Assignment FM 316 (Bio-Mathematics)

Total Marks 20

Dr. Mushtaq Ahmed

Department of Mathematics, University of Karachi,
Karachi-75270, Pakistan

July 15, 2024

2
Contents

1 Function 5
1.1 Value of Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
1.2 Functions of Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
1.3 Graph of Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
1.4 Limit of Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
1.5 Continuity of a Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

2 Derivative 9
2.1 Derivative Using Definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
2.2 Derivative Using Rule . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
2.3 Implicit Differentiation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
2.4 Further Derivative Computation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
2.5 Relative Maxima and Minima . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
2.6 L’Hospital Rule . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
2.7 Mean Value Theorem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
2.8 Taylor and Maclaurine Series . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
2.9 Approximation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14

3 Anti-Derivative 15
3.1 Anti-Derivative of Algebraic Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
3.2 Anti-Derivative By Definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
3.3 Anti-Derivative through List . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16

4 Integration 17
4.1 Integration By Substitution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
4.2 Integration By Parts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
4.3 Integration By Partial Fraction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17

5 Definite Integral 19
5.1 Definite Integral . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
5.2 Area Under a Curve . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19

3
4 CONTENTS

5.3 Integration Through Calculator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19

5.4 Area Through Calculator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20

6 Differential Equations 21
6.1 Variables Separable Equations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
6.2 Linear Differential Equations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21

7 Bio-mathematics Models 23
7.1 Growth Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
7.2 Drug Disappear Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
Chapter 1

Function

1.1 Value of Function

Q1. Use the equation y = x2 − 6x + 8 to answer the question that for what
value of x is y = 0. √
Q2. Use the equation y = 1 + x to answer the question that for what
value of x is y = 4.
Q3. Find g(3), g(−1),g(π),g(−1.1) and g(t2 − 1) for the function
2 +1
g(x) = xx−1
Q4. Find the natural domain of
1 1 2 +1
(a) f (x) = x−3 (b) g(x) = 5x+7 (c) H(x) = xx+1 (d)
1√
f (x) = 3− x
Q5. Find formula for f + g, f − g, f g, f /g for the functions
(a) f (x) = 2x g(x) = x3 + 1
x
(b) f (x) = 3x − 2 g(x) = 1+x
√ √2
(c) f (x) = 2 x − 1 g(x) = x − 1

1.2 Functions of Function

√
Q1. Let f (x) = x and g(x) = x3 + 1 , find f (g(2)), g(f (4)), f (f (16)),
g(g(0))
Q2. Find the formula for f ◦ g and g ◦ f
(a) f (x) = 2x + 1 , g(x) = x2 − x
(b) f (x) = 2 − x2 , g(x) = x3
2
(c) √ + 1 , g(x) = x√−2x
f (x) = 2x
(d) f (x) = x − 3 , g(x) = x + 3
Q3. Find the formula for f (g(x)) and g(f (x))
(a) f (x) = −x2 , g(x) = √1x

5
6 CHAPTER 1. FUNCTION

(b) f (x) = 2x−1

x+1
1
, g(x) = x−1
(c) f (x) = 2x − 5 , g(x) = 3x − 2
(d) f (x) = x2 − 1 , g(x) = x1
Q4. Find value of x such that f (g(x)) = g(f (x))
(a) f (x) = −x2 , g(x) = √1x
(b) f (x) = 2x−1
x+1
1
, g(x) = x−1
(c) f (x) = 2x − 5 , g(x) = 3x − 2
(d) f (x) = x2 − 1 , g(x) = x1
Q5. Find g(x) such that f (g(x)) = h(x)
(a) f (x) = 2x + 1 , h(x) = 2x2 + 4x + 1

1.3 Graph of Function

Q1. Sketch the graph of the function
(a) f (x) = x3
1
(b) f (x) = √
x
(b) f (x) = √x
(b) f (x) = 3 x
Q2. Draw graph of 2x , 1x ,(0.9)x ,(0.1)x ,

1.4 Limit of Function

Q1. Make a guess at the limit by evaluating the function at given x
(a) limx→1 xx−1
3 −1 : x=2, 1.5, 1.1, 1.01, 1.001, 1.0001
x+1
(b) limx→1 x3 −1 : x=2, 1.5, 1.1, 1.01, 1.001, 1.0001
(c) limx→1 xx+1
3 −1 : x=0, 0.5, 0.9, 0.99, 0.999, 0.9999

