GROUP 1 world during an expedition led by Ferdinand

ANTONIO PIGAFETTA: FIRST VOYAGE Magellan.

AROUND THE WORLD - Pigafetta’s journal written during their
expedition in 1519 - 1522 became the basis
“No such voyage will ever be repeated. for his 1525 travelog entitle the
The first voyage around the world, day by day “ “The First Voyage Around the World”
- Officially published after Pigafetta returned
ANTONIO PIGAFETTA to Italy
- A well-known Venetian explorer - Pigafetta recorded all of his observations
- Most commonly known as Francisco written in French and Italian.
Antonio Pigafetta or Antonio Lombardo - Pigafetta’s work does not only include
- He was speculated to have been born information on the voyage but also contains
around 1940 in Vicenza, Italy. understanding of the Philippine’s people,
- He mainly studied cartography, geography, language, ancestor’s culture and way of life.
and astronomy - It described peoples, countries, goods, and
- During the voyage, Pigafetta served as languages encountered along the route, and
Magellan's assistant today it is considered one of the most
- He had written a journal filled with his important documentary evidence relating
experiences and notes about the events the geographical discoveries of the
that happened. Sixteenth Century.
- His original diary was lost, and it is not
FIRST VOYAGE AROUND THE WORLD known in what language it was written.

- This first world voyage was one of the - However, an account of the expedition,

greatest achievements in the history of navy written between 1522 and 1525, was

exploration. preserved in four manuscript versions

- This voyage began to sail in September derived from the original journal: one in

1519 with five ships Italian and three in French.

- In today's time, his work is recognized to be

a vital source of information concerning Analysis of Key Historical Insights in the
Magellan's famous expedition. Document
1. Cultural Encounters
HISTORICAL CONTEXT OF THE - Pigafetta describes exchanges between
DOCUMENT Europeans and indigenous peoples,

“Magellan’s Voyage Around the World” capturing both interest and confusion.

- This was written on board one of the five - “Pigafetta’s writings provide us with the first

ships that was first to circumnavigate the detailed accounts of the people and cultures
they encountered—people who had never
before seen Europeans, whose languages
 and ways of life were a mystery to the Mactan is described in detail by Pigafetta.
West. He recounts Magellan’s fatal encounter with
- He documented their customs, food, and Lapu-Lapu’s warriors, marking a turning
rituals, adding to the wealth of knowledge point in the expedition's leadership.
that the voyage brought back.”
● The Spread of religion
2. Religion - Magellan, a devout Christian, took it upon
- Religion is discreetly weaved throughout himself to convert local populations to
the story. It is mentioned that the explorers Christianity. Pigafetta's account highlights a
celebrate Easter during their stay, and the particular instance when the expedition met
priest holds a liturgy on Good Friday. with Rajah Humabon, a local ruler on the
- Indigenous people observe these sacred island of Cebu.
rites with respect, demonstrating an - His detailed journal provides valuable
openness to new spiritual experiences, insights into many aspects of the journey,
people, and foods. including the spread of Christianity during
the expedition.
3. Political Customs - Magellan's missionary efforts, as
- One other noteworthy feature of the Filipino documented by Pigafetta, reflect the
people as described in Antonio Pigafetta's intertwining of European exploration and the
travelog is their political customs, wherein spread of Christianity
the so-called "kings of the lands" were - The expedition was not only about finding
observed. new trade routes but also about bringing the
- The villagers regarded these kings with Christian faith to new lands.
loyalty and superiority, as they held the
greatest status on the particular island. HISTORICAL FIGURES MENTIONED
1. Ferdinand Magellan
Historical Events Mentioned 2. Juan Sebastian Elcano
● The Death of Magellan 3. King Charles I of Spain
In the midst of the voyage, the battle of Mactan 4. Lapu-Lapu
occurred, particularly on April 27, 1521. The
captain Ferdinand Magellan was killed during it. AUTHOR’ S PERSPECTIVE
Pigafetta, along with other 17 crews and Juan - Antonio Pigafetta was an Italian born
Sebastian Eleano as the acting leader, were the explorer, so he operated as a foreigner
only ones who got to return to Spain with the use of during his travels.
the vessel Victoria. The journal mentioned earlier - He put his own biases and values on his
was brought with him interpretation of the events
- One of the most famous events of the - Pigafetta was keen to document the natural
expedition, Magellan’s death at the Battle of world, the geography of new lands, and the
 customs of the indigenous peoples they - It has become a valuable record of
met. indigenous people's cultures, traditions,
- His account is also influenced by his beliefs, languages, and lifestyles such as
personal experiences and emotions. He dressing, eating, and interacting with others.
describes the hardships of the voyage, the - This primary source is not just a historical
dangers they faced, and the joys of account of the past but is a treasure trove of
discovery. information that enriches our understanding
- He was fascinated by the different cultures of the grand narrative of Philippine History
he encountered, noting their customs, and opens the eyes of the people to the
religions, and social structures. He often Philippines' rich and complex history.
compared these cultures to European ones. - The document gave enough information
about what was in the past about Philippine
AUTHOR’ S BIASES history. We were able to gain knowledge
- Pigafetta's account often reflects a about our ancestors, past tradition and
Eurocentric worldview, viewing the cultures culture.
he encountered through a European lens. - Pigafetta's work encompasses not only
This manifested in Pigafetta often portraying details about the voyage but also an
non-European cultures as inferior or understanding of the people and languages
primitive. of the Philippines, as well as the culture and
- As a devout Catholic, Pigafetta's account is way of life of their ancestors.
often colored by his religious beliefs. He - The paper explains the bravery,
frequently interprets the customs and beliefs personalities, and defense of the
of indigenous peoples through a Christian Philippines, celebrates the good qualities
lens, often viewing them as pagan or and physical attractiveness of Filipinos, and
idolatrous. describes the introduction of Catholicism
- Pigafetta may have had limited and its acceptance by the Filipino people.
understanding of the languages and
customs of the indigenous peoples he
encountered, leading to misunderstandings
and misinterpretations.

