
all nations listed. By 2006, the number of these workers in the
United States had climbed to 678,000 while similar rises could
also be seen in the figures for Australia, UK and New Zealand,
reaching 219,000, 266,000 and 86,000 in 2006, respectively.

Despite the smallest absolute numbers, New Zealand showed a

significant proportional dependence on temporary migrant
labor, with the highest ratio of 21.1 per 1,000 people. This was
nearly double that of Australia, which stood at 10.7. Finally, a
close similarity was observed in the figures for the United States
and the United Kingdom, at 2.3 and 4.4, in that order.

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44. Compare the town of Brindell and local areas in 1800,

1900 and 2000.

The three maps illustrate the major alterations that Brindell and
its neighbouring areas underwent over two centuries from
1800-2000.

Overall, Brindell transformed itself from an agricultural based

town to an area with versatile functions.

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In 1800, the whole district was largely separated by River Stour,

which can be seen in the centre of the layout. Brindell was
situated in the south west end of the river. There were two
agricultural zones near Brindell – one to the north was for
growing crops and the one to the east was for animals to graze.
At northeast end of the river was an area of woodland.

The district witnessed several changes in 1900. Noticeably, the

entire grazing area was converted. The upper part of grazing
area was substituted by an industrial zone. A village called Bun
Hill was constructed in the lower part for workers.

In 2000, many more changes were observed. Brindell expanded

and became almost double in size. The farmland for crops
shrunk because of the construction of Bun Hill Park. Bun Hill
also grew in size and many more industries were opened
towards the east of the village.

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TASK -1
EXAM QUESTIONS
1. The chart shows the number of cars made in three countries
from 2003-2009.

The given table shows the changes in production rate of cars in

Argentina, Australia and Thailand during 2003, 2006 and 2009.

In general, the number of cars produced in Argentina and Thailand

showed an increasing trend, while that of Australia declined. A
significant change was evident in the car production rate in Argentina.

In 2003, the number of cars manufactured in Argentina was much lower

than the other countries with a production rate of 166,000 cars. This rate
then nearly trebled and reached 420,000 in 2006 following which a
moderate increase can be seen in the period 2009 to 510,000 cars. Car
production rate in Thailand also showed an incline from 787,000 cars in
2003 to 999,879 cars in 2009 and accounted for the largest production
of cars among the given countries by the end of the period after reaching
a peak at 1,180,000 in 2006.

In contrast, Australia’s car production figures nearly halved by 2009

wherein the numbers dropped steadily from 538,000 cars in 2003 to
225,000 cars in the last year and registered the lowest car production
rate.

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2. The charts show the percentage of income spent on food and other
goods in 3 European countries from 1998 – 2008.

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The given bar charts indicate the amount of money that people
in 3 countries in Europe, namely France, Germany and England,
spent on food and other products in 1998 and 2008.

Looking from an overall perspective, all three countries saw

significant increases in national purchasing power for both
nourishment and other types of goods.

In 1998, French citizens allocated 15% and only around 10% of

their income to buying foodstuffs and other goods,
respectively. After 10 years, those figures dramatically climbed
to a similar number of 40%.

In case of Germany, there was a mild difference of 5% between

the percentages of salary allotted to food commodities in 1998,
with 25%, and 2008, with 30%. The statistics for the other
category were approximately 5% lower during the same years.

Regarding England, buyers expended only 10% on food in 1998

and 15% in 2008. Meanwhile, the figure for other goods
experienced a surge from about 8% in the year 1998 to 35% in
2008.

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3. The table below gives information about past and projected

population figures in various countries for different years.

The table shows population figures for four countries from

1990 to 2000 and projected growth for 2020 and 2050.

The country with the lowest population and the lowest

projected growth rate is New Zealand with 3.4m in 1990 rising
to 3.8m in 2000 and expected to increase to 4.7m in 2050. The
United States has a similar growth rate but a much larger
population, starting at 249.9m in 1990, reaching 275.1m in
2000 and anticipated to increase by almost 100m over the 60-
year period.

Canada's population rose from 26.6m to 31.0m between 1990

and 2000 and is expected to have increased by 50% from where
it was in 1990 by 2050. The highest growth rate occurs in
Australia where the population grew by 2.1m to reach 19.2m
in 2000 and is predicted to reach 26.0m by 2050.

Overall, the countries represented had, and are forecast to

have, fairly stable rates of growth over the time period
although their total populations differ markedly.

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4. The diagram illustrates the overview of the recycling process of used

bottles.

The diagram illustrates numerous stages in the recycling of waste glass

bottles.

In general, there are three key stages shown in the diagram, beginning with
the collection of the used glass bottles and ending with the delivery of
products in new bottles to retail outlets, such as supermarkets.

In the first stage, waste bottles are deposited at collection points, where
they are loaded onto trucks for delivery to a glass recycling facility. The
second step initiates with the process of cleaning the bottles with high-
pressure water, and they are then separated into a clear, green and brown
glass. This is then broken into pieces in the glass factory and passed
through a furnace, where they are burned at a temperature of 600 to 800
degrees Celsius.

This recycled glass is further transformed into liquid form, and it is joined
with new liquid glass, ready for moulding into a bottle shape. Ultimately,
the new bottles are used for different products, ready for sale in
supermarkets or shops.

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5. The line graph below gives information about the rates of

unemployment between 1991 and 2005 in three different
countries in Europe. The table shows the percentage of men
and women in the workforce in these three countries.

Employment rates of men and women in three countries in Europe in 1991

Country Men Women

Germany 76.5% 54.4%

Spain 66.2% 32.3%

Italy 77.1% 37.8%

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The graph shows unemployment levels in three countries from

1991 to 2005 while the table gives the proportion of men and
women in these countries who worked in 1991.

It is readily apparent that in 1991, Spain had the highest

unemployment rate at 13% increasing markedly to 18% (1993-
1995), then falling steadily to 9% in 2005. In contrast,
unemployment was low in Germany, starting at 4% but
climbing gradually to 9% in 1997, dipping to 6% in 2001 and
increasing to a high of 11% in 2005. Italy’s unemployment rate
fluctuated less than the others, starting and finishing at 8%
over this period and reaching a maximum of 12% from 1997 to
1999.

Initially, just over half the female population in Germany

(54.4%) was working compared with more than three-quarters
of the men. However, in Spain, about a third of the women
were working, and a third of the men were not. Italy’s
employment rate among men in that year was similar to
Germany’s, but not as many female workers were employed
(37.8%).

Overall, in Germany, the rate of unemployment rose while

there was a downward trend in the other two countries.

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6. The pie charts show figures for the use of public libraries in 1990 and
2000 in Britain.

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The pie charts provide information about the purposes of

people who visited public libraries in Britain in two years.

Overall, it is evident that the most common use of people going

to the libraries was to borrow or return books, and there was a
new library’s function in 2000.

In 1991, there were 290 million visits to public libraries. In

particular, the percentage of people visiting the public library
to borrow and return books was 65%, followed by that of those
who read the newspaper or magazine with 15%. Also, 10% was
the proportion of people obtained information and studied in
libraries.

In 2000, although the number of library visits increased by 60

million, Britain experienced a considerable decline in the
percentage of visits to borrow and return books. In addition,
the proportion of people going to the library to obtain
information doubled to 20% while those of studying and
reading newspaper and magazine fell sharply to 2% and 5%
respectively. Lastly, the new use of the library (borrow and
return videos) constituted 18% of total visits.

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7. The Two Pie Charts Below Show Some Employment Patterns in

Great Britain in 1992.

The pie charts outline employment scenario of British males and females in
six job sectors in 1992.

Overall, It is evident that manual jobs were predominantly done by males

whereas a higher percentage of females did clerical jobs. Moreover,
managerial and craft related jobs were engaged by a higher proportion of
both genders.

As the illustration indicates, more percentages of British males worked in

manual sectors, except in craft-related industries, compared to their female
counterparts. For instance, 2% general labourers in Great Britain were men
while the female labourers’ ratio was half of that. Moreover, 24% males
worked in numerous other manual jobs while this was only 3% for females.
Nevertheless, 27% females in craft-related industries marginally exceeded the
ratio of males in the same sector.

Looking further into the data, non-manual professions included managerial &
professional, clerical and other non-manual jobs. Interestingly, employment
rates of females in clerical was five times higher than that of males. This is the
job category that many females (31%) were engaged in. Besides, over one-
third males were in managerial and professional jobs while almost 30%
females were in these positions as well.

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8. The Graphs Below Show the Global Robotics Market During 2000 and
2025 Based on Sectors.

Size of the global robotics market 2000-2025 (billions of dollars)

Size of global robotics market by sector 2000-2025 (billions of

dollars)

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The diagrams give data on the global market of robotics in

billion dollars from 2000 and give predictions until the year
2025.

Overall, the market for robotics will significantly progress in the

coming years and its industrial use will be predominant.

According to the bar chart, worldwide robotics business in 2000

was less than 10 billion dollars and in the next decade, it almost
trebled. The outreach of robotics in the global market is
predicted to go higher than 40 billion in 2020. Finally, in 2025,
this is estimated to jump to approximately 70 billion dollars.

As the table data suggests, personal use of robotics was

ignorable in 2000 but it reached to 4 billion dollars in 2015. It is
forecasted that personal use of robotics technology will go as
high as 9 billion dollars in 2025. Commercial use is also
expected to rise and expand to 16 billion dollars in 2025 at
which point industrial use of robotics would be the highest, 26
billion dollars to be exact. Finally, military use of this
technology was 2 billion dollars in 2000 and it is projected to
be 15 billion in 2025.

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9. The Diagrams Below Show the Stages and Equipment Used in

The Cement-Making Process

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The diagrams show the process of cement production

and then how this cement is used for concrete
production.

As is observed from the graph, cement production

involves some complex processes and concrete
production is done using the water, cement and sand in
a concrete mixer.

The first diagram depicts that, to produce cement first

the limestone and clay are crushed and the produced
powder from this is passed through a mixer. The power
is then passed via a rotating heater where heat is
supplied constantly and this process creates the raw
cement materials which are passed on a grinder
machine to finally produce the cement. The cement is
then packed and marketed for sale.

The second diagram presents how the concrete is

produced for housing and building work. In the first
stage, 15% cement, 10% water, 25% sand and 50% small
stones are mixed in a concrete mixer machine and the
machine rotates fast to have the ingredients mixed
together to create the concrete.

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10. The Graph Below Gives Information About Changes in the

Birth and Death Rates in New Zealand.

The graph shows changes in the birth and death rates in New Zealand
since 1901, and forecasts trends tip until 2101.

Between 1901 and the present day, the birth rate has been consistently
higher than the death rate. It stood at 20,000 at the start of this period
and increased to a peak of 66,000 in 1961. Since then, the rate has
fluctuated between 65 and 50 thousand and it is expected to decline
slowly to around 45,000 births by the end of the century.

In contrast, the death rate started below 10,000 and has increased
steadily until the present time. This increase is expected to be more
rapid between 2021 and 2051 when the rate will probably level off at
around 60,000, before dropping slightly in 2101.

Overall, these opposing trends mean that the death rate will probably
overtake the birth rate in around 2041 and the large gap between the
two levels will be reversed in the later part of this century.