Q2. Make a guess

√ at the limit by evaluating the function at given x
(a) limx→0 √x−1−1
x
: x=0.25, 0.01, 0.001, 0.0001
x−1+1
(b) limx→0 x
: x=0.25, 0.01, 0.001, 0.0001
Q3. Evaluate the
√ following limits √
(a) limx→0 x−1−1x
(b) limx→0
x+4−2
x
√
x2 +4−2 (1+x)2 −1
(c) limx→0 x
(d) limx→0 x
√
x x−1
(e) limx→0 1−√1−x (f ) limx→1 x−1
√ 2
(g) limx→1 √x+1 (h) limx→5 √x −25
x−1 x2 +11
2 −4 2 −x−2
(i) limx→−2 x2x+3x+2 (j) limx→1 2x3x3 +3x 2 −5
1.5. CONTINUITY OF A FUNCTION 7

1.5 Continuity of a Function

Q1. Determine continuity
√ of the following functions √
(a) at x=0 f (x) =√ x−1−1
x
(b) at x=0 f (x) = x+4−2
x
x2 +4−2 (1+x)2 −1
(c)at x=0 f (x) = x
(d) at x=0 f (x) =√ x
x x−1
(e)at x=0 f (x) = 1−√1−x (f) at x=1 f (x) = x−1
√ 2
(g)at x=1 f (x) = √x+1 (h) at x=5 f (x) = √x −25
x−1 x2 +11
x2 −4 3x2 −x−2
(i)at x=-2 f (x) = x2 +3x+2
(j)at x=1 f (x) = 2x3 +3x2 −5
8 CHAPTER 1. FUNCTION
Chapter 2

Derivative

2.1 Derivative Using Definition

QA. Find f 0 (x) using definition at x = 2

1. f (x) = x5
√
2. f (x) = x

3. f (x) = x−2

4. f (x) = x2 − 5x + 2

5. f (x) = 3x2 − 5
1
6. f (x) = x2

1
7. f (x) = x2 + x2

1
8. f (x) = 5x+3

d
QB. Find dx
f (x) using definition at x = aR

1. f (x) = sin(2x)

2. f (x) = cos(2x)

QC. Find f 0 (x) using definition

1. f (x) = log2 (x)

2. f (x) = log5 (x)

9
10 CHAPTER 2. DERIVATIVE

3. f (x) = log2 (5x)

4. f (x) = log5 (2x)

QD. Find f 0 (x) using scientific calculator at x = −3, −2, −1, 0, 1, 2, 3

1. f (x) = x5 x = −3, −2, −1, 0, 1, 2, 3

√
2. f (x) = x x = 0, 1, 2, 3

3. f (x) = x−2 x = 0, 1, 2, 3

4. f (x) = sin(2x) x = −3, −2, −1, 0, 1, 2, 3

5. f (x) = cos(2x) x = −3, −2, −1, 0, 1, 2, 3

6. f (x) = log10 (x) x = 1, 2, 3

7. f (x) = loge (x) x = 1, 2, 3

8. f (x) = loge (5x) x = 1, 2, 3

9. f (x) = log10 (2x) x = 1, 2, 3

2.2 Derivative Using Rule

dy
QA. Find dx √
(1) y = 3x5 + 2x2 + 1 (2) y = x4 + 5x3 + 3t2 + x
(3) y = (x − 3)3 (x + 2) (4) y = (x2 + 1)5
dy
QB. Find dx h 3 i
3x
(1) y = x−1 (2) y = xx3 −1
+1
h i3
3x+2 x+1
(3) y= x2 +1
(4) y= x−1
h i
x2 +x+1
(5) y= x2 −x+1
(6) y = xx(x+1)
2 −3x+2
dy
QC. Find dx
(1) y = sin(2x) (2) f (x) = cos(2x)
(3) y = tan(2x) (4) f (x) = cos(x2 )
2
(5) y = sin (5x) (6) f (x) = sec2 (3x2 )
dy
QD. Find dx
(1) y = ln(3x2 + 7x + 2) (2) f (x) = [ln(7x + 3)]3
2
(3) f (x) = log2 (3x + 7x + 2) (4) f (x) = [log5 (7x + 3)]2
QE. Find f 0 (−1), f 0 (0),f 0 (1) using your calculator if possible
(1) f (x) = 3x5 + 2x2 + 1 (2) f (x) = sin(2x)
2.3. IMPLICIT DIFFERENTIATION 11

