4.

Transient Response of Series RL, RC and RLC circuits using DC excitation

Aim:
To study the transient response of a series RL,RC and RLC circuit and understand the time
constant concept with DC Power Supply
Apparatus required:
S.No Apparatus Range Quantity
1. Digital Storage Oscilloscope(DSO) 1No
2. DC Power Supply 5V, 2A 1 No
3. Resistor 1 kΩ 1 No
4. Resistor 220kΩ 1 No
5. Inductor 0.1mH 1 No
6. Capacitor 0.1µF 1 No
7. Bread board 1 No
8. Connecting wires Required
9. CRO Probes 2 Nos
Theory:
When a circuit is switched from one condition to another either by a change in the applied
voltage or a change in one of the circuit elements, there is a transitional period during which the
branch currents and voltage drops change from their former values to new ones. After this
transition interval called the transient, the circuit is said to be in the steady state.
Time Constant (τ): It is a measure of time required for certain changes in voltages and currents
in RC and RL circuits. Generally, when the elapsed time exceeds five time constants (5τ) after
switching has occurred, the currents and voltages have reached their final value, which is also
called steady-state response. The time constant of an RL circuit is the equivalent inductance
divided by the Thévenin resistance as viewed from the terminals of the equivalent inductor.
τ=L/R
The time constant of an RC circuit is the product of equivalent capacitance and the Thévenin
resistance as viewed from the terminals of the equivalent capacitor.
τ = R*C
When a circuit is switched from one condition to another either by a change in the applied
voltage or a change in one of the circuit elements, there is a transitional period during which the
branch currents and voltage drops change from their former values to new ones. After this
transition interval called the transient, the circuit is said to be in the steady state.Let us consider
the R-L-C circuit as shown below:
Applying KVL, we obtain

Taking Laplace transform on both sides of the above equation,

Now as all initial conditions set equal to zero, i.e. i(0 _)  0 and vc (0 _)  , so the equation
becomes,

Here, v(t)  u(t) V(s)=1/S

Circuit Diagrams :
Procedure:

RL Circuit:
Make the connections as shown in figure.
1. Make sure that the toggle switch connected across the DC Supply is in downward position.
2. Connect +5 V DC Power Supply to the input of RL Circuit
3. Now switch ‘On’ the power supply
4. Switch the toggle switch in upward direction so that DC Supply will connect to the RLcircuit.
5. Connect DSO across inductor.
6. Observe the transient response (firstly sudden increase in voltage and then exponentially
decaying)on DSO. Now immediately press RUN/STOP Switch of DSO to hold the
response shown on the DSO screen.

7. Now switch the toggle switch in downward direction so that resistor, R will
shortwith Inductor, L.

8. Now observe the response till it (first sudden increase of voltage in negative direction
andthen exponentially rising towards reference level) reaches reference level of
DSO.

RC Circuit:
Make the connections as shown in figure.
1. Make sure that the toggle switch connected across the DC Supply is in downwardposition.
2. Connect +5V DC Power Supply to the input of RC Circuit
3. Now switch ‘On’ the power supply
4. Switch the toggle switch in upward direction so that DC Supply will connect to the RCcircuit.
5. Connect DSO across capacitor
6. Observe the transient response (exponentially rising) on DSO till the steady state (+5VDC
level) is achieved.
7. Now switch the toggle switch in downward direction so that resistor, R will shortwith
capacitor, C.
8. Now observe the response (exponentially decaying) till it reaches reference level of DSO.

Now immediately press RUN/STOP Switch of DSO to hold the response shown on the DSO
screen.
 RLC Circuit
Make the connections as shown in figure.
1. Make sure that the toggle switch connected across the DC Supply is in downward position.
2. Connect +5V DC Power Supply to the input of RC Circuit
3. Now switch ‘On’ the power supply
4. Switch the toggle switch in upward direction so that DC Supply will connect to the RC circuit.
5. Connect DSO across capacitor
6. Observe the transient response (exponentially rising) on DSO till the steady state (+5VDC
level) is achieved.
7. Now switch the toggle switch in downward direction so that resistor, R will short
with capacitor, C and inductor L.
8. Now observe the response (exponentially decaying) till it reaches reference level of DSO.
Now immediately press RUN/STOP Switch of DSO to hold the response shown on the DSO
Calculations:

RL Circuit:

