Ground Icing & Business Aviation

Winter Flying...
Safety is the #1 priority
when planning your
departure…
Here are a few short
questions that will test
your knowledge of the
FAA’s “Clean Aircraft
Concept” & Aircraft
De/Anti-icing…
Most Business Aircraft that have tail
mounted engines are…

A. NOSE HEAVY

B. WING HEAVY

C. TAIL HEAVY
THE BIG CHILL - Business Aviation
 Which type of contamination is responsible
for a majority of accidents during Take-off ?

A. SNOW

B. SLUSH

C. ICE
• Ice can be deadly for aircraft, especially
on modern laminar-flow wing designs
which tend to be intolerant of even the
thinnest build-up.
• Mar. 04, 2013 – Annemasse, France – Beechcraft Premier 1A
How many De/Anti-icing Fluid Types are
available Worldwide today ?

A. TWO

B. THREE

C. FOUR
 THERE ARE 4 FLUID TYPES
Type I Type II Type III Type IV

Main use: De-ice Anti-ice Anti-ice Anti-ice

Behavior: Newtonian Non-Newtonian Non-Newtonian Non-Newtonian

Specification: AMS1424 AMS1428 AMS1428 AMS1428

Aircraft: Both Large Commuter Large

Icing WSET = 3 min WSET = 30 min WSET = 25 min WSET = 80 min

Protection:

Color: Orange Pale straw Bright yellow Green

If a pilot finds his aircraft’s main gear have
frozen to the ground… he can

A. attempt to taxi forward using thrust

B. Wait for warmer weather

C. De-ice the Top of the Main Struts

 Business Jets that are deiced with Type I
fluids frequently sustain damage to which
specific aircraft component ?

A. Cockpit windows

B. Auxilary Power Unit

C. Static Wicks
A Frost Allowance of 1/8” is permitted for
Take-off on which part of most aircraft ?

A. Fuselage

B. Below the Wing

C. Vertical Stabilizer
 Fuel Frost
3mm or 1/8 inch
When does Holdover Time begin during the
De/anti-icing process ?

A. Start of Type I

B. End of Type I

C. Start of Final Fluid Application

 STEP 1
TYPE I
(HEATED &
STEP 2 MIXED)
TYPE IV (100%)

HOT
What quantity of Type IV Fluid needs to be
applied on business Jets ?

A. 1 Gallon per Square Foot

B. 2-6 Gallons per 100 Square Feet

C. 1 Quart per Square Foot

ANTI-ICING FLUID QUANTITY
HOW MUCH FLUID SHOULD BE APPLIED ?

TYPE IV
1-3 mm thick - Over 1 square meter = 1-3 liters
(2 - 6 gals / 100ft²) 3 Gallons = 1.5 mm is being
Recommended by Type IV Fluid Manufacturers
0-2mm 0-1mm

2-3mm
 ANTI-ICING FLUID QUANTITY
AREA / SQUARE FEET
AIRCRAFT WING STAB. TOTAL GAL.

LEAR 31 269 54 8 - 24
CL-604 452 97 13 - 39
B-737 980 291 31 - 93
MD-80 1,206 215 35 - 105
B-767 3,046 667 91 - 273
B-747 5,651 1,216 168 - 505
What is required during Deicing to
establish a Holdover Time ?

A. Type I at 140 Degrees F min. plus

2 Gallons per 100 Square Feet

B. Type I at 100 Degrees F min. only

C. Type I at 220 Degrees F max. in

sufficient quantities
 HOT FLUID = ENERGY

De-icing is a thermal process…

SAE Type I - Fluid Holdover Guidelines

Notes: # 1 (Snow, snow pellets & grains)

TO USE THESE TIMES, THE FLUID MUST BE
HEATED TO A MINIMUM TEMPERATURE OF
60 ºC (140 ºF) AT THE NOZZLE AND AT LEAST
1 LITER/M² (= 2 GALS/100FT²)
MUST BE APPLIED TO DEICED SURFACES
 Heat Transfer During Type I Deicing and Anti-Icing Phases

Start of Deicing Phase

• Removal of Ice
• Little or no heat absorbed by wing
• Apply as much fluid as needed to remove ice

HOT Clock Starts Here for One-Step

#1

During Deicing Phase

• Some areas of wing are clean and exposed to
spray
• Some parts of wing begin to absorb heat, other
areas still covered with ice with little or no heat
absorbed