(3) f (x) = x−2 (4) f (x) = sin(2x)

−2
(5) f (x) = x (6) f (x) = sin(2x)
(7) f (x) = ln(3x2 + 7x + 2)

2.3 Implicit Differentiation

dy
QA. Find dx
1. x + y2 = 1
2
2. x2 + xy = 2
2 3
3. y = (x − 3) 4. x2/3 + y 2/3 = 1
x 1
5. y = x2 +1
√ 6. y
+ x1 = 1
dy
QB. Find dx
1. x2 (x + 3y) − y 3 = 3 2. 2x3 − y 3 − 3xy 2 = 2a3
3. x3 y − 3xy 3 = 2a3 4. 2x4 + xy 3 + y 4 = 10
5. x3 − 3x2 y + y 3 = 3 6. ln(xy) − y 3 = 1
7. 3x2 − 4xy + y 2 = 45 8. x 3 − x2 y − y 3 = 3

2.4 Further Derivative Computation

dy
QA. Find dx

1. y = ln(2x)

2. y = (ln x)2

3. y = ln(sin x)

4. y = (ln(ln x)2

5. y = cos(lnx)

6. y = x3 ln(x)
ex −e−x
7. y = ex +e−x

8. y = ln cos(ex )
dy
QB. Find dx
by implicit differentiation

1. y + ln(xy) = 1

2. y = ln(x tan(y))

QC. Find the indicated differentiation

12 CHAPTER 2. DERIVATIVE

1. d
dx
[ln √cos(x)
4−3x2
q
d x−1
2. dx
[ln x+1
]

3. d
dx
[ln √sin(x)
4−3x
q
d x2 −1
4. dx
[ln x3 +1
]

dy
QD. Find dx
by using method of logarithm
√
1. y = x2 3 x2 + 1
√
(x2 −8)1/3 x3 +1
2. y = x3 −7x+15

QE. Find f 0 (x) at x = 2

1. f (x) = 2x+2

2. f (x) = 3−x

3. f (x) = ex tan x

4. f (x) = (x3 − 2x)ln x

QF. Show that for the constant A and B, the function

y = ae2x + Be−4x

satisfies the equation

y 00 + 2y 0 − 8y = 0

2.5 Relative Maxima and Minima

QA. Locate the stationary points of f (x)
(1) f (x) = x3 + 3x2 − 9x + 1 (2) f (x) = x4 − 6x2 − 3
(3) f (x) = 2x3 − 6x + 7
QB. Find relative extrema of the function
(1) f (x) = x3 + 5x − 2 (2) f (x) = x4 − 2x2 + 7
(3) f (x) = x4 + 2x3
2.6. L’HOSPITAL RULE 13

2.6 L’Hospital Rule

QA. Evaluate the limit using L’Hospital rule
x− 4
(1) limx→2 x2 +2x−8
sin x
(2) limx→0 tan x
2
(3) limx→4 xx3 −1
−1
QB. Show using L’Hospital rule
(1) limx→0 (1 + x)1/x = e
ln x
(2) limx→0 csc x
=0
sin x−x
(3) limx→0 x sin x = 0

2.7 Mean Value Theorem

QA. Verify that the hypothesis of Rolle’s mean value theorem are satisfied
on the given interval and find all the values of c in that interval.
(1) f (x) = x2 − 6x + 8 [2, 4]
(2) f (x) = x3 − 3x2 + 2x [0, 2]
x2 −1
(3) f (x) = x−2 [−1, 1]
QB. Verify that the hypothesis of mean value theorem are satisfied on the
given interval and find all the values of c in that interval.
(1) f (x) = x2 + x [−4, 6]
(2) f (x) = x3 + x − 4 [−1, 2]
1
(3) f (x) = x + x [3, 4]

2.8 Taylor and Maclaurine Series

QA. Find the Taylor series for the following functions.

