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Module 2 History of Ict

History

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45 views40 pages

Module 2 History of Ict

History

Uploaded by

naomiakor0
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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OOU-PRL 201: COMPUTER APPLICATION

TO LAW AND LEGAL RESEARCH I

MODULE 2: HISTORY OF ICT


FACILITATOR: DR. A.K.A. KOLAWOLE
History of Information and
CommunicationTechnology
• There are 4 main eras in the history of ICT:

– The Premechanical Age: 3000 BC and 1450 AD

– The Mechanical Age: 1450 – 1840

– The Electromechanical Age: 1840 - 1940.

– The Electronic Age: 1940 - Present.


1. The Premechnical Age

• It is the earliest age of information and communications


technology.
• Between the years 3000 BC and 1450 AD
– Its first form: Writing and Alphabets
– Cuneiform (around 3000 BC), then symbols (around 2000 BC).
1. The Premechnical Age

• Papers and Pens


–Sumerians, Egyptians, Chinese
• Books and Libraries
• The first numbering system is also discovered
in this age.
• Egyptians and Hindus in India used the
numbering system.
1. The Premechnical Age

• The numbering system similar to those we use


today is invented between 100 and 200 AD.
• The invention of zero comes much later.
• The Abacus was discovered during this age by
Mesopotamians (present day Iraqis)
The Premechnical Age...

• THE ABACUS
2. The Mechanical Age: 1450 – 1840

• This is the age that we observe the first


connections between the technology of today and
its ancestors.
• Slide rule is invented (early example of analog
computers).
• The first general purpose computers are developed.
– "computer: one who works with numbers."
2. The Mechanical Age: 1450 – 1840

• Slide rule.
• An analog computer
used for multiplying and
dividing.
• Discovered by William
Oughtred
2. The Mechanical Age: 1450 – 1840

• Blaise Pascal invented the Pascaline machine.


• Different engine is invented by Charles Babbage.
• Ada Lovelace is the first programmer.
2. The Mechanical Age: 1450 – 1840

• Punch cards is another development in this era.


– Introduced in 1801
– Binary logic
– Tabulating Machine.
– Used for data processing
3. The Electromechanical Age: 1840 - 1940. -
Communication
• The most important advance in this era is to use
electricity.
• The developments in this age are the beginnings of
communication.
– Telegraph (early 1800s), radio
– Morse Code
– Telephone (examples in 1876, 1930, 1970 respectively).
The Electromechanical Age: 1840 - 1940. -
Communication
3. Electromechanical Computing

• The International Business Machines Corporation


(IBM).
Mark I around 1940
• Programmed by using punch cards (no storing)
Mark I -1942 (for the WW II) Fire Control Device
4. The Electronic Age: 1940. – present

• That is the age that we are currently living in.


• There are Five Generations of Computers of the Elecronic
Age:
• Vacuum Tubes
• Transistors
• Integrated Circuits
• Microprocessors
• Artificial Intelligence
4. The Electronic Age: 1940. – present

• That is the age that we are currently living in.


• There are Five Generations of Computers of the Elecronic
Age:
• Vacuum Tubes
• Transistors
• Integrated Circuits
• Microprocessors
• Artificial Intelligence
1. The First Generation (1951 – 1958)
Vacuum Tubes
• Invented by Sir Jhon Ambrose
Fleming (1849-1945) in 1904.
The first-generation computers
uses the vacuum tubes as
memory, logic circuitry, and
CPU main component. The
vacuum tube has a glass tube
with no gas or air inside.
VACUUM TUBES + PRODUCT
VACUM TUBES

• Features: • the output was directly given


• (i) The price of managing these in the form of print outs
computers was very high • (v) The electricity
• (ii) They were huge consumption was very high
• (iii)They were not capable of
multitasking, and only one task
could be performed at a time
• (iv)They do not use monitors;
VACUUM TUBES

