Transformation

IGCSE
 Objectives
• What are the different types of transformation
• How can you translate, enlarge, rotate and reflect a shape.
• In case of the translation, if the shape and its image are given how
can you get the column vector that describes the translation.
• In case of enlargement, if the shape and its image are given how
can you get the scale factor and centre of enlargement.
• In case of rotation, if the shape and its image are given how can you
get the angle, centre and direction of rotation
• In case of reflection, if the shape and its image are given how can
you get the line of reflection.
To transform something is to change it. In
geometry, there are specific ways to
describe how a figure is changed. The
transformations you will learn about
include:
•Translation
•Rotation
•Reflection
•Enlargement
TYPES OF TRANSFORMATIONS
• Reflections – The flip of a figure over a line
to produce a mirror image.
• Rotation – A geometric turn of a figure
around a fixed point.
• Translation – The slide of a figure from one
position to another.
• Enlargement – A transformation that alters
the size of a figure, but not its shape.
 Translation

When an object is moved in a straight line in a given direction we say that it has
been translated.

For example, we can translate triangle ABC 5 squares to the right and 2 squares
up:
A’
image
A
C’ B’
object

C B

Every point in the shape moves the same distance in the same direction.

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 Describing translations

When we describe a translation we always give the movement left or right

first followed by the movement up or down.

We can describe translations using vectors.

3
For example, the vector describes a translation 3 right and 4 down.
–4

As with coordinates, positive numbers indicate movements up or to the right and

negative numbers are used for movements down or to the left.

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 Translations on a coordinate grid

y A(5, 7)
C(–2, 6) 7 The vertices of a triangle lie on
6
the points A(5, 7), B(3, 2) and
C(–2, 6).
5
4
3
2 B(3, 2)
Translate the shape 3 squares
1
left and 8 squares down. Label
–7 –6 –5 –4 –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7x each point in the image.
–1
–2 A’(2, –1)
–3
C’(–5, –2)
–4 What do you notice about each
–5 point and its image?
–6
–7 B’(0, –6)

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 Translations on a coordinate grid

y
7 The coordinates of vertex A
6
of this shape are (–4, –2).
5
4
3 When the shape is translated
2 the coordinates of vertex A’ are
1 A’(3, 2) (3, 2).
–7 –6 –5 –4 –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7x
–1
–2
A(–4, –2) –3 What translation will map the
–4 shape onto its image?
–5
–6
–7 7 right
4 up

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 Translations on a coordinate grid

y
7 The coordinates of vertex A
6
of this shape are (3, –4).
5
4
3 When the shape is translated
A’(–3, 3) 2 the coordinates of vertex A’
1 are(–3, 3).
–7 –6 –5 –4 –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7x
–1
–2
–3 What translation will map the
–4 shape onto its image?
–5 A(3, –4)
–6
–7 6 left
7 up

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 Enlargement

A’
A

Shape A’ is an enlargement of shape A.

The length of each side in shape A’ is 2 × the length of each side in shape A.

We say that shape A has been enlarged by scale factor 2.

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 Enlargement

When a shape is enlarged the ratios of any of the lengths in the image to the
corresponding lengths in the original shape (the object) are equal to the scale
factor.

A’
A
4 cm 6 cm
6 cm 9 cm
B B’
C 8 cm
C’ 12 cm

A’B’ B’C’ A’C’

= = = the scale factor
AB BC AC

6 12 9
= = = 1.5
4 8 6

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 Using a centre of enlargement

To define an enlargement we must be given a scale factor and a centre of

enlargement.

For example, enlarge triangle ABC by scale factor 2 from the centre of
enlargement O:
A’

B’
B C’
O C

OA’ OB’ OC’

= = = 2
OA OB OC

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 Using a centre of enlargement

Enlarge parallelogram ABCD by a scale factor of 3 from the centre of enlargement

O.

A’ D’

A D
O
B
C

B’ C’

OA’ OB’ OC’ OD’

= = = = 3
OA OB OC OE

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 Enlargement on a coordinate grid

y The vertices of a triangle lie on

10 the points A(2, 4), B(3, 1) and
C(4, 3).
9 A’(4, 8)
8
7 C’(8, 6)
6 The triangle is enlarged by a
scale factor of 2 with a centre of
5 A(2, 4) enlargement at the origin (0, 0).
4 C(4, 3)
3
2 B’(6, 2)
1 B(3, 1) What do you notice about each
point and its image?
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 x

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 Enlargement on a coordinate grid

y The vertices of a triangle lie on

10 A(6, 9) C’(9, 9) the points A(2, 3), B(2, 1) and
9 C(3, 3).
8
7
6 The triangle is enlarged by a
scale factor of 3 with a centre of
5 enlargement at the origin (0, 0).
4 A(2, 3)
3 C(3, 3) B’(6, 3)
2
1 B(2, 1) What do you notice about each
point and its image?
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 x

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 Rotation
In order to rotate an object we need 3 pieces of information
• Centre of rotation
• Angle of rotation
• Direction of rotation
In order to find the image, using this information it is
best to use tracing paper.
 Rotation

• Centre of rotation
• Angle of rotation 90o
• Direction of rotation clockwise
Put a piece of tracing paper
over the drawing
Copy the object onto the
A A’ tracing paper
Put a pencil on the tracing
paper – point at the centre
X
of rotation
Rotate the tracing paper
by the required amount in
the specified direction
Note the end point of the object.
Remove the tracing paper and
draw the image and label it.
 Rotation
D’
The triangle PAD is rotated
A’ 90 degrees counter(anti)
clockwise about the point P.
To accomplish this the
segment PD is used as the
base line. Segment PD is
rotated until it forms a 90
P D degree angle. The
remainder of the triangle is
formed from segment PD.
A

ROTATION – A geometric turn of a figure

around a fixed point.
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 What happens to points in a
Reflection?
• Name the points of
the original triangle.
• Name the points of
the reflected triangle.
• What is the line of
reflection?
• How did the points
change from the
original to the
reflection?
Reflection
Reflection on y=a and x=b
Resources
• djmaths.weebly.com/uploads/5/5/3/7/55379
24/rotation.ppt
www.swanshurst.org

• Sheeba Rizvi