1. f (x) = ex ; at a=1

2. f (x) = e−x ; at a = ln 2
1
3. f (x) = x+2
at a=3

QB. Find the Maclaurine series for the following functions.

1. f (x) = e−x

2. f (x) = sin(πx)

3. f (x) = ln(1 + x)
14 CHAPTER 2. DERIVATIVE

2.9 Approximation
QA. Find dy and ∆y

1. For y = x2 at x = 2 with dx = ∆x = 1

2. For y = x3 at x = 1 with dx = ∆x = 1
√
3. For y = x at x = 9 with dx = ∆x = −1

QB. Find the value of following first without calculator then by calculator
and compare

1. (4.03)4

2. (2.98)3
√
3. 26

QC. The side of a square is measured to be 10 ft with a possible error of

±0.1 ft. Estimate the error in the calculated area of the square.
QD. The side of a cube is measured to be 25 ft with a possible error of
±1 ft. Estimate the error in the calculated volume.
QE. The side of a cube is measured to be 25 ft with a possible error of
±1 cm. Estimate the error in the calculated volume.
Chapter 3

Anti-Derivative

3.1 Anti-Derivative of Algebraic Functions

QA. Find following anti-derivatives using definition

h√ i
1. First find D 3x2 + 5x + 1 then find D−1 √3x(6x+5)
2 +5x+1

2. First find D [(3x2 + 5x + 1)5 ] then find D−1 [(3x2 + 5x + 1)4 (6x + 5)]

3. Find D−1 [(3x2 + 6x + 1)4 (x + 1)] by finding D [(3x2 + 6x + 1)5 ]

h i
4. First find D [ln(5x2 + 6x + 7)2 ] then find D−1 √ 5x+3
5x2 +6x+7

3.2 Anti-Derivative By Definition

QA. Find following anti-derivatives using definition

1. Find D [sin(3x2 + 5x + 1)]. Find [(6x + 5) cos(3x2 + 5x + 1)] dx

R

2. Find D [cos(3x2 + 5x + 1)]. Find [(6x + 5) sin(3x2 + 5x + 1)] dx

R

h 2 +5x+1
i Rh 2 +5x+1
i
3. Find D e3x . Find (6x + 5)e3x dx

(6x+5)
4. Find D [arctan(3x2 + 5x + 1)]. Find
R
1+(3x2 +5x+1)2
dx

15
16 CHAPTER 3. ANTI-DERIVATIVE

3.3 Anti-Derivative through List

QA. Integrate the following
x3 +1
1. (x + 1)2 − (x − 1)2 2. x5
√ 2 x2√−9
3. x(x + 2x + 3) 4. 2 x
√ x3 −9
5. x2 − 7(x2 − 7) 6. x−3
x+2 x2
7. x−1
8. x+1
QB. Evaluate the following
(sin x − cos x)2 dx 2
R R
1. 2. sin x sec xdx
Rq
(tan x + cot x)2 dx
R
3. 4. 1 + sin(2x)dx
R sin(2x) Rq
5. sin x
dx 6. 1 − sin(2x)dx
Chapter 4

Integration

4.1 Integration By Substitution

QA. Find
R √
following anti-derivatives Rusing √ method of substitution
1. x x − 2dx 2. 3x 1 − 2x2 dx
√ x+2 x
R R
3. 2 +8x+5 dx 4. x2 −1
dx
R ln2x
x R 1
5. x
dx 6. x ln x
dx
QB. Find following anti-derivatives using method of substitution
+ 5) cos(3x2 +i 5x + 1)] dx [(6x + 5) sin(3x2 + 5x + 1)] dx
R R
1. [(6x
h 2.
2 (6x+5)
(6x + 5)e3x +5x+1 dx
R R
3. 4. 1+(3x2 +5x+1)2
dx
R 1
5. x(ln x)4
dx
QC. Evaluate
R 6x2 −9
the following anti-derivatives
R 3x
using method of substitution.
1. 3 2. 2
R 2x4x−9x+4
3 −4x R x e+1 x
3. x 4 −2x2 +3 4. ex +1
R 1−sin x R sin x
5. x+cos x
6. 3+4 cos x

4.2 Integration By Parts

QA. Find
R x
following anti-derivatives using definition
R 2
1. [e
R 2
sin x] dx 2. [x
R 2
cos x] dx
3. R
[x sin x] dx 4. R
[x ln x] dx
5. [arctan
R 3 2x
x] dx 6. [sin x ln cos x] dx
7. [x e ] dx