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11. The Average Prices per Kilometer of Clothing Imported Into the
European Union from Six Different Countries.

The column graph compares the import prices of per kilometre clothing by the
European Union from six different countries in 1993 with that of 2003.

Overall, the EU paid the highest amount to Argentina for garments import and
lowest to Bangladesh in both years.

As is seen, the European Union paid around 28 pounds for per kilometre
clothes from Argentina in 1993 and this rate was highest. After ten years, it
reduced to just over 25 pounds but still, Argentina received the premier price
for clothing export to the EU. The second most value paid by the EU for cloth
importing from Brazil and both in 1993 and 2003 they were paid roughly 23
pounds for the one-kilometre dress. Japan received exactly 15 pounds for that
in 1993 but this rate dropped to roughly 13 pounds after 10 years.

Scrutinizing further, China was paid 10 pounds for each kilo costume the EU
exported in 1993 and the price hiked to about 17 pounds in just ten years. The
EU purchased Indian garments items for approximately 7 pounds a kilo in
1993 and the price doubled in a decade. The least amount for per kilo clothing
was paid to Bangladesh by the EU in both of the years but the price went high
in 2003 and was 6 pounds compared to half of that in a decade earlier.

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12. The Diagram Below Shows how Salt Is Removed from Seawater
to Make It Drinkable.

The pictorial chart gives information about the process of producing clean
water from saltwater so that it can be used for drinking.

Overall, seawater has to follow four main steps to be drinkable, beginning

with the pretreatment filter stage and ending with the storage stage.

At first, water that is taken from the sea must go through the pretreatment
step before filtration. Under high pressure, the treated water then is forced
through the membrane. The membrane only allows water molecules to
pass, thus impurities and salt are eliminated. The waste of the first two
steps, filter backwash, and seawater concentrate, are all given back to the
sea while the main product is continued in further steps.

Subsequently, the filtered water is post-treated with lime, chlorine, and

fluoride in the third processing stage. The product of this final main step is
drinkable water. Before being transferred into an integrated water supply
system, clean water is stored at storage conditions.

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13. The chart below shows the total number of minutes (in millions) of
telephone calls in Finland, divided into three categories, from 1995 – 2004.

The given bar graph shows data on the three types of calls made by Finnish
citizens from 1995 to 2004.

Initially, in 1995, Finnish people made 12000 million minutes of local

landline calls while the national & international calling time was half of
that. Very few mobile calls were made in this year. But over time the
mobile calling time increased steadily and reached to about 8000 million
minutes in 2003.

The local calling was the most popular way of calling throughout the period
but after 2001, this way of calling kept decreasing with the popularity of
mobile phones and national & international calling. Mobile phone calling
increased more compared to the other two ways of calling and the trends
shows that over time the local landline usages declined while the other two
ways of calling increased.

Overall, local landline calling in Finland is higher than mobile and national
& international calling throughout the given period and total mobile phone
calling time had increased more quickly than other two ways of calling.

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14. The chart and graph below give information about sales and share
prices for Coca-Cola.

The pie chart and the line graph in combination depict Coca-Cola's sales in
different markets and its share price over 4 years, commencing from 1996.

Overall, North America, Latin America and Europe were Coca-Cola's biggest
markets in 2000 and this firm’s share price fluctuated wildly from 1996 to
2001.

As can be seen from the chart, North Americans consumed the highest
units of Coca-Cola’s products as this region generated 30.4% of total sales.
Following this, Latin America was reported to be the second largest market
with 25.7% sales. On the other hand, Europeans contributed greatly to
Coca-Cola’s profits by consuming 20.5% units. Asia, as well as Africa &
Middles East, were not successful markets for Coca-Cola due to its low
percentages of sales volume in each region (16.4% and 7% respectively).

Regarding the company's share price, it was approximately $38 per share
in 1996, the lowest between 1996 and 2001. Next 2 years this brand's
trading price at the share market witnessed a significant increase
specifically at the end of each year ($70 and $80 respectively) despite a
minimal drop to nearly $52 at the beginning of 1998. A remarkable slip
back could be seen in the next two years, especially the lowest point of $48
in the middle of 2000. However, this trend changed and climbed back to
$60 at the end of 2000 and reached nearly $55 a share in 2001.

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15. The graph below gives information about the number of Catholics
residing in different nations, during 2010-2013.

The bar chart enumerates the number of Catholic residents in six different
countries between 2010 and 2013.

A glance at the graph reveals that the Philippines had the highest number of
Catholics during 2010 and 2013.

It can be clearly observed that approximately 76 million Catholics stayed in

the Philippines in 2010 and this number reduced after three years to nearly
72 million. It is worth noticing that the number of Catholics in the Philippines
were significantly higher than any other country. In fact, Catholics in China,
India, Vietnam, Korea and Japan cumulatively made a figure which was less
than half of the total Catholics in the Philippines in both years.

Looking further, 9 million Chinese nationals were Catholics while this number
was 1.5 million higher in India in 2010. The number of Catholic residents in
China and India improved substantially, by 6 and 9 million unlike Vietnam,
Korea and the Philippines, where their number actually descended. Vietnam
and Korea each had around 5 million Catholic residents in 2013. While their
number of Vietnam dipped marginally, it was a dramatic dip in Korea. The
least number of Catholic resided in Japan, roughly 0.4 to 0.6 million.

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16. The pie chart below shows the results of a survey of the causes of poor
learning outcomes in schools in a particular country in 2011.

The pie chart illustrates why students in a country had substandard results
in the year 2011.

Overall, there were five main reasons, and unskilled teachers were to take
the most blame.

It is readily apparent from the diagram that 35% of students did not have
good learning outcomes because of some teachers' lack of experience. On
the other hand, family issues accounted for the second-highest percentage
of poor learning in school, which was slightly over a quarter. Additionally,
precisely one-fifth of students poor learning had been due to working
parents.

The figure regarding inadequate facilities stood at 10%, which was slightly
higher than that when it came to students' revision problems. It is worth
noticing that there was a difference of 27% between the most common
cause - unskilled teachers, and the least - lack of revision. Besides, the
former was more than four times when compared with the latter. Finally,
the two main reasons made up more than 60% of poor learning problems
while the least popular two reasons only represented lower than 20%.

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17. The pie charts below show the percentage of housing owned and rented
in the UK in 1991 and 2007.

The pie charts illustrate homeownership and renting in England in 1991

and 2007 in terms of percentage.

In 1991, homeowners were the most popular type of housing, which was
approximately 60%. The next largest sector was social rented homes,
which accounted for one-fourth of homes. The remaining homes were
private renting and social housing, which consisted roughly 10% and 5%,
respectively.

In 2007, the number of the homeowner had risen to almost three-

quarters of all homes; however, the percentage of social rented homes
showed a downward trend, which decreased from 23% to 17%. The
proportion of private renting homes had remained unchanged. At the
same time, there were 5 million more homes in 2007 compared to 1991.
The number of social housing has dropped three-fold in 2007. And it
remains the least popular type of housing.

Overall, it can be seen that homeowner is one of the most popular types
of housing, while social housing is the least popular type of housing
throughout the given years.

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18. The graph below shows the number of hours per day on
average that children spent watching television between 1950
and 2010.

The line graph illustrates the hours per day between the years 1950 and
2010 spent by children watching television.

Overall, it is evident that the number of hours spent by children

watching television kept on increasing over the years, but a steady
decline was witnessed in the last two years.

It is readily apparent from the linear chart that in the year 1950, children
spent 0.5 hours in the day watching television. With time, it kept on
increasing gradually with 0.7 and 1.8 hours spent in the day in the years
of 1960 and 1970 respectively. Noticeably, the amount of time spent by
children on television peaked in the year 1980 at around 4 hours per
day.

Between the years 1980 and 1990, there was a fluctuation in the hours
spent watching TV but hit the apex of around 4.1 hours between the
years of 1990 and 2000. From the year 2000, children’s television
viewing slowly declined, recording 3.6 hours per day in the year 2010.

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19. The graph compares the percentage of international and the

percentage of UK students gaining second class degrees or better at a
major UK University in 2009.

The bar chart presents a comparison between the percentages of UK and

international students who achieved second class or higher degree from a UK
university in 2009.

Overall, it is quite evident that more international students gained degrees from
engineering and technology majors than local British students.

It is readily apparent from the column chart that native UK students predominated
the international students as around 80% UK students got their degrees from
sociology, art history and literature while the percentages of international students
who achieved honours from the same subjects ranged from 65-70%. More foreign
students dominated in majors related to engineering and information technology
and approximately 10% more passed from these two majors than the local students
who got their degrees from these faculties in the same year.

Interestingly, almost an equal proportion of local and international students got

their degree from nursing (roughly 78%) and accountancy (exactly 60%). At last,
merely 50% international students gained their degrees in international laws in this
university against around 70% local students which represent the largest gap
between the ratio of local and international degree holding students in this
university.

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20. The graph shows the percentage of male and female academic staff
members across the faculties of a major university in 2016.

The distribution of staff across seven faculties divided by gender at a major

university in 2016 is depicted in the bar graph.

In general, a clear male dominance is visible in the staffing pattern of the

university except in case of arts and education.

It is readily apparent from the column chart that in case of male dominated
faculties, engineering was first, with an exceptional participation of 85% by
contrast to 18% female participation. Both business and science were in
the second place, where 62% of male staff was employed. However, the
female staff proportion for the same was about 36%. Not far behind stood
law, with 60% boys in comparison to 40% girls.

Turning to the female dominated faculties, education was at top. While

72% of women employees worked there, the rate of male staff was just a
quarter. In case of arts, the proportion was 58 and 42 respectively. The
least difference was witnessed in medicine, which had exactly 50% of
female staff, which was just a per cent more than the males.

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21. The chart below shows the number of men and women in further
education in Britain in three periods and whether they were studying full-
time or part-time.

The given bar graphs show data on the British people’s full-time and part-time
further education from 1970 to 1991. As is presented in the graphs, more men and
women were studying full-time than part-time for the given period.

Initially, in 1970 and 1971, about 1000 thousand males were in full-time further
education and this number decreased to average 850 thousand for 1980 and 1990.
On the contrary, this number for part-time students increased over the time though
the number was many times lower than the number of people in full-time education.
Noticeably, in 1970, almost 100 thousand people were in part-time education and
in next 20 years, this number increased to 200 thousand.

In contrast, the total number of females who were engaged in full-time education
was 700 thousand and this number increased over time and reached to 11000
thousand in 1990/91 which was even higher than the number of males who were in
full-time further education in this year. The female part-time students’ number also
inclined over time and reached to over 200 thousand in 1990 from the initial number
of 20 thousand in 1970.

In general, females made progress over their male counterparts in terms of their
involvement in full-time and part-time education in Britain for the given period.

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22. The diagrams below show changes that have taken place in the Sawry
District neighborhood since 1920.

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The speculated maps illustrate the remarkable changes of the

Sawrey district over ten decades from the year 1920.

Overall, the district had undergone gentrification of changes by

constructing a new bridge across the river and establishing
more apartments.

