Philippine Agriculture

CROP SCIENCE
(Agriculturist Licensure Examination 2023)
RUSSEL VAN R. ROA

MSc Horticulture, University of the Philippines Los Baños
BSA Horticulture, Central Mindanao University
CONTENT:
• The Philippine Agriculture
• Classification of Crops
• Agronomic Crops
• Horticultural Crops
• Nature and Composition of Plants
• Physiological Processes
• Plant Growth Regulation
• Genetic Engineering in Food
CROP SCIENCE
HORTICULTURE AGRONOMY
PLANT
BREEDING
PHILIPPINE
AGRICULTURE
Philippine Agricultural Situation
Philippines as an Agricultural Country
❑composed of small farms
❑humid tropical climate and variable weather
❑varying topographies and soil types
❑diverse flora and fauna; and
❑a mixture of cultures in numerous communities
Crop Agriculture and Land Use in the Philippines
Total land area

= 30,018,000 ha
Alienable & Disposable Public & Unclassified Forest

Lands = 14,117 M ha Lands = 15,883 M ha
MEANWHILE…..
Crop Agriculture and Land Use in the
Philippines
• Suitable for agriculture = 14.0 M ha (49%)
• 114 M population (2023) → land-man ratio of
0.123 ha lower than world average of 0.20 ha.
• Cropped area = 13 M ha
• Cropping intervals (cropping index) = 1.26
Top 5 Crops by Area Planted (hectares)
YEAR
CROPS
2015 2016 2017 2018 2019
1. Rice 4,656,227.14 4,556,042.79 4,811,807.77 4,800,406.09 4,651,489.68
2. Coconut 3,517,742.85 3,565,059.37 3,612,304.29 3,628,134.38 3,651,873.03
3. Corn 2,561,934.25 2,484,465.30 2,552,592.25 2,511,436.27 2,516,722.96
4. Banana 443,369.91 442,865.40 446,763.91 447,889.39 449,030.08
5. Sugarcane 421,311.56 410,103.64 437,470.92 437,506.16 379,253.27
*83% of land is planted with these major crops.
Source: https://openstat.psa.gov.ph
Top 5 Crops by Volume of Production (mt tonnes)
YEAR
CROPS
2015 2016 2017 2018 2019
1. Sugarcane 22,926437.34 22,370,546.22 29,286,893.18 24,730,819.95 20,719,291.05
2. Rice 18,149,837.78 17,627,244.82 19,276,346.63 19,066,093.94 18,814,827.29
3. Coconut 14,735,188.98 13,825,080.08 14,049,131.06 14,726,165.43 14,765,057.06
4. Banana 9,083,929.03 8,903,684.14 9,166,334.31 9,358,784.56 9,157,676.11
5. Corn 7,518,755.72 7,218,816.55 7,914,908.49 7,771,918.63 7,978,844.55
*83% of land is planted with these major crops.
The MAJOR crops of the Philippines
The MAJOR crops of

the Philippines
Regions with Huge Contribution to the
Economy (Agriculture) - 2016
1. Central Luzon – 190 B
2. Northern Mindanao – 140 B
3. CALABARZON – 125 B
4. Western Visayas – 123 B
5. Davao Region – 114 B
As of July 14, 2023 (9:45 PM)

https://www.worldometers.info/world-population/philippines-population/
Characteristics of Phil.
Agriculture
• generally small-scale
• dependent on manual labor
• farmers are heterogeneous;

commercial, semi-
commercial, subsistence and
landless farm workers
Philippine Agriculture R & D
• A bigger budget for R&D - could address global demands

and challenges.
•A substantial increase in budget for R & D (7.9 B in 2011 to

11.7 B in 2015 or 49%) based on Government Budget
Allocation on Research and Development (GBAORD).
Philippine’s Budget on Certain Government
Agencies
From: www.dbm.gov.ph/ “2023 People’s Proposed Budget’’