4.3 Integration By Partial Fraction

QA. Evaluate following

17
18 CHAPTER 4. INTEGRATION
R 1 R 1
1. 2 dx 2. 2 dx
R x +4x−5
1 R x +5x+6
1
3. 2 dx 4. 2 dx
R x +9x+20
2x−1 R xx2+6x−7
+2x+3
5. x(x−1)(x−3)
dx 6. (x−1)(x−2)
dx
R 2x+1 R 2x2
7. x(x−1)(x−2)
dx 8. dx
(x−1)2 (x+1)
R 1 R 3x2 −12x+11
9. 3 dx 10. dx
Rx +1 2x+1 R (x−1)(x−2)(x−3)
2x+3
11. dx 12. dx
R x(x+1)(x−3)
x−1 R (x+1)(x+2)
2x
13. (x+1)2
dx 14. (x−1)2 (x+1)
dx
R 2
x −2 R 2
3x +3x+1
15. 2 dx 16. (x2 +1)(x+1)
dx
R (x+1)(x−1)
1
17. x2 +4x−5
dx
Chapter 5

Definite Integral

5.1 Definite Integral

QA. Evaluate
R1
following integrals R3
3 x
1. (x − 3x2 )dx 2. 2 1+x2 dx
R−1
2 x+1 R −3 1
3. 1 x2 +2x+3 dx 4. −2 x2 +6x+5 dx
R π/2 R π/2
5. 0 sin2 xdx 6. 0 cos2 xdx

5.2 Area Under a Curve

QA.

1. Find the area bounded by the lines 3x − y − 3 = 0, x = 0, x = 5 and

the x − axis.

2. Find the area bounded by the curve y = 3 − x2 and y = 1 − x.

3. Find the area bounded by the curve y = x2 and y = 4 − x2 .

4. Find the area between y = x3 − x and the x − axis.

5. Find the area bounded by parabola y = 6 − x − x2 and the x − axis.

6. Find the area under the arc of the curve y = sin x and the x − axis.

5.3 Integration Through Calculator

QA. Evaluate
R1
following integrals using Ryour scientific calculator
3 2 3 x
1. −1 (x − 3x )dx 2. 2 1+x2 dx

19
20 CHAPTER 5. DEFINITE INTEGRAL
R2 x+1 R −3 1
3. 1 x2 +2x+3 dx 4. −2 x2 +6x+5 dx
R π/2 R π/2
5. sin2 xdx 6. cos2 xdx
R0π/4 R π/2 0 4
7. tan3 xdx 8. cos xdx
R0π/4 0
R π/2 2+3 sin x
9. 0 tan3 xdx 10. 0 2 x dx
R π/2 R π/2 cos sin2 θ
11. 0 sin2 θdθ 12. 0 (1+cos θ)2
dθ
R π/4 R π/4 1+cos θ
13. 0 tan3 θ sec θdθ 14. π/6 sin θ)2 dθ

5.4 Area Through Calculator

QB. Answer following using your scientific calculator.

1. Find the area bounded by the lines 3x − y − 3 = 0, x = 0, x = 5 and

the x − axis.

2. Find the area bounded by the curve y = 3 − x2 and y = 1 − x.

3. Find the area bounded by the curve y = x2 and y = 4 − x2 .

4. Find the area between y = x3 − x and the x − axis.

5. Find the area bounded by parabola y = 6 − x − x2 and the x − axis.

6. Find the area under the arc of the curve y = sin x and the x − axis.
Chapter 6

Differential Equations

6.1 Variables Separable Equations

QA. Solve following separable differential equations
1. (x2 − 1)ydy + 2x(y 2 + y)dx = 0 2. xy 0 + my = 0
3. (x + 2)y 0 − xy = 0 4. 2y 0 = y cot(x)
0
5. y = (1 + x)(1 + y ) 2
6. x ln xy 0 = y
QB. Solve following IVP
1. y 0 = y tan(2x) y(0) = 2
2. 2xy 0 = 3y y(1) = 4
0
3. x ln xy = y y(2) = ln 4
4. (x2 + 1)yy 0 = 1 y(0) = −3
QC. Solve following
√ differential equations
0
1. y = −kx t 2. xy 0 = (4 − y 2 )
dy dy
3. (x + 1) dx = y(x + 2) 4. dx
= 4 cos2 y tan x
dy dy
5. dx
= e−2y tan2 x 6. dx
= 4x(3y 2 + 10y + 3)
dy dy
7. 3y 2 dx = 4(y 3 + 1) cos2 x 8. y dx = y2 + 1