#2

Deicing Phase Complete, Start of Anti-Icing Type I

• Wing area clean and clear of ice or
contamination
• Begin applying at least 1L/m² of Type I fluid (min
60ºC)

#3 HOT Clock Starts Here for Two-Step

End of Anti-Icing Type I

• At least 1L/m² of Type I has been applied (min
60ºC)
• Required heat has been transferred to wing to
provide HOT protection
#4

M:\Projects\PM2480.002 (TC Deicing 2015-16)\General Material\Type I Fluid Application Example\Type I Application Diagram Example V1.2.docx
What minimum speed must an
aircraft exceed on Take-off if it’s
approved to use Type IV fluid ?

A. 85 KTS

B. 120 KTS

C. 100 KTS
An aircraft using Type IV Fluid
must exceed 100 Knots on Take-off.
If a Pilot extends the Aircraft’s Slats & Flaps
prior to deicing… do they have the same
Holdover Time ?

A. Yes

B. Depends on the Aircraft Type

C. No
EARLY FLUID FAILURE BY 24%
RETRACTED VS EXTENDED FLAPS AND
SLATS
Main Wing Element

Normal fluid coverage and flow-off

Main Wing Element

Normal fluid coverage and flow-off

Accelerated fluid flow-off due to angle, with
some fluid feeding from main wing element
Accelerated fluid flow-off with no fluid feeding
CHANGES TO 2017-18 GUIDANCE
MATERIAL

76% adjusted holdover/allowance times

76% adjusted holdover/allowance times

 THIS TABLE IS FOR USE WHEN FLAPS/SLATS ARE DEPLOYED PRIOR TO
DE/ANTI-ICING

TABLE 1A-76%. 76 PERCENT ADJUSTED HOLDOVER TIME GUIDELINES FOR

SAE TYPE I FLUID ON CRITICAL AIRCRAFT SURFACES COMPOSED
PREDOMINANTLY OF ALUMINUM

Outside Air
Approximate Holdover Times Under Various Weather Conditions (hours:minutes)
Temperature1,2

Degrees Wing Freezing Snow, Snow Grains or Snow Rain on

Degrees Surface Pellets3 Light
Fahrenh Fog or Freezing Cold
Celsius Aluminum Freezing
eit Ice Very Drizzle5 Soaked Other7
-3 and Light4 Moderate Rain
27 and Crystals Light4 0:08-0:12 Wing6
above 0:10-0:16 0:05-0:10 0:02-0:05
above 0:10-0:15 0:16-0:20 0:02-0:05

below -3 below 27
Aluminum 0:07-0:12 0:13-0:15 0:07-0:13 0:05-0:07 0:05-0:08 0:02-0:05 CAUTION: No
to -6 to 21
holdover time
below -6 below 21 guidelines exist
Aluminum 0:05-0:09 0:10-0:12 0:05-0:10 0:04-0:05 0:04-0:06 0:02-0:05
to -10 to 14

Below -10 below 14 Aluminum 0:05-0:08 0:06-0:07 0:04-0:06 0:02-0:04

During Deicing… the average temperature
lost as a Type I fluid flows through air is…

A. 10 Degrees F every 3 feet

B. 5 Degrees F every 3 feet

C. 18 Degrees F every 3 feet

Average
temperature
loss is 10°C or
18ºF every 3 feet
that fluid flows
through the air.

Basket should
be 3 to 5 feet
above a/c
surface
At what point during a departure in snow
must a Pilot conduct an external Pre-takeoff
Contamination Check ?

A. If Minimum Holdover Time is exceeded

B. If there are more than 5 aircraft ahead of

you for takeoff

C. If Maximum Holdover Time is exceeded

EVALUATION OF THE 5-MINUTE RULE:
PRE-TAKEOFF CONTAMINATION INSPECTION/CHECK

SAE G-12 HOLDOVER TIME COMMITTEE

 TERMINOLOGY
TRANSPORT CANADA

• Pre-Takeoff Contamination Inspection

• ated Pre Takeoff Contamination Inspection

FEDERAL AVIATION ADMINISTRATION

• Pre-Takeoff Contamination Check

• Aed Pre Takeoff Contamination Check

PTCI or PTCC is an inspection conducted by a qualified

person immediately prior to takeoff to ensure the aircraft is
free of frozen contaminants.
39
Oh, Say Can You See ?
What sign indicates that a Type IV Fluid
has lost it’s effectiveness on the wing ?