The principal change that stands out was the cannery which is
located in the west of the town, which got entirely removed by
the Yang office complex now. Additionally, the trees on the
south side of the river were cut down for the relocation of the
Prestwich primary school, which initially was located in the
southwest corner of the town. After the relocation of the
school, the area made a new Lonoco petrol station.

The new bridge and bike path were built across the river, and
new apartments and residential houses were constructed in
the north of the new school. Millers lake was near to the new
petrol station, and the river on the north side of the town
remained untouched.

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23. The flowchart below shows the process involved in completing the work
experience requirement for university students.

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The given flowchart presents the steps required to complete the

requirements for work experience of the university students.

Overall, there are six steps involved in fulfilling the requirements starting
from the Application submission till submitting the final report and after a
student successfully complete these steps, he/she would be awarded the
necessary credits.

As is presented in the flowchart, the first step of the process is called

‘Application’ that requires a student to choose a suitable and potential
workspace and to arrange the interview to submit the application in the
fields s/he is interested in. The next step involves the approval stage where
a student needs to be accepted and then he/she needs to submit the
acceptance letter to a professor for approval. After that, the student is
required to make a schedule to work for more than 10 hours per week for
more than 20 weeks. In the fourth stage, the candidate has to fulfil the
weekly work report and submit to the corresponding professor each
Friday.

In the Evaluation step, the candidate will participate in the evaluation

meeting in the final week of his/ her work with the work supervisor and
the supervisor would submit the evaluation form. In the final step, known
as ‘Final Report’, the candidate has to submit the final report before the
last week of spring semester. And with the submission of final report, the
work experience requirements are fulfilled according to the process
described in the flowchart.

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24. The chart below shows the average daily minimum and maximum levels
of two air pollutants in four big cities in 2000.

The column chart compares the lowest and highest levels of Sulphur Dioxide (SO2)
and Dinitrous Oxide (NO2), two air pollutants, in four cities, namely Los Angeles,
Calcutta, Beijing and Mexico in 2000.

Overall, the average presence of these two air polluting compounds was much
higher in Mexico than the other three cities. The higher presence of Sulphur Dioxide
and Dinitrous Oxide in Mexico reveal that air pollution in this city is worse than the
three other cities.

As is presented in the graph, the level of Sulphur Dioxide in the air of Los Angeles
ranges from 1 to 10 which is remarkably lower than that of other cities. The presence
of this air pollutant varies from 80 to 200 in Mexico which is the highest. The
minimum level of SO2 is 47 in Calcutta and 25 in Beijing but the maximum range
goes as high as 130 in Beijing which is more than double than that of Calcutta city.

In contrast, the presence of the second air polluting material - Dinitrous oxide, on
an average, could be found more in the Mexico City’s air than any other city provided
in the illustration. The minimum level of N2O in Mexico was 113 which was almost
ten times higher than that of Beijing and approximately four times higher than that
of Calcutta and Los Angeles. The upper level of N2O in Los Angeles was higher than
the presence of N2O in Calcutta and Beijing.

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25. The charts below show the percentage of their food

budget the average family spent on restaurant meals in
different years.

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The illustration demonstrates how people’s tendency to have outside

meals augmented between 1970 and 2000 and the ratio of food budget
they spent on homemade food and restaurant meals.

Overall, it is quite evident that people ate a higher number of outside

meals over the time and their spending on that increased noticeably.

As can be seen, people spent one-tenth of their food budget to dine

outside in 1970 and had around 40 meals outside the home of which 20
meals were taken from fast food shops. Next decade, their expenditure
ratio on homemade food declined and they expended 5% more for
enjoying meals from a restaurant. In 1980, they consumed
approximately 60 meals at a bistro of which roughly 35 were fast food
meals.

Over the time, their spending on restaurant meals soared and in 2000,
they had around 90 fast food meals and 50 sit-down restaurant meals.
It is worth noticing that this tendency swelled their food budget for
cafeteria meals as they disbursed half of their food funds to enjoy
outside meals.

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26. The maps below show university sports courts

in 1990 and now.

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The map describes how a university sports courts area has

changed from 1990 to the present day.

Looking from an overall perspective, the number of total courts

for tennis and basketball has increased at the expense of
parking and a park, while a formal building with a gym now
houses various exercise facilities. These changes allow for more
varied activity.

It is readily apparent that in 1990, on the north-west side, there

was a park with trees and grass as well as a car park. Today, the
park has been replaced by a large basketball court and the car
park by 4 tennis courts.

On the right side, a structure to contain the various athletic

facilities has been constructed with only the indoor pool and
reception area in the same position in the new building. The
changing room opposite to the reception area and pool has
been enlarged and moved slightly to the right so as to line up
directly in front of a new, large fitness center. The fitness center
has replaced two tennis courts, now outside the main building.

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27. The table below shows the number of visitors in the UK

and their average spending from 2003 to 2008.

The bar chart gives information on the number of Americans who

experience a heart attack in a year based on their gender and age
groups.

Overall, males have a significantly higher rate of myocardial infarction,

a medical term used for heart attack, than that of females and older
Americans are more prone to have heart attacks than young ones.

As is presented in the diagram, more than 120 thousand American males

between 29 and 44 years get a heart attack while it is scarcely the case
among the women of the same age group. The heart attach rate
considerably goes higher with the increase of the age and for the
Americans over 65 years, this rate is the highest.

While over 420 thousand males suffer from this in a year who are
middle-aged, it is noticeably lower for women from the same age group.
However, Americans over 65 years old suffer from a heart attack the
most regardless of their gender and 440 thousand males have had it in
a year against the 374 thousand women.

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28. The diagram below shows how electricity is generated in a

hydroelectric power station.

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The diagram outlines the process of electricity

production in a hydroelectric power station.

In general, the process is broadly distributed into day

and night stages with the daylight stages involving
electricity production from a river and storage of water
in a reservoir. At night, the water flows back in the
opposite direction towards an initial reservoir and the
river.

The day stage of the process involves channeling the

river water into a high-level reservoir backed up by a
dam. There is an intake area leading to the power
station that opens during the day and closes at night.
Water flows during the day to generate electricity
through the power station turbines. The generated
electricity is then sent to a national grid through power
lines while the excess water runs to a low-level
reservoir.

During the night stage, the water stored in the low-level

reservoir is reverted to the power station and the
turbines of the generator pump it back into the high-
level reservoir which is closed during the night. The river
water is stored at the upper level and later it flows
down, starting the cycle again.

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29. The charts below show the main reasons for study among students of
different age groups and the amount of support they received from
employers.

Reasons for study according to age of students [data in

percentage]

Employer support, by age group (Time off and help with

fees) [data in percentage]

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The diagrams outline why students from different age groups

study and the support they received from their employers.
Overall, having a good career is the main reason for young to
study while it is personal interest for grown-ups. Moreover, young
employees got more support from their employers regarding their
education.
According to the first bar graph, people who are under 40 years
old mostly study for the career while people over 49 years mainly
study for their interest. Interestingly for the age group 40 to 49,
the number of people who study for career and the number of
people who study for interest is the same. 80% students under 26
years continue their education to build a career. Seven out of ten
students over 49 years old do so for their interest, rather than
their career.
The second bar graph shows that more than 60% students under
26 years old got support from their employers for their education
and this supports included the time off and monetary support.
This percentage of support reduced with the increase of age of the
learners, and at 30-39 age group, 32% got the support from the
employers. After that, the employers’ support for their
employees’ education increased and reached to 45% for the over
49 year’s age group.

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30. The following diagram shows how greenhouse gases trap

energy from the Sun.

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The given diagram explains how sun emitted energy gets

trapped in our atmosphere due to the greenhouse effect.

Overall, it is evident that logging of trees and fossil fuel driven

vehicles worsen the greenhouse effect.

It is readily apparent from the picture that the sunlight which

reaches the earth surface creates heats and a large portion of
this heat was supposed to radiate back to Space without any
hindrance. However, this is not the case and a great proportion
of heat energy remains on earth due to different greenhouse
gases. Though some sunlight is reflected off our atmosphere
for the presence of the white cloud in the sky, a large portion
of the heat created by sunlight rays do not leave the surface.

Tree logging is a reason for enhanced greenhouse effect as less

tree means less absorption of CO2, which is the main gas of
greenhouse problem. Another aspect that enhances the
average surface temperature by contributing to greenhouse
phenomenon is the fossil fuel. This fuel is used to run different
water and Highland vehicles and is responsible for the
increasing emission of carbon dioxide gas. It is evident that to
reduce the average temperature which is basically generated
by the greenhouse effect, we need more trees and less use of
fossil fuels to drive our cars and ships.

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31. The diagram below shows the life cycle of a salmon, from
egg to adult fish.

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The diagram depicts the life cycle of salmon fish dividing

it into different stages, from its egg stage till adulthood.

Overall, a salmon fish goes through six main phases to

fully grow from their hatching period and they spend
their lives in three distinct locations – river, estuary and
ocean.

Adult salmon fishes lay eggs in rivers and incubate their

eggs there. Thus, the life cycle of a salmon fish springs
from the incubation stage in a river. After emerging
from eggs, the infant salmon spend their next stage in
freshwater and this phase is called emergence. Then
they stay in freshwater to grow further.

After a few days, these fishes swim to river estuaries

where their rearing continues. At this stage, their size
becomes a bit larger. Afterwards, the maturing fishes
migrate to the ocean and become adults. Finally,
grownup salmons move to the river for spawning and
lay eggs. Thus, the life cycle of the next generation starts
over.

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32. The pie charts below give data on the spending and consumption of
resources by countries of the world and how the population is
distributed.

The given pie charts show data on world population, the spending of
people in basic needs and their share of resource consumption.

Overall, people of the world spent most of their amount for their foods and
more than half of the population lives in Asia whereas more than half of
the resources are consumed by the USA and European people.

According to the first pie chart, people of the world on an average spent
24% on foods. In clothing, they spent 6% while this percentage is double
for housing and triple for the transport. The remaining 40% is the
combination of other categories for spending.

Analyzing further, it is apparent from the second pie chart that more than
half of the world populations live in Asia continent while Europe & America
have both only 14% of the total population. One-tenth of the world
population lives in Africa and rest of the 5% people live in other places of
the world.

At last, the third pie chart shows that the 60% of world resources are
consumed by the population of USA and Europe though their percentage
is only 28% in total. The remaining 40% resources are shared among the
rest of the 72% world population of other regions of the world.

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33. The graph below shows how elderly people in the United States spent their
free time between 1980 and 2010.

The line graph illustrates the comparison of the proportion of various leisure
activities carried out by older adults in the USA from 1980 to 2010. The units
are expressed in percentage.

Overall, it is clearly evident that senior citizens had spent the majority of their
free time watching Television and visiting Theatre, but both witnessed a
decline at the end of the time frame. Conversely, surfing the internet and
Hiking was the relatively least performed tasks. However, they got
significantly increased at the end of the third decade.

Firstly, In 1980, watching TV shared the highest proportion at around 60%,

then this got gradually raised up to 70% by 2000. However, within a decade,
it dipped into just over 60%. Likewise, entertainment in movie centres, which
accounted for nearly half of the proportion in 1980, and figured a downward
trend on 1990, soared to more than 40% by 2010.