6.2 Linear Differential Equations

QA. Solve following linear differential equations
1. y0 − y = 3 2. y 0 + 2y = 6ex
3. y 0 − y = ex 4. y 0 + y = (x + 1)2
0
5. y − 4y = 2x − 4x 2
6. xy 0 − 2y = x3 ex
QB. Solve following Initial value problem (IVP)
1. y 0 − y = ex , y(1) = 0
2. y 0 + y = (x + 1)2 , y(0) = 0
2 0
3. x y + 2xy = x − 1, y(1) = 0

21
22 CHAPTER 6. DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS
Chapter 7

Bio-mathematics Models

7.1 Growth Model

QA(1). A bacteria culture starting with 200 bacteria grows at a rate propor-
tional to its size. After 3 hours there will be 900 bacteria.

1. Express the population after t hours as a function of t.

2. What will be population after 6 hours?

3. when will the population reaches 5000?

4. Draw graph for the bacterial growth curve.

QA(2). A culture of 500 bacteria. After 1 hours bacteria have increased

to 800.

1. Express the population after t hours as a function of t.

2. How many bacteria in 5 hours?

3. How long it will take for the culture to reach 20,000 bacteria?

4. Draw graph for the bacterial growth curve.

QA(3). Assume culture with P0 bacteria and at time 1 hour you have
2/3P0 bacteria.

1. Express the population after t hours as a function of t.

23
24 CHAPTER 7. BIO-MATHEMATICS MODELS

2. What will be population after 3 hours?

3. How long (hours) will it take for the bacteria to triple?

4. Draw graph for the bacterial growth curve.

Q4: M/J 18/P31/Q6:

In a certain chemical reaction the amount, x grams, of a substance is de-
creasing. the differential equation relating x and t, the time in seconds since
reaction started, is
dx √
= −kx t
dt
where k is a positive constant. It is given that x = 100 at the start of the
reaction.
1. Solve the differential equation, obtain a relation between x, t and k.

2. Given that t = 25 when x = 80, find the value of t when x = 40.

Q5: M/J 17/P32/Q5:
In a certain chemical process a substance A racts with and reduces a sub-
stance B. The masses of A and B at time t after the start of the process are
x and y respectively. It is given that
dy 10
= −0.2xy and x=
dt (1 + t)2
At the begining of the process y = 100.
1. Form a differential in y, t and solve the differential equation.

2. State what happens to the mass of A as t becomes large.

Q6: M/J 17/P33/Q8:
In a certain chemical reaction, a compound A is formed from a compound
B. The masses of A and B at time t after the start of the reaction are x
and y respectively and the sum of the masses is equal to 50 through out the
reaction (i.e. x + y = 50 or y = (50 − x) ). At any time the rate of increase
of the mass of A is proportional to the mass of B at that time. Explain why
dx
= k(50 − x)
dt
where k is a constant.

1. It is given that x = 0 when t = 0, and x = 25 when t = 10.

7.1. GROWTH MODEL 25

2. Solve the differential equation in part (1) and express x in terms of t.

Q7: M/J 15/P32/Q9:

A number of organisms in a population at time t is denoted by x. Treating
x as a continuous variable, the differential equation satisfied by x and t is
dx xe−t
=
dt k + e−t
where k is a positive constant. It is given that x = 10 at the begining.

1. Solve the differential equation, obtain a relation between x, t and k.

2. Given also that x = 20 when t = 1, show that k = 1 − 2e .

3. Show that the number of organism never reaches 48, however large t
becomes.

Q8: O/N 15/P33/Q10:

Naturalist are managing a wildlife reserved to increase the number of plants
of a rare species. The number of plants at time t years is denoted by N ,
where N is treated as continuous variable. It is It is given that the the rate
of increase of N with respect to t is proportional to (N − 150).

