Line Integral

&
Green’s Theorem

1
 Line Integral
Ordinary integral  f (x) dx, we integrate along
the x-axis. But for line integral, the integration is
along a curve.
 f (s) ds =  f (x, y, z) ds

A B

O
2
 Vector Field, F Integral
~
Let a vector field F  Fx i  Fy j  Fz k and d r~  dx ~i  dy j  dz k~ .
~ ~ ~ ~ ~
The scalar product F . d r is written as
~ ~
F . d r  ( Fx i  Fy j  Fz k ).(dx i  dy j  dz k )
~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~

 Fx dx  Fy dy  Fz dz.
If a vector field F is along the curve C ,
~

then the line integral of F along the curve C

~

from a point A to another point B is given by

 F. d r   F
c ~ ~ c
x dx   Fy dy   Fz dz.
c c 3
Example 20 Calculate  F . d r from A  (0,0,0) to B  (4,2,1)
c ~ ~

along the curve x  4t , y  2t 2 , z  t 3 if

F  x 2 y i  xz j  2 yz k .
~ ~ ~ ~
Solution Given F  x y i  xz j  2 yz k
2
~ ~ ~ ~

 (4t ) 2 (2t 2 ) i  (4t )(t 3 ) j  2(2t 2 )(t 3 ) k

~ ~ ~

 32t 4 i  4t 4 j  4t 5 k .
~ ~ ~

And d r  dx i  dy j  dz k
~ ~ ~ ~

 4 dt i  4t dt j  3t 2 dt k . 4
~ ~ ~
Then
F . d r  (32t 4 i  4t 4 j  4t 5 k )(4 dt i  4t dt j  3t 2 dt k )
~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~

 (32t 4 )(4dt )  (4t 4 )(4tdt )  (4t 5 )(3t 2 dt )

 128t 4 dt  16t 5 dt  12t 7 dt
 (128t 4  16t 5  12t 7 ) dt.

At A  (0,0,0), 4t  0, 2t 2  0, t 3  0,
 t  0.
and, at B  (4,2,1), 4t  4, 2t 2  2, t 3  1,
 t  1.
5
 B t 1
  F . d r   (128t 4  16t 5  12t 7 )dt
A ~ ~ t 0
1
128 5 8 6 3 8 
 t  t  t 
 5 3 2 0
128 8 3
  
5 3 2
23
 26 .
30

6
Example 21

If F  xy 2 i  yz j  3x 2 z k ,
~ ~ ~ ~

calculate  F . d r
c ~ ~

from A  (0,0,0) to B  (1,2,3) on the

curve x  t , y  2t 2 , z  3t 3 .

B 61
Answer  A
F .d r  7
~ ~ 168
.
7
Example 22
Find,

y
Solution x2 + y2 = 22
2
C2
C3

x
O C1 2

8
 Given  c
[( x 2  y 2 )dx  ( x  2 y )dy ] where
P  x 2  y 2 and Q  x  2 y. We defined curve c
as c1 , c2 and c3 .
i) For c1 : y  0, dy  0 and 0  x  2

c1   c1 
  )dx  ( x  2 y )dy 
2 2
( Pdx Qdy ) ( x y
2
  x 2dx
0
2
1 3 8
 x   .
 3 0 3
9
ii) For c2 : x 2  y 2  4 ,in the first quarter from (2,0) to (0,2).
This curve actually a part of a circle.
Therefore, it's more easier if we integrate by using polar
coordinate of plane,

x  2cos  , y  2sin  , 0   
2
 dx  2sin  d , dy  2cos  d .

10

c2

( Pdx  Qdy)   ( x 2  y 2 )dx  ( x  2 y )dy
c2



  [((2 cos  ) 2  (2 sin  ) 2 )(2 sin  d )

2

 ((2 cos   2(2 sin  ))(2 cos  d )]



  (8 sin   4 cos 2   8 sin  cos  )d

2

0


  (8 sin   2  2 cos 2  8 sin  cos  )d

2

 

 8 cos   2  sin 2  4 sin  2 2
0

 8    4    4.

11
iii) For c3 : x  0, dx  0, 0  y  2

c3   c3 
  )dx  ( x  2 y )dy 
2 2
( Pdx Qdy ) ( x y
0
  2 y dy
2

2 0
  y 
2

 4.
8 16
  ( Pdx  Qdy )   (  4)  4    .
c 3 3

12
Green’s Theorem

13
 For xy - plane,
𝑖 𝑗 𝑘
𝜕 𝜕 𝜕 𝜕𝑄 𝜕𝑃
𝐹 = 𝑃 𝑥, 𝑦 𝑖 + 𝑄 𝑥, 𝑦 𝑗 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑙 𝐹 = 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑙 𝐹 ∙ 𝑘 = −
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
𝑃 𝑄 0
 Q P 
  F dr   [ P(x, y) dx  Q(x, y) dy]  D  x  y  dxdy 14
C C
 Example 23

 Q P 
By Green’s Theorem,  F dr   [ P(x, y) dx  Q(x, y) dy]  S  x  y  dxdy
C C

𝐹 = 𝑃 𝑥, 𝑦 𝑖 + 𝑄 𝑥, 𝑦 𝑗 = 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 i + 𝑥 + 2𝑦 j

𝑃 𝑥, 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 𝑄 𝑥, 𝑦 = 𝑥 + 2𝑦
𝜕𝑃 𝜕𝑄
= 2y =1
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥
15
  Q P 

C
F dr   [ P(x, y) dx  Q(x, y) dy] 
C
S  x  y  dxdy

16
Example 24

 Q P 
By Green’s Theorem,  F dr   [ P(x, y) dx  Q(x, y) dy]  S  x  y  dxdy
C C

𝐹 = 𝑃 𝑥, 𝑦 𝑖 + 𝑄 𝑥, 𝑦 𝑗 = 3𝑥 2 − 8𝑦 2 i + 4y − 6x𝑦 j

𝑃 𝑥, 𝑦 = 3𝑥 2 − 8𝑦 2 𝑄 𝑥, 𝑦 = 4y − 6𝑥𝑦
𝜕𝑃 𝜕𝑄
= −16y = −6y
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥
17
 y
 Q P 
𝑦 = 𝑥2
 F dr   [ P(x, y) dx  Q(x, y) dy]  S  x  y  dxdy
C C (1,1)

(0,0) x
1
x
𝑦= 𝑥
 F dr    ) dx  (4 y  6 xy ) dy]    10 ydydx
2 2
[(3 x 8 y
0
C C x2
1
 x 
x
5 y 2 2 5
dx  5 ( x  x 4 )dx  5 x
1 1
  
0   2
0 
2 5
x
0

1 1 3 3
 5     5 
2 5 10 2 18
 Next Lecture : Surface Integral
& Stokes Theorem

Thank You
24 March 2021 19