Nevertheless, Hiking and reading had the proportion of 20% and 30% in 1980,
and both increased up to 40% within the next ten years. Anyway, Hiking
figured a steady leap and reading got wide fluctuation and at last former
reached 30%, and later got doubled when compared to its initial level. Finally,
surfing the internet category got rocketed from 5% to 50% within three
decades.

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34. The charts below show the percentage of the energy generate from different
resources in a country in 1985 and 2003.

The pie charts compare different energy supplies in the USA in

two decades 1980s and 1990s.

Overall, oil was the main source of energy production in the USA,
and nuclear power was the fastest-growing energy in this country
during the given period.

According to the diagrams, oil had been the most important

source of energy throughout the period, although the proportion
of this energy declined from 42% to 33%. Around one-quarter of
energy in the USA came from natural gas in both decades, with
merely a slight drop of 1%. The usage of hydroelectric power
remained the same (5%) over the two decades.

Scrutinizing further, coal as a source produced 22% of the energy

in the 1980s and this figure increased by 5% in the following ten
years. At the same time, nuclear power experienced a quick
development, supplying 10% of the energy in the 1990s, twice
the percentage from this source in the early decade.

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35. The charts below show the number of Japanese tourists

travelling abroad between 1985 and 1995 and Australia’s share
of the Japanese tourist market.

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The bar chart outlines how many Japanese travelled overseas

between 1985 and 1995 while the line graph delineates the
percentages of these tourists who visited Australia in particular
between 1985 and 1994.

Overall, the number of Japanese who made overseas travels

soared and this is also true for the Australia visiting travelers
from Japan.

It is readily apparent from the illustration that around 5 million

Japanese citizens travelled different countries in 1985 which
kept on increasing each year except in 1991. From
approximately 7 million tourists in 1987, it went as high as 12
million in just 6 years. Finally, in 1995, around 15 million
Japanese toured foreign countries which was three times
higher than that of a decade earlier.

The line graph depicts that 2% Japanese tourists reached

Australia in 1985 and with a steady increase this figure went as
high as roughly 5% in 1988. The next year the ratio slightly
dipped but went higher each year in the subsequent years.
Australia received more than 6% Japanese travellers in 1993,
the highest, which stood at exactly 6% in 1994.

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36. The graph shows a comparison in the pulse rate changes between two
different individuals of different ages and professions.

The line graph compares the heart beats of two individuals – Mabel, a 36
years old office worker, and Albert, a 26 years old former college athlete,
during their four-minute exercise period.

Overall, office worker’s heart beat rate was lower before starting the
exercise but in third and final minutes, his pulse rate was recorded higher.

It is readily apparent from the linear chart that Mabel, who works in an
office, has a pulse rate of roughly 62-65 per minute. Albert, on the contrary,
is a former college athlete who has a pulse rate of 80 per minute. Their
pulse rates changed during the workout and after one minute both of their
health beats became approximately 80.

Further, when two minutes elapsed, Mabel’s pulse rate dramatically

increased to around 150 while it was 120 for Albert. After three minutes of
exercise, office worker Mabel’s heart beating was recorded roughly 110
while the former athlete’s pulse rate was precisely 100. After 4 minutes,
both of their pulse rate dipped and it was 60 for Albert while 80 for Mabel.

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37. The chart below shows the changes that took place in three different areas
of crime in Panama City from 2010 to 2019.

The line graphs illustrate the variation of three types of crimes in

Newport city center over a 10-year period.

In general, almost every crime rate fluctuated over the given period of
time except burglary which showed an overall downward trend.

Initially, in 2003, there were more cases of burglary (approximately

3400) than car theft (roughly 2800) and robbery (just above 500). Over
the time frame, there were always more incidents of car theft than
robbery whereas the number of incidents of burglary was higher than
that of car theft from 2003 to 2006 and there was equal in the number
of cases of burglary and car theft in the middle of the year 2006. From
2007 onwards, there were more cases of car theft than burglary, which
is followed by robbery.

There was a sharp dip in the number of incidents of car theft in 2006
(around 2100) before it continued to rise until the year of 2012. The
number of occurrences of burglary and robbery reached their lowest
points in 2008, with figures just above 1000 and 500 respectively.

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38. The Table Below Shows the Numbers of Visitors to Ashdown Museum
during the year before and after it was refurbished. The charts show the
result of surveys asking visitors how satisfied they were with their visit,
during the same two periods.

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The tables compare the number of visitors who visited the

Ashdown museum before and after the restoration. Whereas
the pie charts display the information of survey done on
visitors during the same two years.

Overall, the number of visitors and ratio of very satisfied

visitors has been drastically increased post refurbishment of
museum.

Initially, 74000 visitors have seen the museum when it was in

its original state and post refurbishment the number increased
by 18,000 to 92000.

As per pie chart data before the restoration, more than two-
third of visitors were dissatisfied and very dissatisfied which
accounts for 40 and 30 per cent respectively. On contrary to
this, only one-fourth of visitors were satisfied and very satisfied
which constitutes around 10 and 15% whereas the people who
have not participated in the survey were standing at 5%.

After refurbishment of the museum, there was an increase in

the ratio of visitors who were satisfied and very satisfied and
accounted for 35% and 40% respectively. The number of
visitors who were dissatisfied reduced to 15% and only 5%
people were very dissatisfied which was equal to the number
of visitors who have not participated.

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39. The diagram below gives information about the recycling

of glass and plastic containers.

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The picture illustrates the process of recycling plastic

bottles and re-using plastic somewhere else to make
goods.

Overall, this process has a total of nine different steps

starting from the garbage box and ending up making
goods from that after undergoing proper recycling
procedure.

Starting from the first step, people used to throw plastic

bottles in the dustbin, and the bottles are collected by
the garbage van and bottles transported in a van and
end up in recycling centres. Subsequently, one person
sorts the plastic bottles and throws them in the box,
which is defined as used or not used. The bottles in the
used box are compressed into the blocks and, after that,
crushed and washed in a box.

Moreover, the crushed plastic then goes into the

machine, and that equipment produces plastic pellets.
In the next step, pellets are heated so that they can turn
into the form of raw materials, and in the last two steps,
raw materials convert into products like pencils, bags, t-
shirts and many more.

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40. The line graph below shows the number of annual

visits to Australia by overseas residents. The table below
gives information on the country of origin where the
visitors came from.

Number of Visitors (million)

1975 2005

SOUTH KOREA 2.9 9.1

JAPAN 3.2 12.0

CHINA 0.3 0.8

USA 0.4 1.1

BRITAIN 0.9 2.9

EUROPE 1.1 4.5

Total 8.8 30.4

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The provided graphs and the table show data on the

number of overseas travelers visited Australia from the
year 1975 till 2005 and their origin where they came
from.

As is observed in the line graph, in 1975 8.8 million of

foreign travelers visited Australia and this number
increased steadily each year. In 2005, this visitor’s
number reached to 30.4 million which was almost
double than the visitors’ number in 1985.

The highest number of tourists came from Japan. In

1975, more than 3 million tourists came from Japan
which is more than the total tourists from Europe,
Britain, China and USA. This number reached to 12
million in 2005 which contributed one-third of the total
vacationers of this year. The second largest travelers
came to Australia from South Korea both in 1975 and in
2005. The Chinese tourists are the lowest in number
among the 6 regions.

In general, the number of total tourists who came to

visit Australia increased steadily and the highest
number of tourists came from Asia, specifically from
Japan and South Korea.

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41. The chart shows the number of mobile phones

and landlines per 100 people in selected countries.

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The given illustration gives data on the number of mobiles and

land phone users in six different countries namely: Canada, US,
Germany, Denmark, UK, Sweden and Italy.

Overall, most of the countries included in the graph have more

mobile phones subscribers than landlines.

Most European countries have high mobile phone use. The

biggest users of mobile phones are the Italians, with 88 cell
phones per 100 people. For example, Italy has twice as many
mobile phones as landlines, with 88 mobiles per hundred
people compared to 45 for landlines. Mobile phone use is low
in Canada, with fewer than 40 phones per 100 people. Denmark
is also unusual because it has slightly more landlines than
mobile phones.

However, in some countries, the number of landlines is higher

than the number of mobile phones. One example is the USA,
where the number of mobiles, at 50 per 100 people, is much
lower than the number of landlines, at almost 70 per hundred.
A similar pattern can be seen in Canada. The highest number of
landlines in the graph is in Denmark, with about 90 per 100
people. In contrast, the lowest figures for fixed lines are in Italy
and the UK.

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42. The cart shows information about the percentage of men

and women aged 60-64 who were employed in four countries
in 1970 and 2000.

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The given bar graphs depict the information about the

number of old age males and females who got jobs
during the year 1970 and 2000 in four different nations
namely Belgium, USA, Japan and Indonesia. The data is
calibrated in percentage.

Looking from an overall perspective, it is readily

apparent that more men were engaged in the jobs than
women during the given years, and with passing years
the number has decreased to some extent.

In 1970, the USA had the highest employment rate with

86% males and 78% females doing jobs. Indonesia came
the second highest with 84% and 65% employed men
and women respectively. 79% of males were working,
and 63% of females were doing jobs in Belgium. Japan
had the lowest employee rate, 76% males and just 56%
females were working.

Moving further, in 2000, males worked in 78%, 74% and

63% whereas females were 45%, 50% and 47% in USA,
Indonesia and Japan respectively. Belgium recorded the
lowest percentage were more than half males and just
8% females working in jobs.

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43. The table below shows the proportion of different

categories of families living in poverty in Australia in
1999.

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The table lists the number and proportion of poverty-

stricken families from various types of Australian
households in 1999.

In general, more than 1.83 million Australian

households were impoverished and elder Australians
were more economically affluent than other family
types.

Looking at the detail, 'sole parents', 'singles with no

children' and 'couples with children' were listed as the
high majority of poor family types. They accounted for
21%, 19%, and 12% poor family types respectively in
their category in 1999. Almost one million couples with
children were poverty-stricken family types, the
highest, and single Australian had a similar condition in
this year.

Scrutinizing further, 'aged couple', 'single aged person',

and 'couple with no children' had a low proportion of
poverty accounting for 4%, 6% and 7% poor family types
respectively in their family category. Interestingly,
couples without children were more economically
stable than their counterparts with children.

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44. The chart below shows information about the

challenges people face when they go to live in other
countries.

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The bar chart presents data about difficult issues people

encounter when they try to settle abroad. The given
data classifies those challenges into three main
categories based on people’s age.

Overall, it seems that young people in a foreign country

can learn the local language easily whereas older people
face fewer challenges to find a place to live in and they
can make friends faster.

The first challenge that people face in abroad is ‘making

friends’. 46% of people whose ages range from 18 to 34
find it as the most difficult task. In contrast, only half of
that proportion among the oldest age group considers it
as a difficulty. On the other hand, not many young
people struggle to learn a new language (only 29%)
while more than 50% of people over 55 think that is a
real problem (54%).

Facing with the problem to find a place to live in, about

40% of the younger groups get stuck with it while it is
the least challenging issue for the older people who try
to settle in a foreign country.

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45. The table below shows the sales at a small

restaurant in a downtown business district.

The provided table gives data on the sales of a small

restaurant for the second week of October month.