RELEVANCE TO THE GRAND NARRATIVE

OF PHILIPPINE HISTORY

- Pigafetta’s writings show that before we

were colonized by foreign influence, we
already had our own culture, government
and values.
Group 2 2. Commoners (Aliping Namamahay)

Customs of the Tagalog - Married commoners who served their

masters
- Their masters were datus or other nobles.
Juan de Plasencia
- Joan de Portocarerro was born into a noble
3. Nobles (Maharlika)
Spanish family in the early 16th century,
- Didn 't need to pay taxes or tribute
with a father who was a sea captain.
- Fought alongside the chief during wars
- He grew up during Spain’s Siglo de Oro, a
period of cultural and artistic flourishing.
4. Slaves (Aliping sa Guiguilir)
- His father’s travels likely exposed him to
- Serve in households and on cultivated
Mediterranean cultures, broadening his
lands.
perspective before his missionary work.
- Bought, sold, or transferred between
- As a Franciscan missionary, he arrived in
masters.
the Philippines in 1578 to document Filipino
customs for the Spanish crown.
Marriage Customs (Dowries)
- He authored Relación de las Costumbres
- Dowry Practices
de los Tagalogs in 1589, detailing Filipino
- Punishment
life before Christianization.
- Beliefs and Traditions

Historical Context of the Document

Religion and Beliefs
● Juan De Plasencia' s motive was to provide
a. Who they Worship
an accurate account of the customs of
- Badhala
governance, justice, inheritance, slavery,
- Sun and Moon
and dowries among the Tagalogs.
- Stars
● He consulted knowledgeable and older
- Idols (licha)
individuals from various regions to get
- Dian Masalanta
reliable information, eliminating any
- Lacapati at Idianale
unnecessary or incorrect details.
- Simbahan
a. Superstitious Beliefs
Social Classes of the Filipino Natives
- Omens
1. Chiefs (Datu)
- Divination
- Governed the people, and were the
- Other Devils and Creatures
captains in their wars
- Catolonan
- Highly respected individual
- Mangagauay
- Manyisalat
- Mancocolam
- Hocloban
 - Silagan sun, moon, and rivers were also highly
- Magtatangal respected.
- Osuang
- Mangagayoma
- Sonat
● Marriage Customs
- Pangatahojan
Traditional marriages were monogamous,
- Bayoguin
beginning with paninilbihan, where the man
offered gifts to the woman' s parents to gain
Analysis of the Important Historical
their blessing.
Information in the document

