Unit 4

Operators and Expressions

Operators
- An operator is a symbol that tells the compiler to perform specific mathematical or logical
functions.

Arithmetic operator
- Arithmetic operators are used to perform arithmetic/mathematical operations on
operands.
Operator Description
+ Adds two operands.
− Subtracts second operand from the first.
* Multiplies both operands.
/ Divides numerator by de-numerator.
% Modulus Operator and remainder of after an integer division.
++ Increment operator increases the integer value by one.
-- Decrement operator decreases the integer value by one.
Example:
/* Program to demonstrate the arithmetic operator */
#include <stdio.h>
int main()
{
int a = 21;
int b = 10;
int c ;
c = a + b;
printf("Value of a + b is: %d\n", c );
c = a - b;
printf("Value of a - b is: %d\n", c );
c = a * b;
printf("Value of a * b is: %d\n", c );
c = a / b;
printf("Value of a / b is: %d\n", c );
c = a % b;
printf("Value of a %% b is: %d\n", c );
c = a++;
printf("Value of a++ is: %d\n", c );
c = a--;
printf("Value of a-- is: %d\n", c );

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}

Output:
Value of a + b is: 31
Value of a - b is: 11
Value of a * b is: 210
Value of a / b is: 2
Value of a % b is: 1
Value of a++ is: 21
Value of a-- is: 22

Relational operator
- Relational Operators are the operators used to create a relationship and compare the
values of two operands.
- Following are the various types of relational operators in C.

Operator Description
== Checks if the values of two operands are equal or not. If yes, then the
condition becomes true.
!= Checks if the values of two operands are equal or not. If the values are not
equal, then the condition becomes true.
> Checks if the value of left operand is greater than the value of right operand.
If yes, then the condition becomes true.
< Checks if the value of left operand is less than the value of right operand. If
yes, then the condition becomes true.
>= Checks if the value of left operand is greater than or equal to the value of
right operand. If yes, then the condition becomes true.
<= Checks if the value of left operand is less than or equal to the value of right
operand. If yes, then the condition becomes true.

Example:
/* Program to demonstrate the concept of relational operator */

#include <stdio.h>
int main() {
int a = 21;
int b = 10;
int c ;
if(a == b) {
printf("a is equal to b\n" );
}else{
printf("a is not equal to b\n" );
}
if(a < b) {
printf("a is less than b\n" );

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 } else {
printf("a is not less than b\n" );
}
if(a > b) {
printf("a is greater than b\n" );
} else {
printf("a is not greater than b\n" );
}
if (a <= b) {
printf("a is either less than or equal to b\n" );
}
if (a >= b) {
printf("b is either greater than or equal to b\n" );
}
}

Output:
a is not equal to b
a is not less than b
a is greater than b
b is either greater than or equal to b

Logical or Boolean operator

- Boolean operators AND, OR, and NOT are used to manipulate logical statements.
- Boolean operators are the core operators used in digital control systems as well as
computer systems.
- AND and OR are binary operators, while NOT is a unary operator.

Operator Description
&& Called Logical AND operator. If both the operands are non-zero, then the
condition becomes true.
|| Called Logical OR Operator. If any of the two operands is non-zero, then the
condition becomes true.
! Called Logical NOT Operator. It is used to reverse the logical state of its operand.
If a condition is true, then Logical NOT operator will make it false.

Example:

#include <stdio.h>
int main() {
int a = 4;
int b = 8;
int c ;
if (a && b) {

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 printf("Condition is true\n");
}
if(a || b) {
printf("Condition is true\n");
}
if (!(a && b)) {
printf("Condition is true\n" );
}
}

Output:
Condition is true
Condition is true

Assignment Operator
- The assignment operator is used to assign the value, variable and function to another
variable.

Operator Description
= Simple assignment operator. Assigns values from right side operands to left side
operand.
+= Add AND assignment operator. It adds the right operand to the left operand
and assign the result to the left operand.
-= Subtract AND assignment operator. It subtracts the right operand from the left
operand and assigns the result to the left operand.
*= Multiply AND assignment operator. It multiplies the right operand with the left
operand and assigns the result to the left operand.
/= Divide AND assignment operator. It divides the left operand with the right
operand and assigns the result to the left operand.
%= Modulus AND assignment operator. It takes modulus using two operands and
assigns the result to the left operand.

Example:
#include <stdio.h>
int main() {
int a = 21;
int c ;
c = a;
printf("= Operator Example, Value of c = %d\n", c );
c += a;
printf("+= Operator Example, Value of c = %d\n", c );
c -= a;
printf("-= Operator Example, Value of c = %d\n", c );

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 c *= a;
printf("*= Operator Example, Value of c = %d\n", c );
c /= a;
printf("/= Operator Example, Value of c = %d\n", c );
c = 200;
c %= a;
printf("%= Operator Example, Value of c = %d\n", c );
return 0;
}

Output:
= Operator Example, Value of c = 21
+= Operator Example, Value of c = 42
-= Operator Example, Value of c = 21
*= Operator Example, Value of c = 441
/= Operator Example, Value of c = 21
= Operator Example, Value of c = 11

Ternary operator/Conditional operator

- As conditional operator works on three operands, so it is also known as the ternary
operator.
- The behaviour of the conditional operator is similar to the 'if-else' statement as 'if-else'
statement is also a decision-making statement.
Syntax:
Expression1? expression2: expression3;
Example:
#include <stdio.h>
int main()
{
int age; // variable declaration
printf("Enter your age: ");
scanf("%d",&age); // taking user input for age variable
// conditional operator
(age>=18)? (printf("Eligible for voting")) : (printf("Not eligible for voting"));
return 0;
}

Output:
Enter your age: 28
Eligible for voting

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Bitwise operator
- The bitwise operators are the operators used to perform the operations on the data at
the bit-level.

