1.

Motor operation and characteristics when connected in Star and Delta connection (It
should compare measured results with those expected/calculated).

The torque-speed graph in both star and delta, interpretation of the results.

Analysis

We seek to analyze motor operation and characteristics when connected in star and delta.

Theoretical

Before computing the expected results, we seek to analyze the working of the star connection
which consists of wires in a Y shape. It has four wires, a neutral wire and 3 live wires.

When a load is connected in this star system, the sum of the three currents flowing in the neutral
wire sum up to zero such that IR+IY+ IB=IPH

We consider the phase voltage in this system Vphase which is conventionally equal to the voltage
magnitude in each line such that VR=VY=VB=VPH

The line voltage which is the vector difference between two lines in a star system is equal to root
three times the phase voltage such that

VL=√ 3 VPH

The power in this system is given as 3×VPH × IPH ×cos Ф or √ 3 VL ×IL ×CosФ

For a 3-wire delta system, the line voltages are of equal magnitude to the phase voltages such
that VL=VPH.

IL=√ 3 ×IPH such that the line current is √ 3 the phase current.

The power is similar to the 3phase star connection.

The calculated values of voltage in the star connection therefore equal to

Vphase_star = 240 V

Vph
The winding current in the induction motor per phase in the star connection equal to IPS=
Z

The calculated values of voltage in the delta connection therefore equal to VL =415V

The winding current in the induction motor per phase in the delta connection is

Vl
IPD =
Z
Torque calculations

Theoretically, the phase voltage and the phase current in a star system is seen to be lower than
the voltages and currents in a delta connection for the three-phase induction motor. The
rotational speed N in the star connection is seen to be lower than in a delta system.

power
torque=
speed

power=VI

Therefore, the phase voltage and phase currents are higher, the power developed increases hence
torque developed increases. From the graph, the torque developed in delta system is higher than
the torque developed in star connection system.

Measured

The measured motor characteristics are tabulated below for the star connection.

Torque (M/Nm) 0.0 0.1 0.3 0.5 0.7 0.9

Motor N(1/rpm) 2930 2890 2800 2680 2520 2220

Speed

Phase Uphase (V) 225 225 225 225 225 225

Voltage

Phase Iphase (A) 0.16 0.20 0.26 0.40 0.53 0.74

Current

The measured motor characteristics are tabulated below for the delta connection.

M(Nm) 0.0 0.1 0.3 0.5 0.7 0.9

N(1/rpm) 2875 2910 2830 2744 2600 2370

Uphase (V) 389 389 389 389 389 389

Iphase (A) 0.29 0.35 0.46 0.60 0.81 1.09

While analyzing the tabulated values and the torque speed characteristics curves, the following
observations are made.

For the star connection, the stator phase voltage is 58 percent the total magnitude of the line
voltage. The reduction in the voltage lead to decreased flux in the air gap length of the motor.
The motor torque from the above graph is proportionate to the squared magnitude of the
voltage supplied to the motor stator windings. In star connection system, the torque developed
while studying the tabulated results of the motor show that it is about a third of the maximum
rated torque of the motor.
The phase voltage and the phase current in the star connection is of a lower magnitude lower
than in delta connection of three phase motor. It is derived that, speed developed in star
connection is also lower than in delta connection.

The torque delivered to the load by the motor in the delta connection system for stator
windings is more than the torque-delivered in the star connection for stator windings.

2. The star-delta switch, starting technique, and your observations.

We earlier discussed the star and delta voltage, current magnitudes and how they vary. In
asynchronous motors, combining the two methods to supply the motor gives rise to the star delta
switch.

In a star system, the voltage across windings is the phase voltage which is conventionally 1/3
times the magnitude of the line voltage i.e., 240V. In the delta system, the voltage across the
windings is the full line voltage.

For this starter, the star is the most preferred starting connection, when the motor picks up speed
up to a certain percentage of its rated speed, it switches to delta such that the stator windings are
connected in delta.

Vl
The star system gives a reduced phase voltage during starting where VPH = . the phase current
√3
is therefore reduced by a third. Comparing this current with the phase current in the delta
connection gives rise to the following current equation.

Figure 1: stator connection in star and delta. a switch mechanism is used to switch between the two connections

I phase
Iphase_Y = ∆
with the line current in delta being equal to I line∆ =√ 3 I phase =3 I phase
√3 ∆ Y

The Y connection from the above equation thereby offers a reduction in phase voltage and
consequently torque. The starting current reduction prevents an inrush of current into the
induction motor by a third. The full supply voltage is offered in delta and the switching to delta
is done when the motors run to near full rated speed.

It can be observed that the star delta star is cheap with a reduced starting torque in the Y system
and a higher torque production in the delta system. This method is however suitable for light
loading.

Conventionally, 3 contactors are used (the main, star, delta contactors) which are then interfaced
with a timer that switch between star and delta connections smoothly. The star contactor
therefore carries the star current for a short period before handing over to the delta.

3.The reactive power compensation, use theoretical calculations to confirm any PF

improvement.