● Economy and Lifestyle

● Barangay System
The Tagalogs were hunter-gatherers,
Tagalog society was organized into barangays
craftsmen, and farmers, trading agricultural,
of 30-100 families, led by a datu with
hunting, and crafting resources with nearby
political and military authority.
tribes and foreign
countries.
● Social Ranking
a. Maharlika (nobles), the upper class
● Culture and Tradition
with special privileges.
The Tagalogs had a tribal society focused on
b. Timawa (commoners), enjoying more
war and religion. Clothing like the putong
freedom than slaves.
symbolized kills, and war captives were kept
c. Alipin (slaves), who served their
as slaves. Their pagan beliefs led to
masters due to war captivity, debt,
superstitions, influencing customs and
inheritance, purchase, or crime. Slaves
practices that continue in modern Filipino
could gain freedom through forgiveness,
culture, such as tabi- tabi po and a belief in the
debt repayment, or bravery.
supernatural.

● Religious Practices
Relevance to Philippine History
The Tagalogs practiced animism, revering
anitos (ancestor spirits) and deities. Bathala Juan de Plasencia' s Customs of the

was the supreme god. Other important spirits Tagalogs (1589) is a vital resource for
included Diyan Masalanta and Lakapati. understanding the socio-political structures
Babaylans (spiritual leaders) conducted rituals and culture of pre- colonial Tagalog society.
for harvests, safe travels, and healing. The It sheds light on indigenous life before and
during early Spanish colonization, making it ● Contribution to Philippine National