Overall, the sales volume of dinner is higher than the

lunch sales volume throughout the whole week except
Sunday and people spend more money for lunch and
dinner to the restaurant on Friday.

As is presented in the comparison table, the sale

amount of the restaurant in lunch time is around $ 2300
to $ 2600 from Monday to Friday. The figures in case of
dinner for the same days of the week is between $3400
and $4400. But on Saturday and Sunday, a different
trend is observed when the sales volume drops
compared to other days of the week.

Noticeably, on Sunday, the vending revenue of lunch

decreases to $ 1,550 and dinner to $ 2,450 which are the
least amounts they sale in the week. Interestingly the
dinner sales generated on Sunday night drops to only $
2045 which is almost 2 times less than the amount they
sell on Friday night.

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46. The diagrams show a structure that is used to

generate electricity from wave power.

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The diagrams show the structure and processes of

generating electricity from the wave power.

In general, the wave is used to produce the electricity

and both the tide and ebb the structure is used to rotate
a turbine to produce the electricity.

According to the given pictorial representation, the

electricity producing machine works in two ways.
Firstly, the structure is placed near a sea so that the
wave water gets inside the chamber and creates an air
pressure that would rotate the turbine placed inside a
column. The rotation of the turbine produces electricity
which is stored in the cells and this electricity can be
passed and used. The whole structure is placed near the
sea, adjacent to a cliff or sea wall.

The second illustration depicts how the electricity can

be produced using the ebb tide of the sea. During the
ebb, the water gets off from the chamber and the air
pressure is created again from the opposite direction
and this rotates the turbine. The rotation of the turbine
produces electricity and supplies it to the storage.

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47. The diagram below shows how potato chips are

made.

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The diagram illustrates production and packaging of potato chips in a

factory on a production line.

Overall, the production of potato chips consists of six steps: sifting,

washing, slicing, frying, seasoning and finally packing. Only one stage
involves human intervention: at the beginning when workers select
the right potatoes for the job; the rest of the process is fully
automated.

The process begins with the workers carefully handpicking potatoes

to ensure quality and consistency. Then, these potatoes are tumbled
in a washer filled with cold rinse water to get rid of grit. Then, a pipe
funnels the washed potatoes into the peeler, where they are both
peeled and starched in the process. Later, they are placed in the
bucket conveyer which then feeds the peeled and starched potatoes
one by one to the slicer. The slicer cuts the potatoes into bite-sized
slices, after which, the slices are placed onto a moving flat bed
conveyor and exposed to jets of air in order to dry them off.

Next, these slices are deep fried in a fryer and the fried potato slices
exit the fryer on a flat belt conveyor. Before the chips reach the bag
packer and the bulk can filler, they are seasoned with salt by the
Salter. Finally, the flavored potato chips are either channeled to the
bulk can filler or the bag packer for packaging, according to the sales
order.

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48. The illustrations show how chocolate is produced.

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The process illustrated above details how cocoa beans

are harvested in order to produce liquid chocolate.

Looking from an overall perspective, it is readily

apparent that this combination of a man-made and
natural process involves 3 main stages beginning with
the collection and initial treatment of the beans
followed by transportation and final processing in a
factory.

The cacao tree is grown in South America, Africa and

Indonesia and the pods are ripe for harvest when they
turn red. The pods are then split open and the white
cocoa beans are fermented under leaves before being
left in the sun to dry. Subsequently, they are placed in
large sacks and sent by either train or truck to factories
for further preparations.

In the factory, the beans are roasted at 350 °C prior to

being crushed in a grinder so that the outer shell can be
separated out. The final step involves taking the inner
part of the bean from the last step and pressing it into
liquid chocolate.

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49. The graph shows four areas of accommodation

status in a major European city from 1970 to 2000.

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The graph shows trends in a European city in four

different types of accommodation position over a thirty-
year period.

The most striking trend is the overall decline in the

number of people having bought, or in the process of
buying, their own property, falling by approximately
20,000 from 1970 to 1980, and then by around 15,000
by 1990. There was a slight recovery by 2000. There is
an inverse relationship between this number and those
represented by the category 'other', becoming more
apparent after 1980.

A similar correlation can be observed between the

number of tenants and the number of landlords, with
nearly 50,000 tenants and just over 10,000 fewer
landlords in 1980. From that point to 2000, both
numbers declined, although the number of landlords
fell at a marginally faster rate.

Overall, all categories of accommodation declined over

the period, with the sharpest drop coming from those
buying a property, with only a slight rise in the grouping
referred to as other.

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50. The diagram details the process of

making leather products.

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The diagram details the process by which leather

products are made for retail.

Looking from an overall perspective, it is readily

apparent that there are 3 main steps to this entirely
man-made process beginning with initial transportation
of the raw material to the factory, followed by
preparation and processing of the material, and finally
the production of consumer products.

Firstly, the leather skins from various animals are dried.

Subsequent to this, they are taken to a factory by truck
where they are washed in water and lime. The skins are
then soaked in more lime for a period of time before
being run through a machine with large rollers that
flattens them out.

Following this, the flattened skins are soaked in tannin,

which is composed of water and vegetable matter. They
are then polished by another rolling device and taken to
another factory by trucks. In this factory, the final
products are crafted and available to consumer shops.

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51. The graph shows the information about

international conferences in three capital
cities in 1980 – 2010

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The line graph illustrates the comparison of the

international conferences conducted in three different
capital cities from 1980 through 2010.

Overall, the number of international conferences in City

C witnessed a massive increase until 2000, while the
number of such conferences in cities A and B gradually
dropped.

Initially, in the year 1980, City A organized 35 and City B

hosted 30 International conferences, respectively.
However, there were several differences in hosting the
conferences between cities A and B until 2005. In 2005,
an equal number of conferences, around 27, were
conducted in both cities. Interestingly, by the end of the
year 2010, City B increased its international conferences
to 26 and took over city A which conducted only 24
conferences.

There was no conference held in City C in 1980. Between

1981 and 1990, the number of conferences rose
substantially from 0 to 20 in City C, which kept
increasing till 25 in 1995. Thereafter, city C hosted many
conferences. In contrast, there were hardly any
conferences in cities A and B, which led to some
fluctuations. The figures in city C peaked at 35 in 2000.

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52. The diagrams below show the life cycle of the

silkworm and the stages in the production of silk cloth.

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The two given images depict the life cycle of the silkworm
and the process of producing silk cloth.

The life cycle of a silkworm has 4 primary stages, beginning

with the laying of eggs by the silk moth and ending with the
formation of the silk cocoon. Similarly, silk cloth production
also has different stages that begin with the selection of silk
thread shells and end with the dying process.

The life cycle of a silkworm commences when the silkmoth

lays its eggs on mulberry leaves. The larvae hatch from the
eggs in 10 days, and in 4-6 weeks, the larvae eat the
mulberry leaves and form silk thread shells. The larvae
remain in the silk thread shells for 3-8 days, creating an oval
cocoon. In 16 days, the silk moth appears from the cocoon,
and the cycle repeats itself.

In the production of silk cloth, firstly, the silk thread shells

are selected and boiled in water. Subsequently, these shells
are unwinded into 300-900m long threads, which are
twisted and dyed. The threads are then weaved and dyed
once more.

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53.The line graph below shows the average daily maximum temperatures
for Auckland and Christchurch, two cities in New Zealand, and London
and Edinburgh, two cities in the United Kingdom.

The line graph shows different average daily maximum temperatures

throughout the year for Auckland and Christchurch, New Zealand, and
London and Edinburgh, the United Kingdom.

Auckland and Christchurch both recorded warmer temperatures during

January and February of approximately 24°c and 23°c respectively. The
temperatures in both cities then dropped steadily, reaching a low of 15°c
in Auckland in July and in August and 11°c in Christchurch in July before
beginning to rise back up to just over 20°c in December.

In contrast, the data for London and Edinburgh shows a temperature

slightly above 5°c during January, prior to climbing to a peak of about
23°c during July in London and approximately 18°c in Edinburgh during
the same month. The temperatures for both cities then dipped to
around 7°c and 6°c in December respectively.

Overall, the average daily maximum temperatures of the two cities in

New Zealand show entirely the opposite pattern to the two British cities,
although British cities had lower temperatures than New Zealand on the
whole, regardless of the season.

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54. The diagrams below illustrate early tools

from 1.4 million years ago and 800,000 years ago.

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The pictures describe the evolution of Stone Age cutting

tools between 1.4 million and 0.8 million years ago.

Overall, it can be seen that the latter design had seen

vast improvements in the size, shape and finishing
quality.

Tool A, which dated back to 1.4 million years ago, was

rather small and rudimentary. At about 7cm in length,
the tool was thin and did not display much
craftsmanship. The front and back views were plain with
only some slight chiseling effort while the side was
rough and not very indicative of a cutting utensil.

Tool B showed many updated features compared to the

older version. First of all, it was larger and sturdier due
to a better water drop design with a broad base and a
pointy top. Second, both front and back sides were
grounded more evenly and smoothly. Finally, although
the tool’s thickness stayed relatively the same after 0.6
million years, the side edge was undoubtedly much
more finely sharpened.

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55. Evolution of Modern Horse from Its Ancestor.

The diagram delineates the development of prehistoric and modern

horses with special emphasis on the formation of the feet.

Looking from an overall perspective, it is readily apparent that as horses

became larger in size, their feet elongated and broadened until they
fused to become a distinctive hoof.

The prehistoric horse from 40 million years ago was termed an Eohippus
and is distinguishable by its smaller body and paw containing 4 thin
phalanges. The next stage of evolution (30 million years ago) resulted in
the Mesohippis, which had a larger body more similar to today’s horse
and three distinct digits, the middle one being bulkier and slightly
longer.

By 15 million years ago, the Merychippus had emerged, recognizable by

a still larger body and the increased size of the middle digit. This leads
directly to the modern-day horse which is the largest in size, has a full
mane, and the separate digits had by this time merged into a single hoof
capable of supporting a larger frame.

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56. The graph below shows the quantities of goods transported in the UK
between 1974 and 2002 by four different modes of transport.

The line graph compares the supply of goods transported in the United
Kingdom from 1974 to 2002 via road, water, rail and pipeline.

Overall, road transportation and water transportation carried more quantity

of goods in the UK than the amount carried by pipelines and rails.

According to the given data, initially in 1974, more than 70 million tonnes of
products were transported to the UK on the road while around 40 million
tonnes was transported via water and rail transportations. Least quantity of
supplies (around 5 million tonnes) was transported in pipelines in this same
year. Over the year, the goods transported via road increased with some
fluctuations and reached to about 100 million tons in 2002.

Scrutinizing further, the water transports were used more for transporting
goods to the UK and except in 1998, the amount of goods transported in
waterway kept on increasing and finally reached over 60 million tons in 2002.
The use of rail transportation system for carrying goods to the UK got reduced
as less quantity of goods were transported in rails later years but finally, the
quantity reached to 40 million tons in 2002. Finally, goods carried by pipelines
increased over the year reached over 20 million tons in 2002.

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57. Rainwater

The above diagram details the process by which precipitation is stored and
sent for household use in a given town in Australia.

Overall, there are 3 main stages that involve the collection of water through
drains, its repeated transportation and treatment underground and finally
reuse as drinking water in homes.

