1.

To blink LEDs which are controlled by the 89C51 C by displaying the results and observe the
controlling characteristics
a) LED interfacing Source mode
#include <reg51.h>
void main(void)
{
unsigned int i;
for(i=0;i<5000;i++);
for(i=0;i<5000;i++);
P1=0x01;
}
b) LED interfacing Sink mode
#include <reg51.h>
void main(void)
{
unsigned int i;
for(i=0;i<5000;i++);
for(i=0;i<5000;i++);
P1=0xfe;
}
c) Embedded C program to toggle P1.0 continuously
#include<reg51.h>
sbit mybit= P1^0;
void main(void)
{
unsigned int i;
while(1)
{
for(i=0;i<2000;i++);
mybit=0;
for(i=0;i<2000;i++);
mybit=1;
}
}
2. To study the different switching aspects and analyse the switch control mechanism implemented
through 89C51 C: Switch and LED interfacing
#include <reg51.h>
sbit LED = P2^4;
sbit SW=P2^2;
void Delay(const unsigned int x) //Function to provide delay
{
unsigned int L1=0;
unsigned int L2=0;
for(; L1 < x; L1++)
{
for(L2=0; L2 <6553; L2++)
{}
}
}
int main()
{
SW=1;
LED=0; //configuring as output pin
while(1)
{
if((SW ==0))
 {
LED=1; //Make pin high
Delay(1);
}
else
{
LED=0; // Make pin low
Delay(1);
}
}
}
3. To study the serial communication capabilities of a microcontroller and analyze for different aspects
using a program on 89c51 C
a) Serial data transmission
MOV TMOD,#20H ;timer 1,mode 2(auto reload)
MOV TH1,#-6 ;4800 baud rate
MOV SCON,#50H ;8-bit, 1 stop, REN enabled
SETB TR1 ;start timer 1
AGAIN:MOV SBUF,#"A" ;letter "A" to transfer
HERE: JNB TI, HERE ;wait for the last bit
CLR TI ;clear TI for next char
SJMP AGAIN ;keep sending A
end
b) Serial data reception
org 0000h
MOV TMOD,#20H ;timer 1,mode 2(auto reload)
MOV TH1,#-6 ;4800 baud rate
MOV SCON,#50H ;8-bit, 1 stop, REN enabled
SETB TR1 ;start timer 1
HERE: JNB RI,HERE ;wait for the last bit
MOV A,SBUF
MOV P1,A
CLR RI ;clear RI for next char
SJMP HERE ;keep sending A
END

4. To activate & control the seven-segment display unit with 89C51 C: Program to display 0-9
continuously
include <reg51.h>
#define DATA P2
void delay(unsigned int );
int main()
{
while(1)
{
DATA=0xc0;
delay(500);
DATA=0xf9;
delay(500);
DATA=0xa4;
delay(500);
DATA=0xb0;
delay(500);
DATA=0x99;
delay(500);
DATA=0x92;
delay(500);
DATA=0x82;
 delay(500);
DATA=0xf8;
delay(500);
DATA=0x80;
delay(500);
DATA=0x90;
delay(500);
}

}
void delay(unsigned int t) //delay t*25msec
{
unsigned int i,j;
for(i=0; i<t; i++)
for(j=0; j<1275; j++);
}
5. To examine the liquid crystal display (LCD) control characteristics on 89C51 C using the
appropriate program modes Sensor interfacing
#include <reg51.h>
sfr ldata = 0x0a0; //P2=LCD data pins
sbit rs = P3^7;
sbit rw = P3^6;
sbit en = P3^5;
unsigned char str1 [16]="VardhamanCollege";
unsigned char str2 [15]=" of Engineering";
void MSDelay (unsigned int itime)
{
unsigned int i,j;
for(i=0;i<itime;i++)
for(j=0;j<1275;j++);
}
void lcdcmd(unsigned int value)
{
ldata = value; //put the value on the pins
rs = 0;
rw = 0;
en = 1; //strobe the enable pin
MSDelay(1);
en = 0;
return;
}
void lcddata(unsigned char value)
{
ldata = value ; //put the value on the pins
rs = 1;
rw = 0;
en = 1; //strobe the enable pin
MSDelay(5);
en = 0;
return;
}
void main()
{
unsigned int x;
lcdcmd(0x38);
lcdcmd(0x0E);
lcdcmd(0x01);
lcdcmd(0x06);
 lcdcmd(0x80); //line 1, position 6
for(x=0;x<16;x++)
{
lcddata (str1[x]);
MSDelay(25);
}
lcdcmd(0xc0);
for(x=0;x<15;x++)
{
lcddata (str2[x]);
MSDelay(25);
}
while(1);
}
6. To study the sensor control characteristics and different sensing capabilities of a sensor
implemented by the program via the 89C51 C
a) IR Interfacing with 8051(Obstacle Detection)
#include <reg51.h>
#include <stdio.h>
sfr ldata = 0x0A0;
sbit rs = P3^7;
sbit rw = P3^6;
sbit en = P3^5;
sbit IR=P1^0;// Connect the data pin of IR to pin N0 13
void Delay(unsigned int time);
void LCD_Init(void);
void LCD_Cmd(unsigned char cmd);
void LCD_Data(unsigned char dat);
void LCD_Print(char *str);
void main() {
LCD_Init();
LCD_Print(" IR Interfacing");
while(1) {
if(IR == 0) {
LCD_Cmd(0xc0);
LCD_Print("ObstacleDetected");
Delay(1);
} else {
LCD_Cmd(0xc0);
LCD_Print(" No Obstacle ");
}
}
}
void LCD_Init(void) {
LCD_Cmd(0x38);
LCD_Cmd(0x0E);
LCD_Cmd(0x01);
LCD_Cmd(0x06);
LCD_Cmd(0x80);
}