essential for historians and nationalists Identity

- Plasencia’ s documentation supports the
idea of a distinct Filipino identity,
Contribution to Historical Understanding
emphasizing established societal structures
● Documentation of Pre-Colonial Society:
before Spanish arrival. This historical
- Customs of the Tagalogs details the social
- grounding bolstered nationalist movements
classes, laws, customs, and religious
in the 19th century, highlighting Filipinos'
practices of the Tagalogs. It reveals
capacity for self-rule.
indigenous governance systems, such as
the datu (chief) and barangay structure,
● Influence on Modern Philippine
showing that Filipinos had a functioning
Historiography
socio-political organization prior to
- Today, historians use Plasencia’s work to
colonization.
reconstruct early Tagalog society,
● Religious and Cultural Practices
challenging colonial narratives that
- Plasencia’ s account of pre-colonial beliefs,
dismissed Filipino civilization. It has also
like the worship of Bathala, and marriage
influenced efforts to preserve indigenous
customs is significant. It also illustrates how
traditions, particularly during 20th- century
early Filipinos adapted to Christianity,
cultural revivals.
blending indigenous and Catholic practices.
- This syncretism underscores the resilience
● Legal System and Local Governance
of Filipino culture and the evolution of a
- Descriptions of Tagalog governance in
distinct cultural identity.
Customs of the Tagalogs shaped
understandings of local leadership,
Relevance to Philippine History Impact on the
influencing both Spanish colonial structures
Philippines
and later Filipino governance.
● Spanish Colonization and
Christianization
● Economic Influence
- As an early missionary, Plasencia ’s
- Plasencia’ s insights on tribute systems and
observations influenced Spanish strategies
social hierarchies informed Spanish
for converting Filipinos to Christianity. His
economic policies, facilitating the
work facilitated the integration of indigenous
exploitation of local labor for agriculture and
elites into the Catholic faith, shaping
public works without dismantling local social
colonial control and the organization of
structures
communities around churches.
GROUP 3 society seeking Philippine independence
KARTILYA NG KATIPUNAN from Spanish rule. It emerged amid growing
discontent over Spanish oppression and
Kartilya ng Katipunan exploitation in the late 19th century.
- A guidebook outlining the duties and Formation of the Katipunan
responsibilities of Katipunan Members ● Founded on July 7, 1892, by Andres
- Originally conceived by Andres Bonifacio, Bonifacio, the Katipunan (Kataas-taasan,
leader of the Katipunan. Kagalang-galang na Katipunan ng mga
- Emilio Jacinto wrote the final version. Anak ng Bayan) aimed to unite Filipinos
- It contains 14 key teachings and principles against oppressive conditions and advocate
for Katipuneros, serving as essential for independence and social reform.
guidelines for their revolutionary actions.
Purpose of the Kartilya
Emilio Jacinto Y Dizon ● The Kartilya served as a primer for new
● Born on December 15, 1875, in Tondo, members of the Katipunan, outlining
Manila. their duties and responsibilities.
● Attended San Juan de Letran College and ● It was designed to instill values such as
later the University of Santo Tomas for honor, charity, and self-sacrifice. It
law but didn’t graduate; joined the KKK emphasized moral integrity and
(Kataastaasang Kagalanggalangang self-reflection over mere adherence to
Katipunan) at 19. rules, asserting that true greatness arises
● Known as the “utak ng Katipunan” or from internal virtues rather than external
brain of the Katipunan. actions
● Strong activist for the country's freedom and ● The Kartilya ng Katipunan embodies the
independence. goals of the revolution while promoting
● Wrote for the Katipunan newspaper moral and ethical principles that every
“Kalayaan” under the pen name Katipunero should uphold.
“Dimasilaw.” ● It defines the ideal revolutionary as
● Authored the KKK’s official handbook, the someone who fights not for personal gain
“Kartilya ng Katipunan,” in 1892. but for the freedom and welfare of the
● Became a general at 21, fighting Spaniards Filipino people.
in Manila. ● The Kartilya reflects a fusion of
● Died at 23 on April 16, 1898, from malaria. Enlightenment ideals—liberty,
equality, and fraternity—with native Filipino
HISTORICAL CONTEXT of the DOCUMENT beliefs.
● The Kartilya ng Katipunan, written by ● The Kartilya ng Katipunan is not only a
Emilio Jacinto in 1892, is a foundational historical document but also a symbol of
document for the Katipunan, a revolutionary
 Filipino resilience and aspiration for - It taught values like selflessness, honor,
freedom. humility, and the need to act for the
greater good rather than personal gain.
Difference between Dekalogo ng Katipunan and - The Kartilya helped shape a strong sense of
Kartilya national identity and unity, which was
Kartilya ng Katipunan and the Dekalogo ng essential for fighting colonial oppression
Katipunan, encapsulate the values and principles and envisioning an independent,
that guided the revolutionaries self-governing nation.
- The Kartilya left a lasting impact on Filipino
1. Dekalogo society, shaping nationalist ideology even
- The Dekalogo, penned by Andrés Bonifacio, beyond the revolution.
offered a more direct and action-oriented - It remains one of the most important
set of commandments, focusing on loyalty, historical documents, continuing to inspire
love for country, and dedication to the cause values of equality, justice, nationalism, and
of freedom. unity, forming the moral foundation of the
- The Dekalogo focused on duties to God, Philippines' struggle for independence.
country, family, and the Katipunan
2. Kartilya Relevance or contribution of the document to
● The Kartilya, written by Emilio Jacinto, the grand Philippine history
emphasized the virtues of morality, justice, - The Kartilya ng Katipunan holds significant
and personal conduct, serving as a moral importance in Philippine history as it served
compass for every Katipunero. as both a moral guide and a foundational
● The Kartilya took a broader, more reflective document for the revolutionary movement
approach, stressing internal virtues like against Spanish colonial rule.
charity, mutual love, and fairness. - Its significance lies in its power to shape the
mindset of Filipinos during a critical
Analysis of the important historical information time.
- Emilio Jacinto, the "brain of the - The document also emphasized gender
Katipunan," wrote Kartilya ng Katipunan equality and the importance of treating all
during a period of growing Filipino individuals with dignity, which was
discontent with Spanish colonial rule. progressive for its time.
- Filipinos sought independence and social - The Kartilya ng Katipunan promoted
reform, and the Kartilya served as a nationalism, it emphasized the love for
guidebook for revolution. one’s country while pursuing freedom from
- Kartilya emphasized moral conduct and oppressors.
nation-building within the revolution, - Ultimately, the Kartilya ng Katipunan
promoting equality and justice. contributed to the ideological
backbone of the Philippine Revolution,
 playing a key role in shaping the - A collection of cartoons or caricatures made
country's pursuit of independence and during the American Colonial Period in the
national identity. Philippines which lasted for 4 decades.
- Censorship law was lifted and the Filipinos
Group 4 were free to publish independent

Alfred McCoy’s Political Caricatures of newspapers but limited.