1. Write down a differential equation relating N , t and a constant of

proportionality.

2. Initially the number of plants was 650. It was noted that, at time when
there were 900 plants, the number of plants was increasing at a rate of
60 per year. Express N in terms of t.

3. The naturalist had a target of increasing the number of plants from

650 to 2000 within 15 years. Will this target be met.

Q9: M/J 15/P33/Q7:

A number of micro-organisms in a population at time t is denoted by M . At
any time the variation in M is assumed to satisfy the differential equation
dM √
= k M cos(0.02t),
dt
where k is a constant and M is taken to be a continuous variable. It is given
that M = 100 at the beginning (i.e. at t = 0).

1. Solve the differential equation, obtain a relation between M , t and k.

26 CHAPTER 7. BIO-MATHEMATICS MODELS

2. Given also that M = 196 when t = 50, find the value of k.

3. Obtain an expression for M in terms of t. and find the least possible

number of micro-organisms.

Q10: M/J 14/P32/Q9:

The popolation of a countary at time t years in N millions. At any time,
N is assumed to increase at a rate proportional to the product of N and
(1 − 0.01N ). When t = 0, N = 20 and dNdt
= 0.32. The variables t and N
satisfies the differential equation
dN
= 0.02N (1 − 0.01N ),
dt
1. Solve the differential equation, obtain a relation between M and t.

2. Find the time at which the population will be doubled its value at
t = 0.

Q11: M/J 11/P33/Q9:

In a chemical reaction, a compound X is formed from two compound Y and
Z. The masses of X , Y and Z present at time t after the start of the reaction
are x, 10 − x and 20 − x respectively. At any time the rate of formation of the
mass of X is proportional to the product of the masses of Y and Z present
at that time i.e.
dx
= k(10 − x)(20 − x)
dt
dx
where k is a constant. When x = 0, t = 0, and dt
= 2.

1. Show that k = 0.01.

2. Solve the differential equation and express x in terms of t.

3. State what happens to the value of x when t becomes large.

Q12: O/N 10/P32/Q10:, O/N 10/P31/Q10:

A certain substance is formed in a chemical reaction. The mass of substance
formed t seconss after the start of the reaction is x grams. At any time the
rate of formation of the substance is proportional to (20 − x). When x = 0,
t = 0, and dx
dt
= 1.
dx
1. Show that dt
= 0.05(20 − x).
7.1. GROWTH MODEL 27

2. Find solution of the differential equation.

3. Find x when t = 10.

4. State what happens to the value of x when t becomes large.

Q13: M/J 11/P31/Q10:

A number of birds of certain species in a forested region is recorded over
several years. At time t years, the number of birds is N , where N is treated
as a continuous variable. The variation in the number of birds is modelled
by
dN N (1800 − N )
=
dt 3600
It is given that initially N = 300.

1. Solve the differential equation and find an expression for N in terms of

t.

2. Find x when t = 10.

3. According to this model, how many birds will be there after a long
time.

Q14: M/J 03/P03/Q7:

In a certain chemical reaction, a compound X is formed from a compound
Y . The masses in grams of X and Y at time t after the start of the reaction
are x and y respectively. The sum of the two masses is equal to 100 through
out the reaction (i.e. x + y = 50 or y = (50 − x) ). At any time the rate
of increase of the mass of X is proportional to the mass of Y at that time.
When t = 0, x = 5 and dx dt
= 1.9

1. Show that
dx
= 0.02(100 − x)
dt
2. Solve the differential equation and express x in terms of t.

3. State what happens to the value of x as t becomes very large.

Q15: M/J 03/P03/Q7:

In a certain chemical reaction, a substance is formed, and t minutes after
the start ofthe process there are m grams of the substance present. In the
process the rate of increase ff m is proportional to (50 − m)2 . When t = 0,
m = 0 and dm dt
=5
28 CHAPTER 7. BIO-MATHEMATICS MODELS

1. Show that m satisfies the differential equation

dm
= 0.002(50 − m)2
dt

2. Solve the differential equation and express x in terms of t in the form.

500
m = 50 −
t + 10

3. Calculate the mass of the substance when t = 10, and find the time
taken for the mass to increase from 0 to 45 grams.

4. State what happens to the mass of the substance as t becomes very

large.

7.2 Drug Disappear Model