void LCD_Cmd(unsigned char cmd) {

ldata = cmd;
rs = 0;
rw = 0;
en = 1;
Delay(1);
en = 0;
 }
void LCD_Data(unsigned char dat) {
ldata = dat;
rs = 1;
rw = 0;
en = 1;
Delay(1);
en = 0;
}
void LCD_Print(char *str) {
while (*str) {
LCD_Data(*str++);
}
}
void Delay(unsigned int time) {
unsigned int i, j;
for (i = 0; i < time; i++)
for (j = 0; j < 1275; j++);
}
b) LDR Interfacing with 8051
#include <reg51.h>
#include <stdio.h>
sfr ldata = 0x0A0;
sbit rs = P3^7;
sbit rw = P3^6;
sbit en = P3^5;
sbit LDR = P1^0;// Connect the data pin of LDR to pin N0 13
void Delay(unsigned int time);
void LCD_Init(void);
void LCD_Cmd(unsigned char cmd);
void LCD_Data(unsigned char dat);
void LCD_Print(char *str);
void main() {
LCD_Init();
LCD_Print("LDR Interfacing");
while(1) {
if(LDR == 1) {
LCD_Cmd(0xc0);
LCD_Print(" LOW Brightness ");
Delay(1);
} else {
LCD_Cmd(0xc0);
LCD_Print(" HIGH Brightness ");
}
}
}
void LCD_Init(void) {
LCD_Cmd(0x38);
LCD_Cmd(0x0E);
LCD_Cmd(0x01);
LCD_Cmd(0x06);
LCD_Cmd(0x80);
}
void LCD_Cmd(unsigned char cmd) {
ldata = cmd;
rs = 0;
rw = 0;
en = 1;
 Delay(1);
en = 0;
}
void LCD_Data(unsigned char dat) {
ldata = dat;
rs = 1;
rw = 0;
en = 1;
Delay(1);
en = 0;
}

void LCD_Print(char *str) {

while (*str) {
LCD_Data(*str++);
}
}
void Delay(unsigned int time) {
unsigned int i, j;
for (i = 0; i < time; i++)
for (j = 0; j < 1275; j++);
}
7. To demonstrate the LED Blinking and Seven Segment Display Using ARM Processor
a) LED blinking on STM32(ARM Cortex M4 processor)

void setup() {
pinMode(D2, OUTPUT);
}
void loop() {
digitalWrite(D2, HIGH); // turn the LED on (HIGH is the voltage level)
delay(1000); // wait for a second
digitalWrite(D2, LOW); // turn the LED off by making the voltage LOW
delay(1000); // wait for a second
}
b) 7segmetn display interfacing with stm32(ARM Cortex M4 processor)
const int segmentPins[] = {D2, D3, D4, D5, D6, D7, D8}; // A, B, C, D, E, F, G
// Segment configuration for each digit (LOW = ON, HIGH = OFF)
const int digits[10][7] = {
{0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1}, // 0
{1, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1}, // 1
{0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 1, 0}, // 2
{0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 0}, // 3
{1, 0, 0, 1, 1, 0, 0}, // 4
{0, 1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0}, // 5
{0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0}, // 6
{0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1}, // 7
{0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0}, // 8
{0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0} // 9
};
void setup() {
// Set segment pins as outputs
for (int i = 0; i < 7; i++) {
pinMode(segmentPins[i], OUTPUT);
}
}

void loop() {
for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++) {
 displayDigit(i);
delay(1000); // Wait for 1 second
}
}
void displayDigit(int digit) {
// Set segments based on the digit
for (int i = 0; i < 7; i++) {
digitalWrite(segmentPins[i], digits[digit][i]);
}
}
8. To demonstrate the working of LCD Interface and the control under ARM Processor.

#include <LiquidCrystal.h>
LiquidCrystal lcd(D2, D3, D4, D5, D6, D7);
void setup()
{
lcd.begin(16, 2);
lcd.print("Hello, STM32!");
}
void loop()
{
lcd.setCursor(0, 1);
lcd.print("LCD Interface!");
delay(1000);
lcd.clear();
delay(1000);
}

9. To demonstrate the working of 16 channel ADC interface with LPC2929 Processor