- Filipino artists made use of political
the American Era (Editorial cartoons)
caricatures as a way to express their
opinions.
Alfred W. McCoy
- Alfred “Al” McCoy, an American historian ● Time period and events
was born on June 19, 1945, in
- Published in 1985
Massachusetts, U.S.A.
- During the period of U.S. colonial rule, a
- He graduated from the University of
wide array of political, economic, and
Wisconsin-Madison where he later earned
social issues were brought to attention
his PhD on Southeast Asian history from
Yale University.
and critically examined through

- He focused on the political history of the caricatures.

Philippines and the global trade of opium. - Some of the issues highlighted included
- He was known for his work on the U.S the abuse of power by capitalists,
foreign policy history – especially in injustices within the systems, inequitable
Southeast Asia and as well as his critical access to opportunities, and more.
analysis of the relationship between politics,
economics and drug trafficking.
● Caricature
- McCoy spent 30 years writing about
- Italian term “caricare” meaning “to load or
Southeast Asian history and politics which
surcharge” (with exaggerated detail).
his publications includes; Philippine
- Comically distorted drawing or likeness,
Cartoons (1985), Anarchy of Families
done with the purpose of satirizing or
(1994), Closer Than Brothers: Manhood at
ridiculing its subject (Ames, 2019)
the Philippine Military Academy (2000) and
- Political Caricature - cartoons that portray
Lives at the Margin (2016).
or criticize political issues, politicians,
events, etc.
Historical Context of the Document
● Philippine Cartoons: Political Relevance/contribution of the document to the
Caricature of the American Era, grand narrative of Philippine History
1900-1941 - Provide a rich source about the
- Written by Alfred W. McCoy & Alfredo transformation of the Philippines from the
Roces Spanish colonial period to the American
 regime and transformation of the political topics like economic exploitation and social
and social landscape of the country. inequality.
- The collection is significant in the history of - Overall, the book showcases the vital
the Philippines as it reveals how people connection between art and politics during
used media particularly through caricaturing this crucial period in Philippine history,
to challenge not only colonial authorities but revealing how artists navigated the
the Filipino elite as well. complexities of colonial rule through their
- In his research about these political creative expressions.
cartoons, McCoy stresses the fact that
these cartoons were not meant to merely Group 5 THE PAINTINGS OF LUNA AND
entertain the audiences, but were AMORSOLO
instrumental in the formation of the Filipino
nationalist project during a time of JUAN LUNA
significant change. - Juan Luna (1857 - 1899) Born on October
25, 1857 in Badoc, Ilocos Norte,
Analysis of the important historical information Philippines
found in the document - was a Filipino painter, sculptor and a
- Alfred McCoy ’s Political Caricatures of the political activist of the Philippine
American Era examines Filipino resistance - Revolution during the late 19th century. He
and critique during U.S. colonial rule became one of the first recognized
through editorial cartoons. Philippine artists.
- Despite the limits of censorship, caricature - He studied at the Ateneo Municipal de
artists used exaggerated and humorous Manila, where he excelled in his studies and
visuals to expose power imbalances, as obtained his Bachelor of Arts degree. Later,
shown in examples like the pay disparity he moved to Spain to continue his
where Filipino teachers earned much less education, where he became immersed in
than their American counterparts despite the art world.
having similar or higher qualifications - Died on December 7, 1899 at the age of 42
- McCoy and Alfredo Roces emphasize the years old, from cardiac arrest.
significant role of political cartoons in the - Juan Luna and Antonio Luna were brothers
Philippines during American colonial rule. who each made significant contributions to
- McCoy illustrates that these editorial the Philippine struggle for independence.
cartoons were more than satire; they played - Some people tend to be confused by the
a critical role in the Filipino nationalist identities of the brothers, sometimes
movement, making political and social considering them being the same person,
issues accessible to the general public. but their primary distinction is their
- Caricatures became a powerful tool for profession; Juan was an artist known for his
critique, using humor to address serious impactful paintings
whilst Antonio was a military leader recognized for ● Early Career
his strategic skills during the Philippine-American - Designed the logo for Ginebra San Miguel.
War - Received a grant from Enrique Zobel de
Ayala in 1916.
Fernando Amorsolo Y Cueto - Attended Academia de San Fernando,