Rainwater distribution begins with collection through gutters and drains

attached to houses. The water seeping into the ground is not collected
according to the diagram. The drain water is carried through a system of pipes
into a water filter and then a storage tank.

From the storage tank, it next flows by more piping to a water treatment tank
where a chemical process makes the water clean enough for residents to
drink. After the water has been processed, it is sent through pipes, different
from the drain water pipes that originally collected the water, back into
homes to be used for drinking water.

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58. The process shows diamonds moving from the mine to the retailer.

The process provides information about how diamonds move from mine to
retailer.

Overall, the process starts from rough diamond mining to the last stage,
where it is sent to the retailer. And in the whole process, seventeen processes
are involved.

To initiate the process, diamonds are roughly mined to store, from where they
go to two various categories low grade and high grade. With regard to low
grades, there are five stages, step by step, to send to the retailers. From low
grade, diamonds go to industrial uses after their cut and shape, and after
testing the hardness of diamonds, the second final stage is pricing and finally
sent to retailers.

When it comes to high grades, after cosmic uses and then pricing, computer
analysis the diamonds for their best cuts; moreover, there are two cutting
processes, whether they cut by hand or machine. Third last stage for high-
grade diamonds is polishing and after send to ratings. In the final stage, after
giving the ratings, it was sent to retailers.

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59. The graph below shows the consumption of fish and some different kinds of
meat in a European country between 1979 and 2004.

The given line graph depicts the different trends in the consumption of
different types of non-vegetarian food items in a European country between
1979 and 2004.

It is clear from the graph that chicken was the most consumed meat type in
this country, followed by beef. The consumption of lamb and fish respectively
was the least among all.

Initially, in 1979, beef was the most consumed meat item in this country, after
which its consumption fell. The use of chicken meat followed an upward trend
and there was a sharp rise in consumption after 1999.

Lamb meat was the second most consumed item in 1979, after which its
consumption mostly declined. Apart from 1989, where the quantity increased
a little, the use of lamb meat dropped till 1999 when it started rising again.
The consumption of fish was marginal in this country, and its preference
gradually declined over the years.

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60. The figure shows demographic trends in Scotland.

The given illustration elucidates the fertility, death and

population growth rate in Scotland from 1940 and gives
projection till the year 2020.

Overall, population growth rate in Scotland dropped to almost

zero around 2003 and death cases would rise in the future.

As can be seen from the given line graph, natality in Scotland in

1940 stood at 2.5% while mortality was 1.5%. Population
growth rate at that time was just below 1% which afterwards
increased sharlply till 1955 with a slight drop in early 1940s. The
fertility rate showed an overall downward trend with some
fluctuations and reached to zero after 2000.

On the contrary, mortality rate decreased rapidly till 1960

when it stood at just below 0.5% and after that remained
nearly stable till 2010. With regards to growth of population, it
reached the peak in 1955 and stood at 1.5% and then kept on
decreasing before reaching to nill.

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61. The diagram below shows the steps of processing cocoa

beans.

The given flow chart illustrates how cocoa beans are processed to obtain
different products.

Overall, it can be clearly seen that there are three stages in the process, from
the initial whole beans to the final products in the market.

In the first stage, the whole beans are picked from the cocoa tree. After being
picked, their outer shells are removed and they are dried for the next stage.
Stage 2 consists of many steps. Firstly, the dried beans are pressed. Some of
these pressed beans are further pressed to make cocoa cake, whereas the rest
are refined to make industrial chocolate to which sugar is added.

In the third and final stage, the cocoa cake is ground to make cocoa powder
and liquor is also obtained. The cocoa powder is sent to the market to be used
by the consumer, whereas the cocoa liquor is used in the industry to make
cakes and drinks. The industrial chocolate is sent for final processing after
which the finished chocolate products are finally consumed by consumers.

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62. The diagram below shows the typical stages of consumer goods
manufacturing, including the process by which information is fed back to
earlier stages to enable adjustment.

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The given diagram shows the stages of manufacturing and

process adjustment of the consumer goods.

In general, the goods manufacturing is a complex process

which is done in several stages and information is sometimes
fed back to earlier stages to make some adjustments.

Firstly, raw materials and other components are stored

together and production planning is done. Two major process
involves in the overall manufacturing process: one is
manufacturing process itself and another one is the
information feedback process with which the adjustment of
the manufacturing is done. After the product research, the
design part is done and this input is used in product planning
stage. After the production planning is complete the assembly,
inspection, testing and packaging stages are done sequentially.

Feedback from testing phase is used in the design stage and

which led back to product planning stage. Again, the market
research affects the design and advertising stages and inputs
from the market research stage are used in the packaging
stage. The final two stages are dispatch and sales. The
information flow stage gives feedback to other stages to refine
and adjust the process.

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63.The chart below shows estimated world literacy rates by region and by
gender for the year 2000.

The bar chart compares the ratio of uneducated population, divided by sex, in six
regions of the world in 2000.

Overall, illiteracy rates were the highest in Sub-Saharan Africa, Arab countries
and South Asia and close to zero in developed nations. However, there were
more illiterate women than men in all regions.

Men and women, unable to read or write, made up only 1% and 2% in developed
countries. In comparison, the proportions of illiterate citizens in Latin America
and the Caribbean were higher, 10% and 11%. In East Asia and Oceania, however,
the gap was enormous; there were 20% illiterate females compared to 8% males.

For other regions, Sub-Saharan Africa had much greater proportions of the
unschooled population, 48% women and 30% men. A similar proportion was
seen in Arab states, where illiteracy rates were 53% and 28% respectively for
females and males. It is noticeable that more than half of their females and one-
quarter males never received any formal education. However, South Asia stood
out as having the worst illiteracy figures for both sexes; 55% females versus 34%
males.

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64. The figures show the main reasons workers chose to work from home
and the hour’s males and females worked at home for the year 2019.

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The bar chart illustrates the reasons men and women chose to
work from home in 2019.

It is readily apparent that saving money was the main reason

for both males and females (45% and 42% respectively). In
contrast, approximately a quarter of males put productivity as
a reason, which was twice as high as the female response (24%
and 11% respectively). For childcare, the pattern was different
again with almost a quarter of females giving this reason
compared to very few males (4%).

The table shows the hours men and women worked from home
in 2019. The vast majority of males did their job for over 30
hours per week (81%) contrasting with a minority of females
(6%) who did similar hours. This pattern reversed when
examining the under ten hours category with almost three
quarters of females devoted this amount of time compared to
only 3% of males. The 10 to 30 hours per week category had
fewer marked differences.

In general, both men and women gave different reasons for

working from home and, in addition, males worked longer
hours in comparison to females.

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65. The bar chart below gives information about the percentage of the
population living in urban areas in different parts of the world.

The column graph gives data on the growth of urban population in five
different continents as well as in the world as a whole in three different years
including the projection for the year 2030.

Overall, percentages of global city-dwellers increased remarkably and a great

ratio of the world population would live in cities in the future.

It is readily apparent from the illustration that less than one-third global
population lived in urban areas in 1950. The majority of this city-dwellers
were in American and European continents while only 15-17% Asian and
African were in municipalities. After 57 years, around half of the global
population lived in cities and in Europe and America, this ratio went as high
as eight out of ten. More than one-third African lived in urban areas in this
year while it was slightly over 40% in Asia.

It is projected that 60% of the world population would live in urban areas in
the year 2030. This percentage would be more than 80 in both of the
American continents. In Europe, this would increase to 78 and both in Asia
and Africa around half of their population would live in urban areas.

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66. The bar chart below shows the figures for imprisonment in five countries
between 1930 and 1980.

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The column chart depicts the number of imprisonments in five countries

- Britain, Australia, New Zealand, the US and Canada, between 1930 and
1980.

Overall, Canada had the highest number of prisoners in 1930 while Great
Britain had the least. But after 50 years, the figure for incarceration
decreased in Canada and the United States had the highest number of
prisoners.

It is readily apparent that the United States had the highest number of
inmates. Also, Britain had the lowest figure in 4 out of 6 years. In 1930,
the number of prisoners in the United States was the highest, with 120
thousand prisoners, then this number increased significantly to reach a
peak of 140 thousand in 1980. By contrast, Britain had the lowest figure
for prisoners until 1970, then the figure jumped suddenly to reach 90
thousand.

Scrutinizing further, Canada had the highest number of convicts in 1930

and 1960 with nearly 140 thousand people each year. In 1970 the
number of prisoners in Great Britain, New Zealand and Australia was the
same, about 70 thousand people. In 1980, 50 thousand people in New
Zealand were put in prison which was the lowest figure this year.

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67. The charts below give information about the price of tickets on one
airline between Sydney and Melbourne, Australia, over a two-week
period in 2013.

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The bar charts display information for the price of airline tickets from
Sydney to Melbourne and the reverse flight over a two-week period in
2013.

Looking from an overall perspective, it is readily apparent that flights in

both directions displayed broadly similar patterns with higher prices
Friday through Monday. Compared to week 1, week 2 prices were either
greatly deflated or identical for nearly all flights.

In week 1, flights from Sydney to Melbourne started at 80$ on Monday,

were all under $40 over the next 3 days before a spike to $75, $70, and
$50 on Friday, Saturday and Sunday, respectively. During the second
week, the prices were unchanged with the notable exception of a
decline on Monday to $50 fares.

In terms of flights from Melbourne to Sydney, the trend was comparable

with flights on Monday of week 1 elevated to $60, sub-$40 flights on
Tuesday, Wednesday, and Thursday and the most expensive flight on
Friday at $80. Flights on Saturday and Sunday were also relatively costly
at $60 and $50 each day. In week 2, Monday prices displayed a dramatic
decline to $40 and there was more variance later in the week. Friday fell
to $50 and Saturday to $50. All other tickets remained the same in week
2.

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68. The diagram below shows the production of steam using a gas-cooled
nuclear reactor.

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The diagram illustrates information about the generation of steam with the help of
a gas-cooled nuclear reactor.
Overall, there are a total of four components, which mainly include reactor and heat
exchanger. The process begins with the introduction of water to pipes and ends at
carbo-alternator.
It is conspicuous from provided pictorial data that uranium fuel elements insert in
graphite moderator along with boron control rods. This rod is connected with a
charge tube for loading fuel elements, and this whole structure is constructed in a
pressure vessel. This vessel is protected by concrete shielding to avoid radiation
which will affect the environment. The vessel is further associated with a heat
exchanger through hog and cool gas duct.

On further scrutiny, in terms of the commercial operation of the system. The steam
is produced in both closed structures. Firstly, water applied in the heat exchanger
from the water circulator pump and in parallel owing to the process of uranium into
a pressure vessel generated hot gas which passed through a duct in the exchanger.
At this place, hot gas generates heat around the circular water tube. As a result,
steam has been produced, and afterward, it is utilized for power through the turbo-
alternator. Lastly, the gas which reached the downside becomes cool, which again is
poured into the vessel with a gas blower, and this process continues for steam
production again.

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69. The maps below show the town of Lynnfield in 1936 and then later in
2007.

The maps detail changes to a town called Lynnfield between 1936 and
2007.