A. Snow melts on contact with the fluid

B. Snow bounces off the wing surface

C. Snow does not melt on contact with

the fluid
Signs of Fluid Failure include accumulations
of snow or ice on the surface, Loss of gloss
and ice crystals suspended in the fluid.
CLOSE UP OF FAILURE ON LEADING EDGE
LOUT is the Lowest Operational Use
Temperature of a Fluid… Where can we find
the LOUT of Type I, II, III & IV Fluids ?

A. LOUT can be obtained from the fluid

Manufacturer
B. LOUT can be found on the Fluid Specific
Holdover Time Tables
C. LOUT can be found in Table 41 of the
FAA’s Holdover Time Tables
What surfaces of Business Aircraft experience
significant reductions in Holdover Time when
Type IV Anti-icing Fluids are used ?

A. Top of the Fuselage

B. Vertical Stabilizer

C. Radome
Anti-icing Fluids on vertical surfaces fail faster
due to Gravity… usually half the time of a wing !
How frequently should De-icing Service
Providers test their equipment to ensure
that proper Type IV fluid Viscosity is
achieved On-Wing ?

A. Once every two years Pre-Season

B. Pre-Season and Mid-Season Viscosity

Spray Tests

C. Only once a year when they order new fluid

Anti-icing Fluid
Viscosity tests are
required Pre-Season
and Mid-Season. This
procedure will ensure
That “Lowest On Wing
Viscosity” is being met
& provided to aircraft
operators that request
Type IV Fluids…
Testing with the WING ARMOR system has
shown that it produces minimal shearing
effects on the aircraft ground anti-icing fluids

Two on wing samples were taken from two

different areas of the airfoil…

For Clariant Launch… there is a net effect of

less than 2% of Viscosity Degradation.
(Propylene)

For Dow EG106… there is a net effect of less

than 1% of Viscosity Degradation. (Ethylene)
WHAT IS THE AVERAGE PRICE TO ANTI-ICE A GULFSTREAM G-550 AIRCRAFT INSIDE A HANGAR ?

AREA of WING: 1,137. sq feet

AREA of STAB: 245. sq feet TOTAL: 1,382. sq feet

Formula to Calculate Anti-Icing Fluid Quantity Required for Holdover Time Protection:
2 to 4 Gal. per 100 sq. feet = 1 to 2 mm of fluid on surface (1.5 mm is Recommended)

1,382 sq. feet Divided by 100 sq. feet = 13.82

13.82 X 3 Gal. ( 1.5 mm) = 41.46 Gal (Quantity Sufficient to Cover Wings & Stabilizer)

41.46 Gal. X ($10 per Gal Type IV) = $ 414.46 is the Cost to Anti-Ice a Gulfstream G-550.

The Average Price to De/Anti-Ice a G-550 at a CDF (Centralized Deicing Facility) or by an FBO
costs around $ 10,000 to $ 15,000. Dollars

FOR THE SAME $$$... YOU CAN SPRAY & PROTECT THE SAME G-550... AND FLY IT 36 TIMES !!!

WING ARMOR IS SAFER, FASTER and SMARTER. NOW THAT MAKES SENSE... www.wingarmor.com
Most Deicing Pads at Primary & Secondary Airports utilize
“Multiple Truck” operations to enhance “Throughput
Times” while de/anti-icing. Medium to Super Large
Business Jets can often cost upwards of $ 10,000. per
de-icing event…
There also can be “Tremendous Overspray” on smaller
aircraft and if there’s too long of a delay on the ramp or
taxiway, another de-icing might be required…
WING ARMOR
A Precision Tool for Business
Jet Owners, Corporate Flight
Departments & FBO’s that
require Safe & Effective
Aircraft Anti-icing.
WING ARMOR can anti-ice
Super Large Business Jets
(100 ft. wingspan) rapidly…
increasing the remaining
Holdover Time that Pilot’s
require for safe Take-offs.
WING ARMOR Aircraft Anti-icer
SAFER
FASTER
SMARTER
A Solution for Business Aircraft
Operators and FBO’s that
require Safe & Effective
Aircraft Anti-icing Equipment
and Training !