Theoretically,
Time Constant, TC = L/R =...................... where
L = 0.1mH, R =1k, f=10kHz
Practically (on DSOscreen),
In the charging circuit, Time Constant is the time by which the capacitor attains the 63.2% of
steady state voltage or final value (in our case, +5 V).
Time Constant or Time required to rise to 63.2% of 5 V (i.e. 3.16 V) =…………
In the discharging circuit, Time Constant is time by which the capacitor discharges to 36.8%
of its initial steady state voltage (in our case, +5 V).
Time Constant or Time required to decay to 36.8% of 5V (i.e. 1.84 V) = ………….
1. Similarly, 2TC is the time required to achieve 86.5% of final or initial value of voltage.
Practically, 2TC = ………. Theoretically, 2TC =……...
2. After 5TC, the voltage reach their final values which is also called steady state response.
Practically, 5TC = ………. Theoretically, 5TC =……...
RC Circuit:
Theoretically,
Time Constant, TC = R C = ..................... where R = 220 k, C = 0.1 μF.
 Practically (on DSOscreen),
In the charging circuit, Time Constant is the time by which the capacitor attains the 63.2% of
steady state voltage or final value (in our case, +5 V).
Time Constant or Time required to rise to 63.2% of 5 V (i.e. 3.16 V) =…………
In the discharging circuit, Time Constant is time by which the capacitor discharges to 36.8%
of its initial steady state voltage (in our case, +5 V).
Time Constant or Time required to decay to 36.8% of 5V (i.e. 1.84 V) = ………….
Similarly, 2TC is the time required to achieve 86.5% of final or initial value ofvoltage.
Practically, 2TC =……
Theoretically, 2TC =…….

After 5TC, the voltage reach their final values which is also called steady stateresponse
Practically, 5TC = ……….
Theoretically, 5TC =……...
RLC Circuit
To obtain transient response of a series RLC circuit, excited by a unit step input, where L=10mH
and C=1μF and for the following conditions:

1. , under damped case where R=100

2. , critically damped case where R=200

3. , over damped case where R=300

[
Therefore, 1/S= I(S) R+sL+ ] or
 The roots of the denominator polynomial of the above equation are,

Or

and

Let, and

Now,

Case - 1:-

i.e

Case - 2: -

i.e.,

The network is then said to be Critically Damped.

Case -3:-
 i.e.,

The network is then said to be Over Damped.

Practically (on DSOscreen),

Case 1:-

Case 2:-

Case 3:-

Model Graphs:

RL Circuit RC Circuit
Result :
 5: Resonance in series RLC circuit
Aim:
To determine resonant frequency, band width and Q-factor for Series RLC circuits.

Apparatus Required:

S.No Apparatus Range Quantity

1. AC voltage source. (0 - 10)V 1 No
2. Resistor. 1KΩ 1 No
3. Inductor. 100mH 1 No
4. Capacitor. 0.1µF 1 No
5. Function Generator (0-1) MHz 1 No
6. Ammeter AC (0 – 20) mA 1 No
7. Bread Board 1 No
8. Connecting wires Required

Theory:
Series Resonance:
Consider a RLC circuit in which resistor, inductor and capacitor are connected in series across a
voltage supply. This series RLC circuit has a distinguishing property of resonating at a specific
frequency called resonant frequency. In this circuit containing inductor and capacitor, the energy is
stored in two different ways. When a current flows in an inductor, energy gets stored in magnetic
field. When a capacitor is charged, energy gets stored in static electric field.
In some cases, at certain frequency called resonant frequency, the inductive reactance of the
circuit becomes equal to capacitive reactance which causes the electrical energy to oscillate
between the electric field of the capacitor and magnetic field of the inductor. This forms a
harmonic oscillator for current. In RLC circuit, the presence of resistor causes these oscillation to
die out over period of time and is called damping effect of resistor.
At resonance in series RLC circuit, two reactance become equal and cancel each other. So in
resonant series RLC circuit, the opposition to the flow of current is due to resistance only. At
resonance, the total impedance of series RLC circuit is equal to resistance i.e Z = R, impedance has
only real part but no imaginary part and this impedance at resonant frequency is called dynamic
impedance and this dynamic impedance is always less than impedance of series RLC circuit.
Before series resonance i.e before frequency, fr capacitive reactance dominates and after resonance,
inductive reactance dominates and at resonance the circuit acts purely as resistive circuit causing a
large amount of current to circulate through the circuit.
 Circuit Diagram:

Model Graphs:

Current Vs Frequency

Tabular Column:

Quality
Fr (Hz) FH (Hz) FL (Hz) Band Width Factor
Theoretical
Practical
 Procedure:

1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.

2. Apply 20V (peak to peak) from the function generator.
3. Note down the readings of the milli-Ammeter by varying the input frequency in suitable steps.
(Starting from 1 KHz to 10 KHz in steps of 500Hz).
4. Calculate Impedance Z
5. Plot the graphs for I vs Frequency and Z vs Frequency.
6. Identify the values of fr, f1 and f2 from the graph, calculate Q-factor and Bandwidth.
7. Compare with theoretical values.

