Basic Electrical Engineering

BASIC ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

Course Code : UNEEL 101

Course Outcome:
CO1: Remember fundamentals of Electric Circuits.
CO2: Understand the basic quantities of a magnetic circuit
CO3: Identify different configurations of A.C. Circuits.
CO4: Compare A.C machines and DC Machines.
CO5: Estimate Energy Audit for Energy Management and Safety.

SYLLABUS
Unit Contents
I Unit-I:-Fundamentals of Electric Circuits: Ohms Law, types of sources (Current &
Voltage), Ideal and Practical Sources (Independent Sources only), Source Conversion.
Superposition theorem with DC source. Circuit element resistance, series & parallel
combination of resistances, Kirchhoff’s Laws (KVL, KCL).

II Unit – II:- Magnetic Circuits: Types of Magnetic Materials, flux, flux density, flux
intensity, MMF, reluctance, permanence, permeability, analogous electric circuit, concept
of leakage flux and fringing, B-H curve, phenomena of magnetic hysteresis.

III Unit III:- A. C. Circuits: Generation of single phase voltage, average and RMS value for
sinusoidal waveform, phasor representation of sinusoidal electrical quantities, RLC circuit
with excitation, reactance, impedance, power and energy in AC circuit, series AC circuit,
concept and importance of power factor.

IV Unit V Introduction to Electrical Machines: Working principle of Single phase

transformer, DC machines (DC Generator & Motor), AC Machines.

V Unit V:- Energy Audit & Safety Instruments: Need and types of energy audit. Energy
management, understanding energy costs, Necessity of equipment earthing, Fuses, MCB,
ELCB, Isolator (Elementary concepts only), Introduction to House Wiring.

GHRCEM Jalgaon Prof. Adnan Khan

Basic Electrical Engineering

Unit-I: Fundamentals of Electric Circuits

(1.1) Electricity

It is a form of energy that depends on the existence of electric charge in static

or dynamic form. As per the existence of electric charge, matter may be classified as positively
charged, negatively charged and neutral.

Matter/Substance

Molecules

Atoms

Particles( electron, proton & neutron

(1.2) Electric charge

It is a property of every matter that is responsible for the electrical
phenomenon existing in the matter in a positive or negative form.
The unit of charge is coulombs(C).
(1.3) Fundamental charge

ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

A basic electrical systems consists of four main parts,

1. The Source: The main part of a electrical system is source which providesenergy for
the electrical systems. A source may usually be a battery or a generator.

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Basic Electrical Engineering

2. The Load: The function of load is to absorb the electrical energy suppliedby source.
e.g.; all domestic equipments like heaters, lamps etc.

3. The Transmission Systems: This conducts the energy from the source tothe load. A
transmission system consists of insulated wire.

4.The Control Apparatus: Its function is to control the electrical circuit

equipments.

CHARGE:

Electric charge is the physical property of matter that causes it to experiencea force. It is
the excess or deficiency of electrons in the valance cell or outermost orbit of an atom. There are
two types of electric charges: positive and negative. If an atom has an excess of electrons in the
valance cell, then it is called negatively charged (-vely charged) and an atom with deficiency of
electron is called positively charged (+vely charged).
Positively charged substances are repelled from other positively charged substances, but attracted
to negatively charged substances; negatively chargedsubstances are repelled from negative and
attracted to positive. The SI derived unit of electric charge is the coulomb (C), although in electrical
engineering it is also common to use the ampere-hour (Ah), and in chemistry it is common
to use the elementary charge (e) as a unit. The symbol Q is often used to denote charge.
An electron is an elementary particle charged with a small and constant quantity of
negative electricity. A proton is similarly defined but charged with positive electricity whereas
neutron is uncharged and therefore neutral. In atom, the number of electrons normally equals the
number of protons; it is the number of protons that determines to which element type the atom
belongs. An atom can have one or more electrons added to it or taken away. This does not change
its elemental classification but it disturbs its electrical balance. A charged atom is called ion. A
body containing a number of ionized atoms is said to be electrically charged. Fig. 1 shows the
behavior of likely charged and unlikely charged atoms.

GHRCEM Jalgaon Prof. Adnan Khan

Basic Electrical Engineering

Fig. 1: The behavior of likely charged and unlikely charged atoms

ELECTRIC CURRENT:
It is defined as the time rate of change of charge passing through a predetermined area with respect
to time. It is caused by drift of free electrons through a conductor to a particular direction. The
measuring unit of electric change is Coulomb and the unit of time is second, the measuring unit
of electric current is Coulombs per second and this logical unit of current has a specific name
Ampere after the famous French scientist André-Marie Ampere. Here the area is the cross-
sectional area of the metal wire. If ∆𝑞units of charge flowing through the cross sectionalarea
A in ∆𝑡 units of time, then the resulting current i is given by,

Current Flow in circuit

For most practical applications, it is necessary that current flow continues for as long as it is
required; this will not unless the following conditions are fulfilled:
1. There must be a complete path around which the electrons may move. If the electrons
cannot return to the point of starting, then eventually they will all congregate together and
the flow will cease.
2. There must be a driving influence to cause the continuous flow. This influence is provided
by source which causes the current to leave at a high potential and to move round the
circuit until it returns to the source at a low potential.
The driving influence is termed as the electromotive force, hereafter called the e.m.f