- Renowned Filipino painter. Madrid.

- The first to ever be hailed as the Philippines' - 7 months in Spain and a brief visit to New

National Artist. York helped him evolve from a provincial

- Born on May 30, 1892 to parents Pedro artist to an international figure.

Amorsolo and Bonifacia Cueto. - Amorsolo continued painting despite

- Born in Manila Resided in Daet, Camarines declining health. Married twice, he had 13

Norte Fondness for rural life became the children

foundation of his artistic output. - Passed away from a heart attack on April
24, 1972.

● Amorsolo's Artistic Style

Styles: Realism, Luminism, Impressionism Paintings by Juan Luna
Primary Mediums JUAN LUNA: “España y Filipinas” (1886)
- Oil Painting Historical Context:
- Watercolor Created during a time of rising nationalist
- Pastels sentiment in the Philippines, this work reflects the
● Technique - Chiaroscuro desire for recognition and quality among Filipinos
and their colonial rules. It critiques the colonial
His first success: relationship while expressing a longing for a more
- Won 2nd prize @Bazar Escolta in 1908 for harmonious connection.
the painting: Leyendo El Periódico
- In 1909, began formal art education at Liceo JUAN LUNA: “Spoliarium” (1891)
de Manila (Art School) Historical Context: “Spoliarium” won a gold medal
- Studied under Fabian De La Rosa at the 1884 Madrid Exposition and is considered
- Notable Work as a Student: A Young Man one of Luna ’s masterpieces. It symbolizes the
and Woman in a Garden struggle for freedom and the plight of the
- Won 1st prize in the Art School Exhibition. oppressed, resonating with the Philippine
- Graduated with honors from the University Revolution against Spanish colonial rule
Of the Philippines
- Worked as a draftsman for the Bureau of JUAN LUNA: “The Parisian Life” (1892)
- Public Works as chief artist Historical Context: Created during Luna ’s time in
- Worked as an instructor at UP for 38 years. Paris, this work reflects the influence of European
- 14 of which he spent as the director of the art movements and highlights the contrast between
Art Dept. [1938-1952]
the sophistication of Paris and the struggles of his AMORSOLO: “Sunset Over Manila Bay” (1940s)
homeland. It serves as a commentary on colonial Historical Context: This work was created during or
identity and the search for modernity. around World War II, a time of turmoil in the
Philippines. Amorsolo’s use of peaceful landscapes
JUAN LUNA: “Ensueños de Amor” (1893) like this contrasts with the harsh realities of war,
Historical Context: This work showcases Luna’s offering viewers an escape and a reminder of
exploration of romantic themes and his mastery of beauty amidst destruction.
emotional expression. It reflects the broader
cultural context of the late 19th century, when AMORSOLO: “Defend Thy Honour” (1945)
Filipino artists were beginning to assert their Historical Context: This painting was part of
identities and narratives in the face of colonial Amorsolo’s war-themed works, capturing the
dominance. violence and suffering experienced during the
Japanese occupation of the Philippines. Unlike his
JUAN LUNA: “Tampuhan” (1895) serene rural paintings, it reflects the grim realities of
Historical Context: “Tampuhan” illustrates Filipino the war, highlighting the heroism and tragedy
social customs and the nuances of romantic experienced by Filipinos.
relationships. It highlights Luna ’s ability to capture
Filipino life, showcasing cultural themes in the face AMORSOLO:“The First Baptism in the
of colonial influences. Philippines” (1955)
Historical Context: It commemorates the early
Paintings by Fernando Amorsolo interactions between Filipinos and Spanish
colonizers, marking a pivotal moment in Philippine