• Examples of computers • EDSAC – Electronic Delay


developed in this generation Storage Automatic Calculator
are: • (performs complex
• ENIAC – Electronic calculations)
Numeric Integrated and • EDVAC – Electronic
Computer, (Military use) Discrete Variable Automatic
• UNIVAC- Universal • (performs complex
Automatic Computer, calculations and solves
(Commercial Data scientific problems)
Processing)
Second Generation (1959 -1963): TRANSISTORS
• The first-ever transistor was
by three inventors William
Shockley, John Bardeen and
Walter Brattain in 1947 but
could not be used in the
computer until the 1959.
• (i) The speed of the transistor
decided the speed of the
computer
• (ii) It was less expensive in
comparison to the 1st
Generation computers
TRANSISTORS + PRODUCT
TRANSISTORS

(iii)The electricity consumption • Two significant


had also reduced with the use developments during this
of transistors phase include the
(iv)There was no change in the development of
output as it was still received • FORTRAN - Formula
through a printout Translation
(v) From machine language, • COBOL - Common Business
there was a change to usage Oriented Language, which
assembly language in was developed for business
computers. use.
TRANSISTORS

• Examples of computers of
this generation were:
• • IBM 1620
• • IBM 7094
• • CDC 1604
• • CDC 3600
• • UNIVAC 1108
Third Generation (1964 -1979)
Integrated Circuits

The Integrated Circuits was


invented by Jack Kilby.
It used Integrated Circuits (ICs)
in place of transistors.
A single IC has many transistors,
resistors, and capacitors along
with the associated circuitry.
INTEGRATED CICUITS + PRODUCT
INTEGRATED CIRCUITS

• This development made computers smaller in size,


reliable, and efficient.
• In this generation remote processing, time-sharing, multi-
programming operating system were used.

• High-level languages (FORTRAN-II TO IV, COBOL,


PASCAL PL/1, BASIC, ALGOL-68 etc.) were used during
this generation.
INTEGRATED CIRCUITS

• Features:
• Usage of keyboards and monitors has started for the input and
output.
• The transistors had been reduced in size and were placed on
silicon chips. This increased the speed of the computer.
• The Integrated circuits were used where small circuits could
work as efficiently as the larger ones
• Multitasking could be done in the computers developed during
the 3rd phase
INTEGRATED CIRCUITS

• Examples:
• IBM-360 series
• Honeywell-6000 series (Mainframes)
• PDP (Personal Data Processor)
• IBM-370/168
• TDC (Torpedo Disaster Control)-316
Fourth Generation (1979 – 2010):
MICROPROCESSORS

• The first microprocessor,


Intel 4004 chip was
discovered by Ted Hoff and
was made commercially
available in 1971.
• This led to the introduction
of personal computers
MICRO PROCESSORS

Microprocessor Product
MICROPROCESSORS

• Revised versions of • Features:


computers being introduced • Very Large Scale Integrated
in the form of laptops and (VLSI) circuits. VLSI
tablets circuits having about 5000
• GUI – Graphical User transistors
Interface was developed • Improved Speed,
during this phase • Memory and
• Storage
MICROPROCESSORS

• Examples
• Apple II
• IBM computer
• STAR 1000
Fifth Generation (Artificial Intelligence) – 2010-till date:
• The Fifth Generation
Computer Systems (FGCS)
was an initiative by Japan's
Ministry of International
Trade and Industry (MITI),
begun in 1982, to create
computers using massively
parallel computing and logic
programming.
AI + PRODUCT
• It was to be the result of a • Artificial intelligence has the
government/industry research ability to illustrate the means
project in Japan during the and method of making
1980s computers think the same as
• This generation of computers human beings.
was based upon parallel • In this generation, all kinds
processing hardware and AI of high-level languages such
(Artificial Intelligence) as C and C++, .Net, Java and
software. more are used.
• Artificial intelligence is • Robotic devices have started
being used in devices being used to reduce human
currently which has enabled labour
millions of tasks to be • AI is used in ICT today by
completed within seconds on many all facets of life and
a device living.
• Advancement in the
functioning of laptops,
palmtops, etc.
Artificial Intelligence

• The devices from this generation are:


• Cost-effective,
• Faster,
• Consume lesser electricity
• Easily portable and
• Convenient to use
• Example are:
• Desktop
• Laptop
• NoteBook
• UltraBook
• ChromeBook
CLASS ACTVITY

• Give examples of AI generated computer devices in the


list below:
• Telecommunications Marketing
• Banking Goverment Institutions
• HealthCare Engineering
• Education Employment
• Security

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