Agencies

Agencies

Philippine Agriculture R & D
RESEARCH IN THE PHILIPPINES
Agricultural research in the Philippines has been established through
schools and research centers, either private or public sectors. These
are:
1. State colleges and universities offering degrees in agriculture
(UPLB, CMU, CLSU, VSU, BSU, etc.)
2. Department of Agriculture Research Networks (BPI, BAI, BAR

BSWM etc.)
3. National commodity research centers
NTA – National Tobacco Administration PhilRice – Philippine Rice Research Center
PhilFIDA – Fiber and Industry Development Authority

3. National commodity research centers

PCA – Philippine Coconut Authority SRA – Sugar Regulatory Administration
PhilRootCrops – Philippine Rootcrops PRRI – Philippine Rubber Research Institute

Research and Training Center
4. Specialized discipline-oriented research center
IPB – Institute of Plant Breeding NCPC – National Crop Protection Center
NPGRL – National Plant Genetic Resources Laboratory

4. Specialized discipline-oriented research center
PHTRC – Postharvest Horticulture Training and Research Center
BIOTECH – National Institutes of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology

4. Private seed companies
INTERNATIONAL RESEARCH CENTERS
CGIAR is an
international
organization of
agricultural
research
groups
© 2013 American Society of Plant Biologists

Contributions of Agricultural Sector to
the Economy
• Agriculture accounts for 9.6% of
Philippine’s GDP (2021).
• Activities ranges from small subsistence
farming and fishing to commercial
ventures.
• about 24.2 % of total labor force is
involved in agricultural activities (2021)
• 30% in 2014
Country’s Small-scale Commodity Production
• dominated by subsistence and semi-commercial
farmers cultivating an average area of 1.5 ha →
comprising 75% of the landowning population →
landholdings of these small farmers account for 20%
of the total farm area
Country’s Small-scale Commodity
Production
• poor rice farmers join the landless peasant
population in toiling on large landholdings
comprising at least 75% of the total farm
area controlled by 20% of the landholding
population
Constraints to Increasing Yield
•Biophysical/Technical
• Pests and diseases
• Yield potential of varieties/cultivars --- limiting
• Technological efficiency at farm level --- low
• Declining soil fertility and degraded soils (uplands)
• Water shortage --- lack of / deteriorating irrigation facilities, El Niño
Constraints to Increasing Yield
•Socioeconomic
• Limited / unavailable capital
• Low production incentives
•Institutional
• Deteriorating extension support services
• Weak institutional capabilities
Philippine Agricultural Development Program
Sec. Edgardo Angara (1999-2001)

Main Author of RA 8435
Why take the LEA?
Focus of AFMA
• food security – “we no longer need
to import”
• poverty alleviation and social equity
– “gap between the rich and the
poor
• income enhancement and
profitability
• global competitiveness
• sustainability
The Agriculture and Fisheries Modernization Act of 1997

(AFMA)
Components:
Production and Marketing Research Development
Support Services and Extension
Budget Matters
Rural Non-Farm Trade and Fiscal

Employment Incentives

(AFMA)
1. Production and Marketing Support Services

• Designation of Strategic Agriculture and Fisheries Development Center
→ suitable for economic scale production and agro-industrial
development
• Medium- and Long-term Agriculture and Fisheries Modernization Plan

→ global competitiveness, global climate change, WTO concerns,
and CARP concerns

(AFMA)
• Access to credit
→ small farmers involved in production, processing, and trading;
small- and medium enterprises involved in agriculture
• Rehabilitation of existing irrigation systems; promotion of affordable

and appropriate irrigation system; and watershed conservation

(AFMA)
• Provision of timely and accurate market and trade information system
→ supply, demand, price and price trends, product standards, etc.
• Other infrastructure requirements

→ seaports, airports, energy, communications, water supply, post-
harvest facilities and agricultural mechanization

(AFMA)
• Use of product standards
• → production, processing, distribution and marketing of agricultural
products

(AFMA)
2. Research Development and Extension
• Establishment of the National Research and Development System in
agriculture and Fisheries
• Use of appropriate technology to protect the environment, reduce
production costs, improve product quality and increase value-added for
global competitiveness