AMORSOLO:“The Palay Maiden” (1920s) history. Amorsolo’s work here blends historical

Historical Context: It reflects the idealized rural life narrative with romanticism, celebrating the

and the significance of agriculture in the introduction of Catholicism while glossing over

Philippines, especially rice cultivation. Amorsolo colonial hardships.

often painted themes promoting the simplicity

and beauty of Filipino traditions during a time Difference between both artists’ work

when the country was striving to preserve its 1. Juan Luna

identity amidst American colonization. - Mainly focused on social issues & historical
events

AMORSOLO: “Planting Rice” (1921) - Themes of Philippine struggle and

Historical Context: This piece was made during the patriotism

American colonial period, and Amorsolo’s works - Heavily influenced by European styles:

aligned with the push for cultural preservation. His romanticism & realism

portrayal of harmonious rural life countered the - Usually had dramatic expressions

urbanization brought by American influence and - Highlighted Filipinos resilience against

glorified the Philippine countryside. oppression

 2. Fernando Amorsolo evening sky and reflects the unity of man with the
- Showed an idealized portrayal of Philippine surrounding world. This painting is very organized
culture and focuses on the happiness that one can find in
- Focused on farmers, fishermen, and simple and mundane
landscaping work.
- Fluid, bright, natural colors
- Focused on beauty and harmony over RELEVANCE TO PHILIPPINE HISTORY
drama Juan Luna
- Highlighted the beauty of Filipino life, - Voiced out the unfair and unjust treatments
culture, and traditions - of the Filipino people.
- Expressed about the violation of the
Luna peaked in the late 1800s Spanish colonizers of the human rights of
Amorsolo peak early to-mid 1900s Filipinos.
- Communicate with the Filipino people to
Direct Comparison awaken their nationalism.
Spolarium by Juan Luna - He advocated for the country’s
Spoliarium by Juan Luna painted in 1883 although independence.
a preface piece or a *Boceto* The grand painting is - Greatly contributed to the patriotic spirit and
a socio-political statement of the Philippine nation cultural pride of the Filipino people.
under Spanish subjugation.
Fernando Amorsolo
The *Spoliarium* shows the Roman gladiators - Depicted the spirit of Filipino culture and
pulled out of the pit after fights to depict the identity.
suffering and slavery of the Filipinos under - Showcased the Filipino way of life and
colonization. connection to the land.
- Illustrated the importance of rice farming to
Luna expresses a lot of dark tones and emotions in the Philippine economy.
this work, things that show that his fellow - Captured national pride and hope during
Countrymen are suffering and this is something that difficult times.
people can relate to and feel for. - Highlighted Filipino patriotism and
resilience, especially during WWII.
Fisherman at Sunset by Fernando Amorsolo - Documented key moments of Philippine
One good example of painting that depicts a colonial history and cultural exchanges.
realistic but also idealized view of rural Philippine - Contributed to a deeper understanding of
life is Fernando Amorsolo’s entitled ‘Fisherman at Filipino social, political, and cultural
Sunset’ painted in 1955. evolution.
The warm light of golden colors radiates the figure
of the fisherman against the background of the
Historical Method History is not fiction
History as Reconstruction - Historical accounts must be based on all
- the historian is many times removed from available relevant evidence
the events under investigation historians - A version of the past that cannot be
rely on surviving records supported by evidence is worthless

“Only a part of what was observed in the past was “ The reconstruction of the total past of mankind,
remembered by those who observe it; only a part although it is the goal of historians, thus becomes
of what was remembered was recorded; only a the goal they know full well is UNATTAINABLE”
part of what was recorded has survived; only a
part of what has survived has come to the Historical Method
historian’s attention.” - Agreed ground rules for researching and
writing academic research or professional
“Only a part of what is credible has been grasped, history
and only a part of what has been grasped can be - Core protocols historians use for handling
expounded or narrated by the historian” sources
- Historians have to base their accounts on
A Historian source materials
1. Fallible ( capable of error…capable of - Historians need to be able to locate and
making mistakes ) organize the relevant sources on which they
2. Biases – personal, political, religious, will base their account
personal idiosyncrasies - Historians have to verify sources, to date
them, locate their place of origin and identify
Each has his own frame of preference their intended functions
– a set of interlocking values, loyalties, - The process of critically examining and
assumptions, interests and principles of actions analyzing the records and survivals of
the past
Thus, it involves
Different Interpretations 1. Selection of Subject

