Here’s an expanded list of additional built-in functions, methods, and useful operations available in
Python.
Additional Built-in Functions:
1. Advanced Iterators and Generators:
iter() : Returns an iterator object.
next() : Retrieves the next item from an iterator.
2. Functional Programming Tools:
lambda : Creates an anonymous function (inline function).
reduce() : Reduces an iterable to a single value by applying a function (available
in functools module).
functools.partial() : Allows partial function application, creating a new function with some
arguments pre-filled.
3. Advanced Type Conversion:
ord() : Converts a character to its ASCII/unicode value.
chr() : Converts an ASCII/unicode value to its character equivalent.
ascii() : Returns a string with a printable representation of an object.
repr() : Returns a string representation of an object (used for debugging).
frozenset() : Converts a collection to an immutable set.
4. Modules and Attributes:
__import__() : Imports a module programmatically, similar to the import statement.
globals() : Returns a dictionary representing the current global symbol table.
locals() : Returns a dictionary representing the current local symbol table.
vars() : Returns __dict__ attribute for a module, class, instance, or any other object with
attributes.
5. Memory-related Functions:
memoryview() : Creates a view object that exposes a buffer's data.
bytearray() : Returns an array of bytes.
bytes() : Converts an object to an immutable bytes object.
6. Specialized Mathematical Functions:
hex() : Converts an integer to hexadecimal.
bin() : Converts an integer to binary.
oct() : Converts an integer to octal.
complex() : Creates a complex number.
round() : Rounds a number to a specified number of decimal places.
divmod() : Returns the quotient and remainder as a tuple.
7. Sorting and Reordering:
all() : Returns True if all items in an iterable are true.
any() : Returns True if any item in an iterable is true.
sorted() : Returns a sorted list from the given iterable.
8. Utility Functions:
slice() : Returns a slice object.
format() : Formats a value according to a format specifier.
id() : Returns the identity (unique integer) of an object.
compile() : Compiles a string of Python code into bytecode for execution.
Additional Common String Methods:
startswith() : Returns True if the string starts with the specified value.
endswith() : Returns True if the string ends with the specified value.
strip() : Removes leading and trailing spaces (or other specified characters).
lstrip() : Removes leading spaces (or specified characters).
rstrip() : Removes trailing spaces (or specified characters).
isalpha() : Returns True if the string consists of only alphabetic characters.
isdigit() : Returns True if the string consists of only digits.
islower() : Returns True if all alphabetic characters in the string are lowercase.
isupper() : Returns True if all alphabetic characters in the string are uppercase.
count() : Returns the number of occurrences of a substring.
partition() : Splits the string at the first occurrence of the separator and returns a tuple.
rpartition() : Splits the string at the last occurrence of the separator and returns a tuple.
Additional List Methods:
copy() : Returns a shallow copy of the list.
clear() : Removes all items from the list.
index() : Returns the index of the first occurrence of a value.
count() : Returns the number of occurrences of a value.
sort() : Sorts the list in place.
reverse() : Reverses the list in place.
Additional Dictionary Methods:
pop() : Removes the item with the specified key and returns its value.
popitem() : Removes and returns the last inserted key-value pair.
copy() : Returns a shallow copy of the dictionary.
clear() : Removes all elements from the dictionary.
setdefault() : Returns the value of the specified key. If the key does not exist, inserts the key with
the specified value.
Additional Set Methods:
discard() : Removes an element from a set if it is present.
pop() : Removes and returns an arbitrary element from the set.
issubset() : Checks if one set is a subset of another.
issuperset() : Checks if one set is a superset of another.
difference_update() : Removes all elements of another set from the original set.
symmetric_difference() : Returns the symmetric difference of two sets (elements that are in
either set, but not both).
Advanced Python Concepts:
1. Decorators:
@staticmethod : Used to define static methods that don't access or modify the class state.
@classmethod : Used to define class methods that take the class as the first parameter.
@property : Defines a method as a property, allowing it to be accessed like an attribute.
2. Context Managers:
with : Used for wrapping the execution of a block of code in methods defined by context
managers (e.g., file operations).
3. Custom Exceptions:
You can define custom exceptions by subclassing Python’s built-in Exception class:
python Copy code
class MyCustomError(Exception): pass
4. Comprehensions:
List comprehensions:
python Copy code
squares = [x**2 for x in range(10)]
Dictionary comprehensions:
python Copy code
squares_dict = {x: x**2 for x in range(10)}
Set comprehensions:
python Copy code
squares_set = {x**2 for x in range(10)}
5. Generators:
Used to create iterators with a sequence of values. A generator yields values using
the yield keyword.
python Copy code
def my_generator(): for i in range(5): yield i
This extended list covers more specialized functions, methods, and Pythonic concepts for both
beginners and advanced users, enhancing the ability to write more efficient and readable code.