GHRCEM Jalgaon Prof. Adnan Khan

 Basic Electrical Engineering

Electro-motive Force (emf):

The e.m.f represents the driving influence that causes a current to flow. The e.m.f is not
a force, but represents the energy expanded during the passing of a unit charge through the
source.
The energy introduced into a circuit is transferred to the load unit by the transmission
system, and the energy transferred due to the passage of unit charge between two points in a
circuit is termed as the potential difference (p.d.). It will be observed that both emf and p.d.
are similar quantity. However, an emf is always active in that it tends to produce an electric
current in a circuit whereas a p.d. may be either passive or active. A p.d. is passive whenever
it hasno tendency to create a current in a circuit. Fig.2 shows the emf, p.d. and current flow
in a circuit.

Fig. 2 The emf, p.d. and current flow in a circuit.

In this Fig. the arrow head points towards the point of high potential. It is seen that the
current flow leaves the source at the positive terminal and therefore moves in the same
direction as indicated by the sources emf arrow. The current flow enters the load at the
positive terminal, and therefore in the opposite direction to that indicated by the load p.d.
arrow. Here the source indicated consists of a battery which delivers direct current, i.e.
current which flows in one direction. An arrowhead is drawn on the transmission system to
indicate the corresponding direction of conventional current flow. Electromotive force:
Symbol- E, Unit- volt (V)

CIRCUIT ELEMENTS:

Mainly, there are three circuit elements present in the circuit such as, Resistance (R),
Inductance (L) and Capacitance (C).
a) RESISTANCE:
It is defined as the property of a substance due to which it opposes or restricts the flow of electricity
through it. The inverse of resistance is conductance, the easewith which electric current passes.
Metals, acids and salt solutions are good conductor of electricity.

Symbol: R Unit: Ohm (Ω)and looks like-

A conductor is said to have a resistance of 1 ohm if it permits 1 ampere current to flow through it
when 1 volt is impressed across its terminals. The resistance R offered by a conductor depends on
the following factors:

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Basic Electrical Engineering

(i) It varies directly as its length, l.

(ii) It varies inversely as the cross-section A of the conductor.
(iii) It depends on the nature of the material.
(iv) It also depends on the temperature of the conductor.So,
according to above factors, resistance can be defined as,

OHM’s LAW
One of the most important steps in the analysis of the circuit was undertaken by George Ohm, who
found that p.d. across the ends of many conductors is proportional to the current flowing between

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Basic Electrical Engineering

them in 1827.
“The ratio of potential difference (V) between any two points on a conductor to thecurrent (I)
flowing between them, is constant, provided the temperature of the conductor does not change.”
VαI
Or, V= R I

GHRCEM Jalgaon Prof. Adnan Khan

Basic Electrical Engineering

GHRCEM Jalgaon Prof. Adnan Khan

Basic Electrical Engineering

GHRCEM Jalgaon Prof. Adnan Khan

Basic Electrical Engineering

GHRCEM Jalgaon Prof. Adnan Khan

Basic Electrical Engineering

GHRCEM Jalgaon Prof. Adnan Khan

Basic Electrical Engineering

GHRCEM Jalgaon Prof. Adnan Khan

Basic Electrical Engineering

Kirchhoff’s Current Law (KCL):

This law is otherwise called as Kirchhoff’s First Law or Kirchhoff’s Point Rule
or Kirchhoff’s Junction Rule (Nodal Rule). It
states that;
“In any electrical network, the algebraic sum of the current meeting at a point (or junction) is zero”.
Different signs are allocated to currents held to flow towards thejunction and to those away from
it.
So, total current entering a junction= total current leaving that junction. It means that, there is no
accumulation of charge at any junction of the network. KCL indicates the law of conservation of
charge. Positive signs are given for the currents entering to junction and negative currents are
given to those who are leaving from that junction. It can be understood from Fig.13.

GHRCEM Jalgaon Prof. Adnan Khan

Basic Electrical Engineering

GHRCEM Jalgaon Prof. Adnan Khan

Basic Electrical Engineering

GHRCEM Jalgaon Prof. Adnan Khan

Basic Electrical Engineering

GHRCEM Jalgaon Prof. Adnan Khan

Basic Electrical Engineering

GHRCEM Jalgaon Prof. Adnan Khan

Basic Electrical Engineering

GHRCEM Jalgaon Prof. Adnan Khan

Basic Electrical Engineering

GHRCEM Jalgaon Prof. Adnan Khan

Basic Electrical Engineering

GHRCEM Jalgaon Prof. Adnan Khan

Basic Electrical Engineering

TYPES OF SOURCES

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Basic Electrical Engineering

GHRCEM Jalgaon Prof. Adnan Khan

Basic Electrical Engineering

GHRCEM Jalgaon Prof. Adnan Khan

Basic Electrical Engineering

GHRCEM Jalgaon Prof. Adnan Khan

Basic Electrical Engineering

GHRCEM Jalgaon Prof. Adnan Khan

Basic Electrical Engineering

GHRCEM Jalgaon Prof. Adnan Khan

Basic Electrical Engineering

GHRCEM Jalgaon Prof. Adnan Khan

Basic Electrical Engineering

GHRCEM Jalgaon Prof. Adnan Khan