➢ From a political opponent: “I wonder if he’s 2. Collection of Sources

as good as he is in Malacañang” 3. Examination of Genuineness

➢ An LP loyalist: “Good for him, he deserves a 4. Extraction from Sources

break from his everyday work”

➢ A clergy man: “As a role model for all Historical Sources
Filipinos, he shouldn’t be photographed ● Source – an object from the past or
doing that” testimony concerning the past on which
 historians depend in order to create their by witnesses or recorders who experienced
own depiction of that past. the events or conditions being documented
● Tangible - remains of the past - These sources are created at the time when
the events or conditions are occurring, it can
Written Sources also include autobiographies, memoirs, and

1. Published materials oral histories recorded later

- Books, magazines, journals Travelogue - Primary sources are characterized by their

transcription of speech content, regardless of whether they are

2. Manuscript [any handwritten or typed record available in original format, in

that has not been printed] microfilm/microfiche, in digital format, or in

- Archival materials published format.

- Memoirs,
- Diary Four Main Categories of Primary
Sources
Non- written Sources 1. Written sources
- Oral history 2. Images
- Artifact 3. Artifacts
- Ruins 4. Oral testimony
- Fossils
- Art works Secondary Sources
- Video Recordings A secondary source interprets and analyzes
- Audio Recordings primary sources. These sources are one or more
steps removed from the event. Secondary sources
Primary Sources may have pictures, quotes or graphics of primary
- Testimony of an eyewitness sources in them.
- A primary source must have been produced
by a contemporary of the event it narrates Examples: History textbook Printed materials
- A primary source is a document or physical (serials, periodicals which interprets previous
object which was written or created during research)
the time under study.
- These sources were present during an Historical Criticism
experience of time period and offer an In order for a source to be used as evidence in
inside view of a particular event. history, basic matters about its form and content
- Primary sources provide first-hand must be settled
testimony or direct evidence concerning a 1. External Criticism
topic under investigation. They are created 2. Internal Criticism
External Criticism 4. Willingness to tell the truth e.g. to determine if

- The problem of authenticity the author consciously or unconsciously tells

- To spot fabricated, forged, faked documents falsehoods

- To distinguish a hoax or misrepresentation 5. Corroboration i.e historical facts – particulars

which rest upon the independent testimony of two

Test of Authenticity or more reliable witnesses

1. Determine the date of the document to see

whether are anachronistic e.g. pencils did not Three Major Components to Effective
exist before the 16th Century Historical Thinking
2. Determine the author e.g. handwriting, 1. Sensitive to Multiple Causation
signature, seal - Every event or situation is the product of
3. Anachronistic style e.g. idiom, orthography, multiple causes or factors, short-term or
punctuation long-term
4. Anachronistic reference to events e.g. too - Inquiry into all relevant condition and
early, too late, too remote circumstances that determine the direction
5. Provenance or custody e.g. determines its of human affairs
genuineness Louis Gottschalk, Understanding 2. Sensitive to Context
History Test of Authenticity - consciousness about how other times and
6. Semantics – determining the meaning of a text places differ from our own
or word - Bridging the cultural and temporal gap
7. Hermeneutics – determining ambiguities - Interpreting the past using values and
beliefs of the past (historical mindedness)
Internal Criticism 3. Awareness of the interplay of continuity and
- The Problem of Credibility change in human affairs
- Relevant particulars in the document – is it - There can be “history” only when there is
credible? change
- Verisimilar – as close as what really
happened from a critical examination of vast
available sources

Test of Credibility
1. Identification of the author e.g. to determine his
reliability; mental processes, personal attitudes
2. Determination of the approximate date e.g.
handwriting, signature, seal
3. Ability to tell the truth e.g. nearness to the event,
competence of witness, degree of attention