(AFMA)
3. Trade and Fiscal Incentives
• 5-year exemption of private businesses from tariffs
and duties
• → importation of fertilizers, pesticides, farm machinery,
etc.
4. Budget
• Php 20 B for 1st year implementation
GMA and AGRI PINOY Program for:
• rice → use of hybrid rice
• corn → use of hybrid and inbred corns
• high value crops → intensive vegetable and fruit production
Philippine Agriculture – SWOT Analysis
Strength of Philippine Agriculture
➢ Agriculture provides a total output (GDP) of about 9.4% → declining
➢ Provides direct and indirect employment to about 9.7 M families
➢ Food security remains to be lifeline of the country → priority attention of the
government
➢ Agriculture → mother of many industries (raw material → processing →
local/export markets)
➢ Land asset still valuable possession for future’s security
➢ Farming remains to be noble human undertaking and profession
Weaknesses of Philippine Agriculture
➢ Low adoption rates of

component technologies/whole
systems → technological
deficiencies/weak
extension/etc.
➢ Heavy dependence on imported

inputs
Multiple problems
➢ Physical
• climate (excessive rainfall, temperature
extremes)
• soil fertility (topsoil erosion, etc.)
➢ Biological
• Insect pests, diseases, weeds
• physiological disorders (intensively cropped
areas → nutrient deficiency)
➢ Socio-economic
• low farm income
• inadequate support services (farm)
• inadequate incentives for agricultural
production (input prices/prices of product)
➢ Essentially mono-culture-based design of

dominant crops → key production areas
➢ Export raw materials → imports finished products

(underdeveloped processing segment)
➢ Presence of “middlemen” in the farm → consumer

continuums
Opportunities for Philippine

Agriculture
➢ Diverse agro-environment → diverse

cropping/farming system
➢ Wide variety of climate and soil that allows

production of a wide variety of crops
• Food staple crops
• Fruit orchard
• Aesthetics/ornamental
• Agri-aquaculture system
Opportunities for Philippine Agriculture

• Whole year-round growing period for essentially crop-
based agriculture
• Sunshine duration (11 -13 hours)
• Temperature (24 – 32° C)
• Rainfall (2,400 – 4,000 mm/year)
• Soils which are fertile/suitable for agricultural production

• Alluvial soils rich in K and MEs
• Young fertile soils in flood plains
Opportunities for Philippine Agriculture
➢ Farming families (about 5.1 M) engaged in various agricultural-related activities

➢ Family-based small farm → labor intensive provided
Threats to Philippine Agriculture
➢ Globalization/Import liberalization
• Influx of cheap imports →
displaces local market of locally
produced materials
• Uncompetitive small farms →
selling/mortgaging their lands
➢ Erratic rainfall pattern → El Niño, La

Niña
• Only 1.3 M ha irrigated
• Deforestation → watershed
dysfunctional in holding water
• 5.4 M ha remaining (about 18%)
vary below 40% critical level
Threats to Philippine Agriculture