Looking from an overall perspective, it is readily apparent that the town

became more residential, commercial, and accessible at the expense of
natural land, agriculture and smaller shops.

In 1936, to the northwest and northeast of the town were several trees
and a river surrounded by untouched land. By 2007, the number of trees
had declined and the land around the river became a residential area.
To the southwest of the town, a cycling path was turned into a road for
cars and on the opposite side of the map a museum and golf course
replaced government offices and farm land.

In terms of the center of the town itself, there was a post office, sweet
shop and butcher’s in a single row with a lane separating those
businesses from the flower shop, bank and library. In 2007, only the
bank (slightly expanded in size), library, and post office remained the
same. The flower shop had by then been removed in favor of a travel
agent, there was a shopping center in the previously unoccupied space
between businesses, and the sweet shop and butcher’s were combined
and transformed into a large supermarket.

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70. The table shows the worldwide market share of the mobile phone
market for manufactures in the years 2005 and 2006.

The table data shows the leading mobile phone manufacturers’ global market
share in 2005 and 2006.

In general, Nokia had the highest global market share of cell phone both in
2005 & 2006 and the market shares of Nokia, Motorola and Sony Ericsson
increased in 2006 than their share in 2005.

As is presented, Nokia had the largest market share (one-third of total) in

2005 and their market share increased by 2.5% next year. Motorola had the
second highest market share comprising over 17% in 2005 and their market
share increase by roughly 4%. Samsung had been able to maintain the third
position for their worldwide mobile phone market share, though their share
decreased to 11.8% in 2005 compared to 12.7% in the previous year.

Scrutinizing further, Sony Ericsson and L.G both had more than 6% market
share in 2005. In 2006, though Sony Ericsson’s market share increased by 1%,
L.G’s market share decreased. BenQ Mobile had the lowest market share in
the cell phone market and their share dropped to half in 2006 than the
previous year. All other mobile manufacturers’ market share comprised over
19% in 2005 and that reduced to slightly over 16% as Nokia, Motorola and
Sony Ericsson had been able to secure more market share worldwide.

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71. The pie chart shows the amount of money that a children’s charity
located in the USA spent and received in one year, 2016.

The pie charts show the revenue sources as well as the expenditures for
a year of a children charity organization based in the USA.

Overall, donated food was the main source of fund of this charity
organization whereas they spent most of their money on different
program services.

According to the illustration, this charity organization earned exactly

$53, 561,580 in this year and used up $53,224,896. Their saving in this
year was just over 330,000 dollars. The highest supply for the charity
came as donated food which was more than 86% of the total earning.
One-tenth of their trust was received from community contribution and
the remaining 3% account was managed through program revenue,
investment income, government grants and other income.

On the contrary, the charity utilized more than 95% of the fund for
program services and 2.6% for fundraising. Noticeably, just over 1.5% of
their expenditure was made for management and general purposes.

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72. The pie charts below compare water usage in San Diego, California and
the rest of the world.

The pie charts give information about the water used for residential,
industrial and agricultural purposes in San Diego County, California, and
the world as a whole.

It is noticeable that more water is consumed by homes than by industry

or agriculture in the two American regions. By contrast, agriculture
accounts for the vast majority of water used worldwide.

In San Diego County and California State, residential water consumption

accounts for 60% and 39% of total water usage. By contrast, a mere 8%
of the water used globally goes to homes. The opposite trend can be
seen when we look at water consumption for agriculture. This accounts
for a massive 69% of global water use, but only 17% and 28% of water
usage in San Diego and California respectively.

Such dramatic differences are not seen when we compare the figures for
industrial water use. The same proportion of water (23%) is used by
industry in San Diego and worldwide, while the figure for California is
10% higher, at 33%.

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73. The table below shows the worldwide market share of the notebook
computer market for manufacturers in the years 2006, 2007 and 2014.

The table gives information about the global market portion of the
notebook computer market for producers in three different years; 2006,
2007 and 2014.

Overall, HP computers took the biggest proportion of the market and

whiles. Fujitsu company recorded the least sales across the years.

HP computers accounted for 31.4% of the market share in 2006 and had
significant growth to 34% and 34.25% in 2007 and 2014, respectively.
Dell computers made up 16.6% of the market value in 2006 and
experienced a sharp increase by more than 10% in 2014. Toshiba
company also had a steady rise of 6.2%, 7.3% and 8.12% ascendingly
across the years.

Samsung, Lenovo, and Fujitsu manufacturers together had fluctuations

in the percentage growth throughout the years. In 2006, Samsung made
up more than one-tenth of the total market but declined by 0.9% in 2007
and saw an increment to 14.2% in 2014. Lenovo’s market share was
shortened from 6.6% to 6.26% in 2006 and 2007 but had a slight increase
to 7.10% in 2014. Fujitsu had 4.8% share in 2004 but dropped to 3.1% at
the of the period. Other computers portion dipped continuously
throughout the years.

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74. The diagrams below give information on transport and

car use in Edmonton.

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The pie chart portrays the different types of vehicles used in

Edmonton and their usage. The table shows the various
reasons for using a car in Edmonton.

Overall, car is the most popular form of transportation in

Edmonton, followed by Light Rail Transit. Also, the primary
reasons for using cars in this city are daily routine tasks and
business.

The utilization of a car in Edmonton is the highest among any

other mode of transportation, with 45% of the traffic being
cars. The second most preferred mode of travel is the Light Rail
Transit with 35% usage. Buses and taxis are the least used and
only contribute 10% each to the total traffic.

Interestingly, 55% of people in Edmonton commute to work by

car, making it the chief purpose of using a car in the city. 45%
of the population use cars, for business purposes whereas 40%
use them to take their children to school. Cars are used for
leisure activities or shopping by 15% of the people.

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75. The graph below shows the demand for electricity in England during
typical days in winter and summer. The pie chart shows how electricity
is used in an average English home.

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The presented graph illustrates the electricity requisition in

England during two different seasons, winter and summer.
Meanwhile, the pie chart demonstrates how the electricity is
utilised daily and to what quantity.

In general, both in winter and summer, the electricity demand

rises up from around 9:00 am to about 23:00 pm and the
electricity in mainly spent for heating room and water.

Looking at the detail, the electricity demand in summer is

reckoned between 10,000 – 20,000 units. It goes to around
12,000 before 9 am and slightly increases to around 20,000 at
14 pm and relatively fluctuates until the rest of the day.
However, in winter, the electricity requisition sets about
35,000 units at 00 am and gradually spikes before it actually
rises at 9 am and keeps the level swells until around 45,000
units at 23 pm.

Meanwhile, due to utilisation and quantity, heating room and

water require the vast majority, 52%, of electricity using. This
high proportion is related to the high electricity demand for
these two appliances during winter. Whereas other kitchen
and electronic devices, vacuum cleaners, food mixers and
electronic tools amass lower proportion, 48%, than heating
rooms and water.

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76. The table shows the percentage of journeys made by

different forms of transport in four countries, the bar graph
shows the results of a survey into car use.

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The table data presents information on modes of

transportations used by the citizens in four countries while the
bar chart shows the reasons for using cars by Canadians to
reach their offices.

Overall, car is the most preferred transportation and most of

the people in Canada travel by cars because they think they do
not have a better alternative or their need for work.

According to the table, nine out of ten journeys in Canada are

made by private cars and Canadian people use cars for
commuting more than the people in other countries do. The
bicycle is used by Dutch citizens for about half of their journeys
while the people in other countries, scarcely use bicycles for
their movements. Similarly, Dutch people walks more than the
citizens of other countries and their walking comprises 18% of
their total journey. German and Belgians also preferred to walk
while Canadians scarcely do it. German use public transport
more than mass people in other countries do which counts 18
percent of their total journey.

Based on the bar graph, more than one-third Canadians use

cars to reach their workplace because they think they do not
have any better alternative. Three out of ten persons use
personal cars for their work-need while more than 5% people
are forced to use personal cars because they work night shifts.
One in every five persons thinks that journey in a car to the
office is more convenient while just over 10% citizens do that
for faster travelling.

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77. The pie chart below shows the main reasons why agricultural land
becomes less productive. The table shows how these causes affected
three regions of the world during the 1990s.

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The given pie chart and table depict the significant causes of less
productivity of agricultural land in three parts of the world in the 1990s.

Looking from an overall perspective, the main reason for land

degradation around the globe is due to over-grazing. It can be clearly
seen from the table that Europe had the highest percentage of total land
degraded than the other two regions.

It is readily apparent that over-grazing is the main cause of worldwide

land degradation which accounted for 35%. It is followed closely by
deforestation which is 5% less than overgrazing by herbivores. The third
reason why agricultural land degraded is caused by over-cultivation,
accounted for 28%. The non-specific reason which is categorised as
‘other’ stood at 7%.

Noticeably, Europe has the highest percentage of land degraded which

is 23% in comparison with Oceania which consists of the huge group of
islands in the South Pacific including Australia and New Zealand (13%)
and North America (5%). In Europe, the most detrimental cause of land
degradation is deforestation by human beings which stood at 9.8%,
whereas in Oceania, it is caused mainly by over-grazing which accounted
for 11.3% than deforestation (1.7%). Over-cultivation did not contribute
to the cause of land degradation in Oceania but it was the main reason
that led North America to face the land degradation problem, which
accounted for 3.3%.

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78. The charts below show the results of a survey of adult education. The
first chart shows the reasons why adults decide to study. The pie chart
shows how people think the costs of adult education should be shared.

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The figures illustrate the outcome of a survey about the different

intention why adults opt to further their education and their opinion on
how the fees of each course should be funded.

Overall, it is immediately apparent that the interest in subject and

gaining qualifications are the top reasons for adults’ decision to
continue their education while each individual should fund the majority
of their course fees.

By looking into details, interest in Subject has the highest result in the
survey with 40 percent of the total outcome. It is closely followed by the
reason to gain qualifications with only 2 percent difference at 38%. The
following reasons which are helpful for the current job, to improve
prospects of promotion and enjoy studying are about one-fifth of the
total result ranging from 20% to22% while to able to change jobs and to
meet people are just 17 percent combined.

Meanwhile, individuals top the result of cost sharing with 40 percent.

Employers are just above thirds of the total result on how fees should
be shared whilst taxpayer should share a quarter of the costs.

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79. The graph below shows all full-time members’ average monthly use of
health clubs in Miami and Florida in 2017. The pie charts show the age
profile of male and female members of this health club.

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The illustrations give the number of full-time male and female health-
centre members in Miami and Florida throughout the year 2017 and
outline the ratio of these members based on their gender and age.

Overall, more male were active health centre members than that of
females and just over half of them were between 21 to 45 years old.

As the bar chart implies, 500 females were active members of different
fitness clubs in Florida and Miami in January 2017 while their male
counterparts were slightly higher in number. The membership count to
these gyms and health centres remained almost the same till April but
afterwards increased rapidly between June and September. During this
period, fitness centres in these two areas had more than 800 active male
participants and slightly over 700 female members. The number of male
health club members had always been higher than that of females. From
October until the end of the year, these clubs retained a fewer number
of members and this number varied from 500 to 700.