Operator Description
& Binary AND Operator copies a bit to the result if it exists in both operands.
| Binary OR Operator copies a bit if it exists in either operand.
^ Binary XOR Operator copies the bit if it is set in one operand but not both.
~ Binary One's Complement Operator is unary and has the effect of 'flipping' bits.
<< Binary Left Shift Operator. The left operands value is moved left by the number
of bits specified by the right operand.
>> Binary Right Shift Operator. The left operands value is moved right by the
number of bits specified by the right operand.

Example:

#include <stdio.h>
int main() {
unsigned int a = 60; /* 60 = 0011 1100 */
unsigned int b = 13; /* 13 = 0000 1101 */
int c = 0;
c = a & b; /* 12 = 0000 1100 */
printf("Value of c is %d\n", c );
c = a | b; /* 61 = 0011 1101 */
printf("Value of c is %d\n", c );
c = a ^ b; /* 49 = 0011 0001 */
printf("Value of c is %d\n", c );
c = ~a; /*-61 = 1100 0011 */
printf("Value of c is %d\n", c );
c = a << 2; /* 240 = 1111 0000 */
printf("Value of c is %d\n", c );
c = a >> 2; /* 15 = 0000 1111 */
printf("Value of c is %d\n", c );
}

Output:

Value of c is 12
Value of c is 61
Value of c is 49
Value of c is -61
Value of c is 240
Value of c is 15

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Increment or Decrement operator
Increment Operator
- Increment Operators are the unary operators used to increment or add 1 to the operand
value.
- The Increment operand is denoted by the double plus symbol (++).
- It has two types, Pre Increment and Post Increment Operators.
1. Pre-increment Operator
- The pre-increment operator is used to increase the original value of the operand by 1
before assigning it to the expression.
Syntax:
X = ++A;
2. Post increment Operator
- The post-increment operator is used to increment the original value of the operand by 1
after assigning it to the expression.
Syntax
X = A++;
Decrement Operator
- Decrement Operator is the unary operator, which is used to decrease the original value
of the operand by 1.
- The decrement operator is represented as the double minus symbol (--).
- It has two types, Pre Decrement and Post Decrement operators.
1. Pre Decrement Operator
- The Pre Decrement Operator decreases the operand value by 1 before assigning it to the
mathematical expression.
- In other words, the original value of the operand is first decreases, and then a new value
is assigned to the other variable.
Syntax
B = --A;
2. Post decrement Operator
- Post decrement operator is used to decrease the original value of the operand by 1 after
assigning to the expression.
Syntax
B = A--;
Example:
#include <stdio.h>
int main ()
{
int a = 6;

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 int b;
b = ++a;
printf("Example of pre-increment: %d", b);
b = a++;
printf("\nExample of post-increment: %d", b);
a = 4;
b = --a;
printf("\nExample of pre-increment: %d", b);
b = a--;
printf("\nExample of post-increment: %d", b);
return 0;
}

Output:

Example of pre-increment: 7
Example of post-increment: 7
Example of pre-increment: 3
Example of post-increment: 3

Special Operators (sizeof and comma)

sizeof() operator
- The sizeof operator is the most common operator in C.
- It is a compile-time unary operator and used to compute the size of its operand.
- It returns the size of a variable.
- It can be applied to any data type, float type, pointer type variables.
Example:
#include <stdio.h>
int main() {
int a = 16;
printf("Size of variable a : %d",sizeof(a));
printf("\nSize of int data type : %d",sizeof(int));
printf("\nSize of char data type : %d",sizeof(char));
printf("\nSize of float data type : %d",sizeof(float));
printf("\nSize of double data type : %d",sizeof(double));
return 0;
}

Output:
Size of variable a : 4
Size of int data type : 4
Size of char data type : 1
Size of float data type : 4
Size of double data type : 8

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Comma as an Operator
- The comma operator is a binary operator that evaluates its first operand, and then
discards the result, then evaluates the second operand and returns the value.
- The comma operator has the lowest precedence in C.
Example:
#include<stdio.h>
main() {
int a = 50;
int b = (a++, ++a);
printf("%d", b);
}

Output
52

Evaluation of Expression, Operator Precedence and Associativity

- Expressions are evaluated by the ‘C’ compiler based on precedence and associativity rules.
- If an expression contains different priority operators, then the precedence rules are
considered.
- If an expression contains same priority, then associativity rules are considered i.e. left
right (or right to left).

Example:
#include <stdio.h>
int main() {
int a = 20;
int b = 10;
int c = 15;
int d = 5;
int e;
e = (a + b) * c / d; // ( 30 * 15 ) / 5
printf("Value of (a + b) * c / d is : %d\n", e );
e = ((a + b) * c) / d; // (30 * 15 ) / 5
printf("Value of ((a + b) * c) / d is : %d\n" , e );
e = (a + b) * (c / d); // (30) * (15/5)
printf("Value of (a + b) * (c / d) is : %d\n", e );
e = a + (b * c) / d; // 20 + (150/5)
printf("Value of a + (b * c) / d is : %d\n" , e );
return 0;
}

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Output:
Value of (a + b) * c / d is : 90
Value of ((a + b) * c) / d is : 90
Value of (a + b) * (c / d) is : 90
Value of a + (b * c) / d is : 50

Exercise
1. Short Note
a. Conditional Operator [TU 2079]
b. Bitwise Operator [TU 2078]
c. Operator precedence and associativity [TU 2077]
2. Discuss different logical operation in detail. [TU 2075]
3. Discuss increment and decrement operators with example. [TU 2074]

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