➢ Introduction of saline water
→ when water table pumped for domestic / irrigation purposes
Main Reference:
Sta. Cruz, P.C. Lecture Notes in Crop Science:
The Philippine Agriculture.
Institute of Crop Science,
College of Agriculture and Food
Science, UPLB, College, Laguna.
SHORT QUIZ:
1. The prime agricultural lands in the Philippines are generally located
in ___________.
a. near forested areas
b. near coastal areas
c. near the hills and mountains
d. around the main urban and high population density areas
2. Not a characteristic of Philippine agriculture.
a. has little value adding
b. highly mechanized
c. many farmers own small lands
d. underfunded
SHORT QUIZ:
3. This Philippine research institution focuses on coconut production.
a. NTA
b. PhilRice
c. PhilFIDA
D. PCA
4. The total land area of the Philippines suitable for agriculture.
a. 30 M ha
b. 15 M ha
c. 14 M ha
d. 13 M ha
SHORT QUIZ:
5. AFMA is under what Republic Act?
a. RA 8543
b. RA 8435
c. RA 8534
d. RA 8453
6. These are the top 5 major crops grown in the Philippines, except:
a. coconut
b. pineapple
c. banana
d. rice
SHORT QUIZ:
7. These are the weaknesses of Philippine Agriculture, except:
a. exports value-added finish products
b. many middlemen
c. monoculture based
d. highly unpredictable weather pattern
8. This province is the leading producer of mango in the Philippines.
a. Davao City
b. Cebu
c. Zambales
d. Guimaras
e. Pangasinan
SHORT QUIZ:
9. This international research institution focuses on wheat and maize
improvement.
a. IRRI
b. CIP
c. ICRISAT
d. CIMMYT
10. The Philippine Rubber Research Institute is situated in?
a. Zamboanga Sibugay
b. Zamboanga del Norte
c. Zamboanga City
d. Zamboanga del Sur
SHORT QUIZ:
11. AFMA stands for?
a. Agriculture and Fishes Modernization Act
b. Agriculture and Fisheries Mechanization Act
c. Agriculture and Fisheries Modernization Association
d. Agriculture and Fisheries Moderation Act
12. Most of the sugarcane is produced by what region?
a. Central Luzon
b. Eastern Visayas
c. Western Visayas
d. Northern Mindanao

Philippine Agriculture

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CROP SCIENCE

(Agriculturist Licensure Examination 2023)

RUSSEL VAN R. ROA

Total land area

Alienable & Disposable Public & Unclassified Forest

The MAJOR crops of

As of July 14, 2023 (9:45 PM)

• dependent on manual labor

• farmers are heterogeneous;

• A bigger budget for R&D - could address global demands

•A substantial increase in budget for R & D (7.9 B in 2011 to

From: www.dbm.gov.ph/ “2023 People’s Proposed Budget’’

From: www.dbm.gov.ph/ “2023 People’s Proposed Budget’’

From: www.dbm.gov.ph/ “2023 People’s Proposed Budget’’

2. Department of Agriculture Research Networks (BPI, BAI, BAR

3. National commodity research centers

NTA – National Tobacco Administration PhilRice – Philippine Rice Research Center

PhilFIDA – Fiber and Industry Development Authority

3. National commodity research centers

PhilRootCrops – Philippine Rootcrops PRRI – Philippine Rubber Research Institute

IPB – Institute of Plant Breeding NCPC – National Crop Protection Center

NPGRL – National Plant Genetic Resources Laboratory

PHTRC – Postharvest Horticulture Training and Research Center

BIOTECH – National Institutes of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology

© 2013 American Society of Plant Biologists

Sec. Edgardo Angara (1999-2001)

The Agriculture and Fisheries Modernization Act of 1997

Rural Non-Farm Trade and Fiscal

The Agriculture and Fisheries Modernization Act of 1997

1. Production and Marketing Support Services

• Medium- and Long-term Agriculture and Fisheries Modernization Plan

The Agriculture and Fisheries Modernization Act of 1997

• Rehabilitation of existing irrigation systems; promotion of affordable

The Agriculture and Fisheries Modernization Act of 1997

• Other infrastructure requirements

The Agriculture and Fisheries Modernization Act of 1997

The Agriculture and Fisheries Modernization Act of 1997

The Agriculture and Fisheries Modernization Act of 1997

➢ Low adoption rates of

➢ Heavy dependence on imported

➢ Essentially mono-culture-based design of

➢ Export raw materials → imports finished products

➢ Presence of “middlemen” in the farm → consumer

Opportunities for Philippine

➢ Diverse agro-environment → diverse

➢ Wide variety of climate and soil that allows

Opportunities for Philippine Agriculture

• Soils which are fertile/suitable for agricultural production

➢ Farming families (about 5.1 M) engaged in various agricultural-related activities

➢ Erratic rainfall pattern → El Niño, La

Threats to Philippine Agriculture

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