According to the pie charts, more than half of the male members of
these fitness clubs were between 21 to 45 years old while this was
exactly 50% for women. Over 65 years old men accounted for one-
quarter participants while it was 6% higher in the case of females.
Remaining one-fifth fitness club members were from different other age
groups.

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80. The line graph shows visits to and from the UK from 1979 to 1999, and
the bar graph shows the most popular countries visited by UK residents
in 1999.

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The illustration outlines how many foreign tourists travelled to the UK

and how many UK residents went out to travel between 1979 and 1999.
Moreover, it also shows where those UK citizens went in 1999.

Overall, the influx of tourists in the UK was fewer than the number of
British who travelled outside, and France was their favourite
destination.

In details, 10 million tourists visited the United Kingdom in 1979 while

around 13 million British spent their holidays out of the country. From
1979 to 1999, the outbound UK residents' number was higher than the
inrush of foreign tourists in the UK. The gap widens in later years and
finally in 1999, almost 55 million British left the country to travel outside
while just over 25 million other nationalities entered the UK border as
tourists.

France was the favourite destination to British travellers as more than

10 million British travelled there in 1999. With around 2 million UK
tourists, Turkey was their least preferred holiday place. Spain was
visited by approximately 8 million UK travellers which made it the
second most popular destination this year. USA and Greece received the
third and fourth most-visited places by UK tourists with between 2 to 3
million tourists each.

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81. The pie charts below show the average household expenditures in a
country in 1950 and 2010.

The two pie charts compare the average nationwide expenses on several
household categories including housing, food, healthcare, education,
transportation in 1950 and 2010.

Now turning to the details, the bulk of the expenses in 1950 was made
for the housing and food which accounted for a massive 72.1% and
11.2% of the total expenditures. In opposite, it can be observed that
people preferred buying food (34%) more than housing (22%) six
decades later. Health care had the lowest amount of money spent on in
both of the years.

In addition, transportation expenses had remarkably increased by

roughly three times from only 3.3% in 1950 to 14% in 2010. Aside from
that, spending on other items also rose to 19.3% from 4.4% in 1950.
Education expense ratio, however, had slightly decreased where people
insignificantly spent 0.3% more in 1960 than in 2010.

Overall, basic necessities such as food and housing are the two main
categories people spent most percentages of money on, however,
health care aspect was the least prioritised.

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82. The pie charts compare ways of accessing the news in Canada and
Australia.

The pie charts show the principle ways of finding out the news in two
different countries, Canada and Australia. The two nations show broadly
similar patterns, though there are some differences, both significant and
minor.

One of the most prominent features of this data is that, while in Canada
over a third of people access the news online, in Australia the figure is
more than half, at 52%. It is apparent that viewing the TV news is
popular in both countries, with about two fifths of Canadian population
favouring this mode of delivery and only 3% fewer in Australia.

Noticeably, one major difference between Canada and Australia is that

over twice as many people read the news in print in the former,
compared with the latter. The figures are 14% and 7% respectively.
Similarly, listening to the news on the radio is preferred by three times
more people in Canada than in Australia.

Overall, it can be said that the high levels of internet use in Australia
mean that other methods such as radio and print are used less in
comparison with Canada.

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83. The pie charts below show the most common advantages and
disadvantages of Bowen Island, according to a survey of visitors.

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The two pie charts show the aspects of Bowen Island that tourists enjoy
the most and the least.

Bowen Island has many features that attract tourists but the most
popular of these are the scenery and the people, with more than two
thirds of the visitors to the island listing these as the greatest
advantages. The standard of accommodation on the island appears to
be more than adequate, with 11% of respondents listing this as an
advantage. 12% of visitors cite the culture of the island as a major
attraction.

However, the island seems far from being a perfect tourist destination.
When it comes to the negative aspects of the island, the high cost of
living, poor weather and the quality or lack of entertainment are seen
as the worst of these. Together, these three categories make up 90% of
the total disadvantages. In spite of the high costs on the island, 10% of
the visitors complain of poor food quality.

Overall, it seems that most people like Bowen Island because of the
scenery and people. However, it is possible that the unspoilt nature of
the island means there is little in the way of entertainment and this,
combined with the high cost of living, makes it unlikely to appeal to
everyone.

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84. The pie charts show the average consumption of food in the world in
2008 compared to China and India.

The pie charts outline the types of food people ate in 2008 compared
with the consumption of these items in China and India in the same year.

As a general trend, processed food was the main energy source for the
world population and consumption of nuts and seeds in China and India
was significantly higher than the world average.

As the illustration suggests, just over 40% diet of the global population
came from processed food in 2008 which was slightly greater than that
of India and exactly 7% higher than that of China. Vegetables and fruits
provided somewhat one-third dietary requirements of the Chinese
citizens and precisely 23% of Indians. The world average for fruit and
vegetable consumption was just below 30%.

Interestingly, nuts and seeds accounted for almost one-fifth food stocks
for the Chinese, a noticeably higher rate than the world standard. Nearly
one-tenth food rations in India was from nuts and seeds. Food derived
from animals supplied more than one-fourth Indian dietary provisions,
which was 12% higher than that of China and almost the same of the
world’s dietary demands.

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85. The table below shows the amount of waste production (in millions of
tonnes ) in six different countries over a twenty-year period.

The chart compares the amounts of waste that were produced in six
countries in the years 1980, 1990 and 2000.

In each of these years, the US produced more waste than Ireland, Japan,
Korea, Poland and Portugal combined. It is also noticeable that Korea
was the only country that managed to reduce its waste output by the
year 2000.

Between 1980 and 2000, waste production in the US rose from 131 to
192 million tonnes, and rising trends were also seen in Japan, Poland
and Portugal. Japan’s waste output increased from 28 to 53 million
tonnes, while Poland and Portugal saw waste totals increase from 4 to
6.6 and from 2 to 5 million tonnes respectively.

The trends for Ireland and Korea were noticeably different from those
described above. In Ireland, waste production increased more than
eightfold, from only 0.6 million tonnes in 1980 to 5 million tonnes in
2000. Korea, by contrast, cut its waste output by 12 million tonnes
between 1990 and 2000.

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86. The pie charts compare the expenditure of a school in the UK in three
different years over a 20- year period.

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The pie charts compare the expenditure of a school in the UK in three

different years over a 20-year period.

It is clear that teachers’ salaries made up the largest proportion of the

school’s spending in all three years (1981, 1991 and 2001). By contrast,
insurance was the smallest cost in each year.

In 1981, 40% of the school’s budget went on teachers’ salaries. This

figure rose to 50% in 1991, but fell again by 5% in 2001. The proportion
of spending on other workers’ wages fell steadily over the 20-year
period, from 28% of the budget in 1981 to only 15% in 2001.

Expenditure on insurance stood at only 2% of the total in 1981, but

reached 8% in 2001. Finally, the percentages for resources and
furniture/equipment fluctuated. The figure for resources was highest in
1991, at 20%, and the proportion of spending on furniture and
equipment reached its peak in 2001, at 23%.

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87. The table below shows the percentage of the population by age groups
in one town who rode bicycles in 2011.

Age group Female Male

0-9 51.3 50.3

10-17 42.2 24.6

18-39 17.1 9.7

40-59 12.3 8.0

60+ 18.5 13.2

The table depicts the proportion of people from all age groups in a town who rode
a bicycle in the year 2011.

We understand from the table that the percentage of female cyclists was much
higher than male cyclists in all age groups. Meanwhile, for both genders, the
proportion of the population who rode bicycles was the lowest between the ages of
18 and 59 respectively.

Among the age group between 0-9, the proportion of female cyclists was 51.3%,
while it was 50.3% for the male cyclists of the same group. At the same time, the
proportion remained high among 10-17-year-old females at about 42%, and the
percentage of males gradually declined by over half to less than 25% in the same age
group.

The percentages for both genders aged 18-39 were significantly lower at just 17.1%
and 9.7%, respectively. Besides, the figures slowly dropped for females and males
aged between 40-59, which were merely 12.3% and 8%.

Moving to the oldest age group, which is over 60+, the percentage of cyclists from
both genders increased, which accounted for 18.5 % for females and 13.2% for male
cyclists.

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88. The chart below shows the percentage of volunteers by organizations in 2008 and
2014.

The pie charts show the proportions of people volunteering in various kinds of
organisations in 2008 and 2014.

It is clear that while volunteers’ participation in environmental, sport, and health

care increased, the opposite was true for other types of organisations. Additionally,
the percentages of health care volunteers were by far the lowest during the two
years.

In 2008, volunteering in educational institutions was the most common choice,

accounting for nearly a quarter of all volunteers, while 21% and 18% of volunteers
took part in environmental and art projects respectively. 15% of volunteers worked
in sport firms, and another 15% in other organisations, while only 6% volunteered
in health care.

In 2014, significantly more volunteers worked in environmental and sport

companies compared with the other fields, at 29% and 25% respectively.
Meanwhile, the figures for art and other volunteers both fell by 6%. There was also
a slight fall in volunteers in educational organizations, at 17%, while volunteering in
health care was still the least preferred option, at only 8%.

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89. The table gives information about five types of vehicles registered in Australia in
2010, 2012 and 2014.

The table gives an account of the kinds of vehicles registered in Australia in 2010,
2012, and 2014.

Overall, registrations for all vehicles increased, though the growth in motorcycles
and light trucks stands out most. Despite a smaller percentile increase, the totals for
passenger vehicles were by far the highest and light trucks were lowest.

Passenger and commercial vehicles led total registrations throughout with the
former beginning at 11.8 million in 2010 before rising by .9 million and .3 million, for
a 10.2% overall jump. The latter underwent a 17.4% climb, going from 2.3 million to
2.6 million and finally 2.7 million by 2014.

The 3 remaining types of vehicles were considerably less common. The respective
starting points for each were 540,000 motorcycles, 384,000 heavy trucks and
106,000 light trucks. Motorcycles rose the most rapidly, with a more than 30%
increase to 709,000 by the end of the period. Heavy trucks made marginal gains
totaling 8.3%, which amounted to 416,00 registrations in 2014. Finally, 124,000 new
light trucks were registered in 2012 and an additional 131,000 in 2014 (translating
to a 23.5% increase).

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90. The Graph below shows the cinema attendance in Australia and the average cinema
visits of different age groups from 1996 to 2000.

The given table illustrate the proportion of people visiting cinemas and the average
annual cinema visits, while the line graph compares cinema visits by different age
groups in Australia from 1996 to 2000.

In 1996, 62% of people went to the movies. This percentage rose sharply to 72% by
1997, but thereafter remained fairly stable until 2000. The average annual number
of visits stabilized at 10.3 in 1996. This figure increased to a minimally to 11.1 by
1997. The following year, cinema visits declined and the number stabilized at around
8.3 by 2000.

In 1996, the number of visits to the cinema were between 10 to 15 years for all the
age groups, with the older age group visiting cinema slightly less than the younger
age groups. At the age groups followed the same trend with the number of visits
fluctuating from 10 to 25 years over the rest of the give period.

Overall, the proportion of people visiting the cinema has increased, while the
average annual attendance in the given period of tenure has decreased. In general,
all age groups followed a similar trend: annual cinema attendance varying from 1996
to 2000. The 14-24 year age group were the most fond, but above 50 age group were
the least fond of cinema.

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