Tabular Form:

S.No Frequency (Hz) I (mA)

Theoretical Calculations:

Result:
 6: Calculations and Verification of Impedance and Current of RL, RC and RLC series circuits

Aim:
To study RL, RC and RLC series circuit.
Apparatus Required:

S.No Apparatus Range Quantity

1. AC voltage source. (0 - 10)V 1 No
2. Resistor. 1KΩ 1 No
3. Inductor. 10 mH 1 No
4. Capacitor. 0.1µF 1 No
5. Function Generator (0-1) MHz 1 No
6. Ammeter AC (0 – 200) mA 1 No
7. Voltmeter (AC) (0 – 20)V 2No.s
8. Connecting wires Required

Theory:
RL Series Circuit:
A circuit that contains a pure resistance R connected in series with a coil having pure
inductance of L is known as RL Series Circuit. When an AC supply voltage V is applied the
current, I flows in the circuit. I Rand IL will be the current flowing in the resistor and inductor
respectively, but the amount of current flowing through both the elements will be same as they are
connected in series with each other. The circuit diagram of RL Series Circuit is shown below

Where,

VR – voltage across the resistor R

VL – voltage across the inductor L

V – Total voltage of the circuit

Circuit Diagram:

RL Circuit:

RC Circuit:

RLC Circuit:

Phasor Diagram of the RL Series Circuit:

 The phasor diagram of the RL Series circuit is shown below

VR = IR and VL = IXL where XL = 2πfL

Where,

Z is the total opposition offered to the flow of alternating current by an RL Series circuit and is
called impedance of the circuit. It is measured in ohms (Ω).

Phase Angle :
In RL Series Circuit the current lags the voltage by 90-degree angle known as phase angle. It is
given by the equation
 RC Circuit:
A circuit that contains pure resistance R ohms connected in series with a pure capacitor of
capacitance C farads is known as RC Series Circuit. A sinusoidal voltage is applied to and
current I flows through the resistance (R) and the capacitance (C) of the circuit.The RC Series
circuit is shown in the figure below
In this experiment, we are mainly interested in verification of Kirchhoff’s voltage law for AC
circuit.

Where,

VR – voltage across the resistance R

VC – voltage across the capacitor C

V – total voltage across the RC Series circuit

Phasor Diagram of RC Series Circuit:

The phasor diagram of the RC Series circuit is shown below

Now, VR = IR and VC = IXC

Where, XC = I/2πfC

In right triangle OAB

Where,

Z is the total opposition offered to the flow of alternating current by an RC Series circuit and is called
impedance of the circuit. It is measured in ohms (Ω).

Phase angle:

From the phasor diagram shown above it is clear that the current in the circuit leads the applied
voltage by an angle ϕ and this angle is called the phase angle.

RLC Series Circuit:

The RLC Series Circuit is defined as when a pure resistance of R ohms, a pure inductance of L
Henry and a pure capac itance of C farads are connected together in series combination with each other. As
all the three elements are connected in series so, the current flowing in each element of the circuit will be
same as the total current I flowing in the circuit.
 In the RLC Series Circuit

XL = 2πfL and XC = 1/2πfC

When the AC voltage is applied through the RLC Series Circuit the resulting current I flows through
the circuit, and thus the voltage across each element will be

 VR = IR that is the voltage across the resistance R and is in phase with the current I.
 VL = IXL that is the voltage across the inductance L and it leads the current I by an angle of 90
degrees.
 VC = IXC that is the voltage across the capacitor C and it lags the current I by an angle of 90
degrees.

PhasorDiagramof RLC Series Circuit:

The phasor diagram of the RLC Series Circuit when the circuit is acting as an inductive circuit that
means (VL>VC) is shown below and if (VL< VC) the circuit will behave as a capacitive circuit.
 Where,

It is the total opposition offered to the flow of current by an RLC Circuit and is known as
Impedance of the circuit.

Phase Angle:

From the phasor diagram, the value of phase angle will be

The three cases of RLC Series Circuit

 When XL > XC , the phase angle ϕ is positive. The circuit behaves as a RL series circuit
in which the current lags behind the applied voltage and the power factor is lagging.
 When XL < XC , the phase angle ϕ is negative, and the circuit acts as a series RC circuit in
which the current leads the voltage by 90 degrees.
 When XL = XC , the phase angle ϕ is zero, as a result, the circuit behaves like a purely
resistive circuit. In this type of circuit, the current and voltage are in phase with each other. The
value of power factor is unity.
Procedure:

RL Circuit:

Use peak-to-peak readings for all voltage and current measurements in this experiment.