We begin by defining reactive power which is power necessary to provide a magnetizing field
required by motors. This power is a burden on the supply system. Power factor (PF) is defined as
the quotient of the real power expressed in kW and the total power expressed in kVA. The power
factor expressed in terms of cosine is the cosine of this quotient.

real power (kW )

Pf= cos (
total power (kVA)

In asynchronous motors, the motors bear a magnet whose magnetizing current is not in phase
with the voltage. This current is used to introduce a flux in the iron and since it is out of phase
the motor rotates.

Reactive power compensation is therefore important in restoring the power factor to value close
to unity in that the reactive power is low. It is achieved by adding capacitors to the electrical
network thereby supplying the reactive power to the inductive load rather than drawing this
reactive power from the power supply. These capacitors are added in parallel with the induction
motor.

To demonstrate the improvement in power factor hence reactive power compensation, the
capacitor is seen to draw a current Ic leading the supply voltage by an angle of 90°. The resulting
current I’ is the sum of I and Ic. The resulting angle is a lagging angle Ф2. This angle is less than
the initial angle Ф1. This improves the power factor by consequently reducing the lagging
reactive component of the load.

I’ sin Ф2 = I’ sin Ф1 - Ic

Static capacitors, synchronous condensers and phase advancers are used in the industries to vary
the field excitation and magnetizing currents in a bid to improve the power factor.
 4. For the given experimental motor, suggest a technique/s of driving the motor at 5000
rpm, and how the motor parameters should be adjusted.

In the adjustment of the motor speed, two parameters namely, voltage frequency are analyzed to
determine their contribution to increase motor speed.

The speed of rotation of an induction motor (N) is obtained using the following equation:

120× S ×f
N=
P

Where F = frequency, S=slip, P=number of poles

We analyze the following techniques used to drive the motor at higher RPMs.

1. Voltage control

This method is used to control the slip of the motor while maintaining a frequency that is
constant and a voltage supply which varies in supply to the stator. At full load slip, providing a
slip twice in magnitude for constant torque means that the supply voltage should be reduced by a
factor of 1/√ 2. The current is seen to rise to √ 2 of the full load value in order to obtain a constant
torque. This method however results to overheating of the motor and is therefore unsuitable for
speed control.

2. Frequency control

This method is used to control the speed of the motor by changing the motors supply frequency.
This consequently adjusts the air gap flux per pole governed by the following equation.

1 V
×
4.44 × K w 1 × N ph1 f

The flux or is kept constant in order to avoid saturation in the cores of the stator and the rotor.
When f is varied, V is adjusted such the ratio of V/f remains constant. A silicon-controlled
rectifier is used in an inverter circuitry to control the speed.

5.Discuss potential for energy-savings.

Induction motors often portray a reduced efficiency when the rated torques and speeds are
reached. Adjusting the motor excitation with respect to the loading and speed may improve
efficiency at light loading.

The incorporation of an inverter between the motor and the power supply significantly improves
the partial load efficiency. These controllers are used in reducing the flux level in motors with
respect to the load applied.
With advancements in technologies, the parameters of the motor can be controlled using
intelligent based energy savers that use artificial neural networks.

Improving the power factor and running efficiency shows potential saving on energy. This is
done during no load and partial load by reducing the stator voltage. The stator voltage is adjusted
by measuring losses, power factor, slip and based on this information, the required regulation is
carried out.

6.Highlight the Relevant standard of testing 3-phase Induction motors.

3 phase induction motors are governed by certain standards. These standards are used to
determine if the parameters specified are indeed. These tests are:

1. Resistance testing

Resistance testing is aimed at measuring the resistance of the stator winding, rotor winding
and the exciter winding. The values obtained in these tests are used to determine the motor
performance at varying temperatures. The voltmeter-ammeter method is used to determine
the resistance of the windings.

2. Resistance test of the temperature sensor

Induction motors are often accompanied by temperature sensors. These sensors are measured
for continuity conventionally defined at 100 ohms when operating at 0°Celsius.

3. No load curve and losses characteristics

This testing procedure is used to determine the curve and loss characteristic of the induction
machine. The rotor runs while the bearings temperatures are measured. The voltage is then
increased to up to 120% the rated value of speed and data recorded. Then motor is then at a
voltage 110 % the rated value and data taken up to 60% the rated voltage. These
measurements are done using power analyzers and calculations done to obtain the losses. the
criteria for acceptance of this induction machine are that, the losses should not exceed 110 %
the theoretical losses.

Other standard tests performed are the noise level tests, heat run tests, bearing vibration at no
load and at full load. These tests are important in determining the suitability of the induction
motor at various loads and speeds.

References

Technology, E. (2020, August 3). ELECTRICAL TECHNOLOGY.

https://www.google.com/amp/s/www.electricaltechnology.org/2012/02/star-delta-3-phase-
motor-starting.html/amp
Induction motor testing. (n.d.). Third Party Inspection Services Company I Inspection 4 Industry
LLC. https://www.inspection-for-industry.com/induction-motor-testing.html

Kothari. (2014). Electric machines (4th ed.). Tata McGraw-Hill Education.

Fitzgerald, A. E., Umans, S. D., & Kingsley, C. (2013). Fitzgerald and Kingsley's electric machinery.
College Ie Overruns.