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Chapter 1 - Physics-2

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29 views6 pages

Chapter 1 - Physics-2

Uploaded by

shahdayman197911
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Chapter 1 - Physics

Chapter Content: Basic concepts of electric circuits

1.1 Introduction
What is a circuit?
It is a continuous closed path formed by an interconnection
(‫ )ترابط‬of electrical elements (‫)العناصر الكهربية‬, in which electric
charges (‫ )الشحنات الكهربية‬can flow.
‫زي المقاومة والبطارية والمكثف وغيرها‬.

1.2 Systems of units


Standard Units
Quantity ‫الكمية‬ Basic unit Symbol
‫الوحدة‬ ‫الرمز‬
Length meter m
Mass kilogram Kg
Time second s
Electric Current Ampere A
Thermodynamic Temperature ‫درجة‬ kelvin K
‫الحرارة الديناميكية‬
Luminous intensity ‫شدة اإلضاءة‬ candela cd
Charge coulomb C

Prefixs
Multiplier Prefix Symbol
10
9
giga G
10 giga G
Multiplier Prefix Symbol
10
6
Mega M
10
3
kilo K
10
−2
centi c
10
−3
milli m
10
−6
micro μ
10
−9
nano n

1.3 Charge and Current


Charge Q
It is an electrical property of the atomic particles of which
matter consists. ‫خاصية كهربية للجزيئات المكونة للمادة‬.
Every electron have a negative charge of
C.
−19
e = −1.602 × 10

Every proton have the same amount of charge but positive.


As a result, the atom is neutrally charged (‫)متعادلة الشحنة‬.
Charge Unit: coulombs (C) ‫كولوم‬.
- It is a large unit of charge.
- In every 1C of charge, there are
1/(1.602 × 10
−19
) = 6.24 × 10
18
electrons.

Q = n × e

Electrical Current I
It is the time rate of change of charge ‫معدل تغير الشحنة بالنسبة للزمن‬.

dQ
I =
dt
t

Q = ∫ I dt
t0

Current Unit: amperes (A).


Current flows inside a voltage source from the negative side
to the positive side, and outside a voltage source from the
positive side to the negative side. (‫)ولكن االلكترونات العكس‬
Types of current:
Direct Current DC: remains constant with time.
Alternating Current AC: varies sinusoidally (= ‫بشكل جيبي‬
‫ )شبه منحنى دالة ال جا‬with time. (reverse direction ‫)بيغير اتجاهه‬

1.4 Voltage (Potential Difference)


‫فرق الجهد‬
It is the energy required to move a unit charge through an
element between two points.

dw
V ab =
dQ

Voltage unit: volts (V).

1.5 Power and Energy


Power p ‫القوة‬
It is the time rate of expending or absorbing energy, ‫المعدل الزمني‬
‫الستهالك أو شحن الطاقة‬.
2
dw 2
V
p = = VI = I R =
dt R

Power unit: Watts (W).


Passive sign convention ‫قانون اإلشارة السالبة‬
If the current enters through the positive terminal of an
element,
p = +V I

The power is being absorbed ‫ بتستهلك‬by the


element.
If the current enters through the negative terminal of an
element,
p = −V I

The power is being supplied ‫ بتزود‬by the element.

Energy w ‫الطاقة‬
It is the capacity to do work. ‫القدرة على بذل الشغل‬
t t

w = ∫ p dt = ∫ V I dt
t0 t0

Energy unit: joules (J).

The law of conservation of energy ‫قانون‬


‫بقاء الطاقة‬
the algebraic sum of power in a circuit, at any instant of time, must
be zero:

∑p = 0

1.6 Circuit Elements


Types of elements in circuits:
1. Passive
doesn't generate energy
Example:
resistors. ‫مقاومات‬
capacitors. ‫مكثفات‬
inductors. ‫موصالت‬
L ‫ملف حث‬.

2. Active
capable of generating energy
Any current source or active sources
Example:
generators.
Batteries.
Operational amplifiers.

Types of power sources (Active


elements)
Independent source
Provides a specified voltage or current that is completely
independent of other circuit elements.
Independent voltage source

a: DC or AC
b: DC only
Independent Current source
dependent source
the source quantity is controlled by another voltage or
current.
Dependent sources are designated ‫ بتحدد‬by diamond-shaped
symbols.

a: dependent voltage source


b: dependent current source
types of dependent sources:
1. A voltage-controlled voltage source (VCVS).
2. A current-controlled voltage source (CCVS).
3. A voltage-controlled current source (VCCS).
4. A current-controlled current source (CCCS).

Notes:
‫في مسائل التفاضل والتكامل لما تيجي تعوض جوا دالة مثلثية بدال باي بتعوض ب‬
22/7 ‫ انما لو باي برا الدالة بتعوض بباي عادي‬180

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