1. Construct a table for recording experimental data:

R L f VS VS VR VL I XL ZT Phase angle (Φ)
kΩ Mh Hz (gen) (Osc) Volts Volts mA Ω Ω Degree
Volts Volts meas Calc

2. Connect the circuit by selecting a 5 kΩ resistor and 50 mH inductor as shown in Figure.

3. With the circuit connected, adjust the function generator’s frequency f to 10 kHz with an
output voltage of 4.0 VPP. Record the actual values of f and VS (generator).
4. Using the 2-channel oscilloscope, connect CHANNEL 0 to measure VS, the voltage across the
source . Connect CHANNEL 1 to measure VR, the voltage across theresistor . Be sure that the

ground leads are both connected to the same point . Record VS (Oscilloscope) andVR.
5. With the oscilloscope still connected as in step 5, measure the phase angle φ betweenVRand
VS.. You may use the AUTOSCALE button to ensure the waveforms are approximately the
same height and press STOP to improve accuracy when taking cursor measurements.
Record this value as φmeas in thetable.
6. Calculatethepeak-to-peakcurrentinthecircuitbyapplyingOhm'slawtotheresistor. That is,

.Record the calculated current I in thetable.

7. Calculate the inductive reactance XL by applying Ohm's law to the inductor. That
is, . Record the calculated reactance in the table.

8. Calculatethetotalimpedance ZT byapplyingOhm'slawtotheentirecircuit. . Record

the value of ZT in the table.

9. Compute the phase angle φ between VS and VR. Recall that φ=arctan .Record this
value as φcalc in the table, and compare it to the value measured on the oscilloscope.
10. Record this value as φcalcin the table, and compare it to the value measured on the
oscilloscope.
RC Circuit:

1. Construct a table for recording experimental data:

R C f VS VS VR Vc I XL ZT Phase angle (Φ)
kΩ µF Hz (gen) (Osc) Volts Volts mA Ω Ω Degree
Volts Volts meas Calc

2 Using the resistor R and capacitor C1 , connect the series RC circuit shown in Figure. With the
circuit connected, adjust the supply voltage VSto 2.0 V peak-to-peak at 500 Hz.
CheckthevoltageVSonCHANNEL0oftheoscilloscopeandrecorditsvalueintable

3 Connect CHANNEL 1 of the oscilloscope across capacitor C1. Be sure that the groundleads of
CHANNEL 1 and CHANNEL 0 are connected to ground. Measure VC1. Record the value in table

4 ConnectCHANNEL1oftheoscilloscopeacrossresistorRandmeasureVR.
5 Measure the phase angle φ between VRand VS.
6 Computethepeak-to-peakcurrentIppfromIpp =VR/R.Remember,thecurrentisthesame throughout
the circuit, so this current also flows through thecapacitor.

7 Compute the capacitor’s reactance XC1from XC1= VC1/IPP. Compute C1 from the measured
XC1and compare to your earliermeasurement

8 Compute the total impedance ZTotal by applying Ohm’s law to the circuit. Use the
supply voltage set in step 3 and the current found in step 4. Remember, the impedance has
both a magnitude and a phase angle (measured relative to theresistor).

9 Draw impedance and voltage phasors.

RLC Circuit:

Use peak-to-peak readings for all voltage and current measurements in this experiment.
1. Construct a table for recording experimental data:
R L f VS VS VR VL VC I XL XC ZT Phase angle (Φ)
kΩ mH Hz (gen) (Osc) Volts Volts Volts mA Ω Ω Ω Degree
Volts Volts Meas Calc

2. Connect the circuit by selecting a 5 kΩ resistor, 50 mHinductorand 0.1µF capacitor as

shown in Figure.
 3. With the circuit connected, adjust the function generator’s frequency f to 10 kHz with an
output voltage of 4.0 VPP. Record the actual values of f and VS (generator).
4. Using the 2-channel oscilloscope, connect CHANNEL 0 to measure VS , the voltage across the
source . Connect CHANNEL 1 to measure VR , the voltage across theresistor . Be sure that the
ground leads are both connected to the same point . Record VS (Oscilloscope) andVR.
5. With the oscilloscope still connected as in step 5, measure the phase angle φ betweenVRand
VS.. You may use the AUTOSCALE button to ensure the waveforms are approximately the
same height and press STOP to improve accuracy when taking cursor measurements.
Record this value as φmeas in thetable.
6. Calculatethepeak-to-peakcurrentinthecircuitbyapplyingOhm'slawtotheresistor. That is,

.Record the calculated current I in thetable.

7. Calculate the inductive reactance XLby applying Ohm's law to the inductor. That is,
. Record the calculated reactance in the table.

8. Calculatethetotalimpedance ZT byapplyingOhm'slawtotheentirecircuit. . Record

the value of ZT in the table.

9. Compute the phase angle φ between VS and VR. Recall that φ=arctan .Record this
value as φcalc in the table, and compare it to the value measured on the oscilloscope.
10. Record this value as φcalcin the table, and compare it to the value measured on the
Oscilloscope

Calculations:
Model graphs:
RL circuit:
 RC circuit:

Result: