General Science - C-M G2-26

beg-`kg †kÖwY : mvaviY weÁvb  370
GKv`k Aa¨vq
Rxe cÖhyw³ Prof. Ian Wilmut
weªwUk weÁvbx cÖ‡dmi Av‡qb DIjgyU (1944) åƒYZË¡ I RxbZ‡Ë¡i Ici M‡elYv
K‡i †K¬vwbs (Cloning) c×wZ‡Z GwWbeivq cÖ_g †fov kveK Wwj‡K Drcv`b K‡i
Biotechnology cÖgvY K‡ib †h, wb‡lK c×wZ QvovB A‡hŠb c×wZ‡Z ev †K¬vwbs c×wZ‡Z ïaygvÎ
wWcø‡qW (2n) †`n‡Kvl †_‡KB ¯ Íb¨cvqx wkïRxe Drcbœ Kiv m¤¢e|
cvV m¤úwK©Z ¸iæZ¡c~Y© welqvw`

 PvwiwÎK êwkó¨ eskci¤úivq ¯’vbvšÍ‡ii †KŠkj : eskMZ aviv cwien‡b †µv‡gv‡Rvg, wWGbG I AviGbG-Gi ¸iæZ¡ Acwimxg|
†µv‡gv‡Rv‡gi cÖavb Dcv`vb wWGbG| wWGbG-B Rx‡ei PvwiwÎK êwk‡óï cÖK…Z aviK, hv‡K wRb ejv nq| AviGbG Rx‡ei
êwkó¨ wbqš¿Y Ki‡Z wWGbG-†K mvnvh¨ K‡i| †µv‡gv‡Rvg wWGbG I AviGbG-†K aviY K‡i evnK wn‡m‡e| †µv‡gv‡Rvg
wWGbG I AviGbG-†K mivmwi enb K‡i wcZvgvZv †_‡K Zv‡ì cieZ©x eska‡i wb‡q hvq| †Kvl wefvR‡bi gv‡qvwUK cÖwµqvi
gva¨‡g eskMwZi G aviv Ae¨vnZ _v‡K|
wWGbG : GKwU wWGbG AYy wØm~Î wewkó j¤^v k„•Ljvi cwjwbDwK¬IUvBW| KviY GwU A‡bK¸‡jv wbDwK¬IUvBW wb‡q MwVZ| wWGbG
AYy‡Z Pvi ai‡bi ÿviK _v‡K h_v : GwWwbb, ¸qvwbb, mvB‡Uvwmb I _vBwgb| G¸‡jvi g‡a¨ GwWwbb _vBwg‡bi mv‡_ Ges
mvB‡Uvwmb ¸qvwb‡bi mv‡_ †Rvo †eu‡a wmuwoi avç‡jv ˆZwi K‡i|
 wWGbG †U‡÷i cÖ‡qvRbxqZv : mšÍv‡bi wcZ…Z¡ I gvZ…Z¡ wb‡q we‡iva m„wó n‡j, ev †KD hw` A‡bï mšÍvb‡K Zvi wb‡Ri mšÍvb
wn‡m‡e `vwe K‡i, ZLb wWGbG †U÷ Øviv G ai‡bi weev` eZ©gv‡b wb®úwË Kiv hvq| eZ©gv‡b Acivax kbv‡³ wWGbG †U÷
¸iæZ¡c~Y© f~wgKv ivL‡Q|
 †R‡bwUK weNœZvi KviY I djvdj : †R‡bwUK weNœZv N‡U †hme Kvi‡Y Zv n‡jv-
1. c‡q›U wgD‡Ukb ev wR‡bi †fZi cwieZ©‡bi Rb¨, 2. †µv‡gv‡Rvg msL¨vi n«vm ev e„w×i Rb¨, 3. †µv‡gv‡Rv‡gi †Kv‡bv As‡ki
n«vm ev e„w×i Rb¨, 4. gv‡qvwmm †Kvl wefvR‡bi mgq †nv‡gvjMvm †µv‡gv‡Rv‡gi wew”QbœKiY bv NUvi Rb¨|
Gme weNœZvi d‡j gvby‡li eskMZ KZ¸‡jv †ivM nq| G †ivM¸‡jv n‡jvÑ 1. wmwKj †mj †ivM, 2. nvbwUsUbÕm †ivM, 3. WvDbÕm
wmb‡Wªvg †ivM, 4. wK¬wb‡djUviÕm wmb‡Wªvg †ivM, 5. Uvb©viÕm wmb‡Wªvg †ivM BZ¨vw`|
 Rxe cÖhyw³ Ges †R‡bwUK BwÄwbqvwis : Rxe cÖhyw³ ej‡Z †evSvq gvbeKj¨v‡Yi D‡Ï‡k¨ RxeR cÖwZwbwa‡ì, †hgb : AYyRxe ev
Rxe‡Kv‡li †Kvlxq Dcv`v‡bi wbqwš¿Z eënvi| `B, wmiKv, cvDiæwU, g`, cwbi BZ¨vw` Drcv`b Rxe cÖhyw³i dmj| Gme Rxe
cÖhyw³‡K cyi‡bv Rxe cÖhyw³ e‡j AvL¨vwqZ Kiv nq| m¤cÖwZ AvYweK RxeweÁv‡bi M‡elYvi Øviv Rxe cÖhyw³i †h cÖmvi N‡U‡Q, Zv‡K
ejv nq bZzb Rxe cÖhyw³| ev¯ÍweK A‡_©, AvaywbK Rxe cÖhyw³ wZbwU wel‡qi mgš^q| h_v : 1. AYyRxe weÁvb, 2. wUmy¨ KvjPvi I 3.
wRb cÖ‡KŠkj| ewY©Z GB wZbwU wel‡qi mgš^‡q M‡o IVv RxeweÁv‡bi AZ¨vaywbK GB kvLvwU gvbemf¨Zvi bZzb w`MšÍ Ly‡j w`‡q‡Q|
GKwU Rxe †_‡K GKwU wbw`©ó wRb enbKvix wWGbG LÊ c„_K K‡i wfbœ GKwU Rx‡e ¯’vbvšÍ‡ii †KŠkj‡K †R‡bwUK BwÄwbqvwis ev
wRb cÖ‡KŠkj e‡j| GB wRb †h †KŠkj¸‡jvi gva¨‡g ¯’vbvšÍi Kiv nq Zv‡ì GK‡Î wiKw¤^‡b›U wWGbG †KŠkj e‡j| wiKw¤^‡b›U
wWGbG †KŠkj Aej¤^b K‡i GKwU wWGbG AYyi Kvw•¶Z Ask †K‡U Avjv`v K‡i Ab¨ GKwU wWGbG AYy‡Z cÖwZ¯’vc‡bi d‡j †h
bZzb wWGbG AYyi m„wó nq, Zv‡K wiKw¤^‡b›U wWGbG e‡j| wiKw¤^‡b›U wWGbG ˆZwii cÖwµqv‡K wiKw¤^‡b›U wWGbG cÖhyw³ ev
wRb †K¬vwbs ejv nq|
 cÖvYx I Dw™¢‡` †K¬vwbs : GKwU †Kvl ev GK¸”Q †Kvl hLb GKwUgvÎ †Kvl †_‡K DrcwË nq Ges †m¸‡jvi cÖK…wZ gvZ…‡Kv‡li g‡Zv nq
ZLb Zv‡K †K¬vb e‡j| cÖvYx †K¬vwbs D™¢e nq GKB cÖvYxi †`n‡Kvl †_‡K m¤ú~Y© wbDwK¬qvm †ei K‡i †mB cÖvYxi wb‡lKK…Z wW¤^vYy‡Z
Bb‡R± K‡i wbDwK¬qvm ¯’vcb Kiv nq| wW¤^vYy‡Z †`n‡Kv‡li wbDwK¬qvm ¯’vcb Kivi c~‡e© wb‡lKK…Z wW¤^vYyi wbDwK¬qvm‡K
AcmviY Kiv nq| GB wW¤^vYy †_‡K †h cÖvYx m„wó nq Zv ûeû Zvi gvZvi g‡Zv nq| Avi Dw™¢` †K¬vwbs D™¢e N‡U A‡hŠb A½R
Rb‡bi Øviv| G¸‡jvi AvK…wZ nq GK`g gvZ…Rx‡ei g‡Zv|
 †K¬vwbs-Gi mvgvwRK cÖfve : Dw™¢` ev cÖvYxi †K¬vwbs wb‡q †Zgb †Kv‡bv weZK© m„wó nqwb| wKšÍy gvby‡li †K¬vwbs wel‡q Gi ˆbwZKZv
wb‡q weZK© m„wó n‡q‡Q| GLb ch©šÍ gvbyl ev gvbe‡Mvôxi mdj †K¬vwbs‡qi Lei cvIqv hvqwb| †K¬vwbs RvZ wkïwU m¤ú~Y© my¯’ n‡e,
GgbwU ejv hv‡”Q bv| eis cÖwZeÜx ev weKjv½ nIqvi Avk¼v †ewk| gvbe †K¬vwbs n‡e cÖK…wZi Ici GK eo ai‡bi n¯Í‡ÿc|
mvaviY gvby‡li GKvs‡ki g‡Z, ag© Avi weÁvb GK bq| ag©xq Abykvmb †g‡b Pjv DwPZ|
 †R‡bwUK BwÄwbqvwis I ev‡qv‡UK‡bvjwRi eënvi :
1. G c×wZ‡Z Dw™¢‡ì ea©bkxj A½mg~n †_‡K AmsL¨ AYyPviv Drcbœ nq| Aí RvqMvq wbqwš¿Z cwi‡e‡k evwYwR¨Kfv‡e jvL jvL
Kvw•ÿZ Pviv Kiv m¤¢e n‡”Q G cÖhyw³ eënvi K‡i|
2. Gi d‡j wR‡bi MVb ev web¨v‡mi cwieZ©b NwU‡q DbœZ Rv‡Zi Dw™¢` m„wó Kiv m¤¢e n‡q‡Q| Gfv‡e avb, Mg, †ZjexRmn
A‡bK k‡mï AwaK djbkxj DbœZ RvZ D™¢veb Kiv n‡q‡Q|
3. Rxe cÖhyw³ cÖ‡qvM K‡i cÖvYx I Dw™¢`RvZ `ªe¨vwì MVb, eY©, cywó¸Y, ¯^v` BZ¨vwì Dbœqb Kiv m¤¢e n‡q‡Q|
4. Rxe cÖhyw³i Øviv kvKmewR, dj I ïuUwKi ÿwZKi cZ½, gkv BZ¨vw` wbqš¿‡Y †÷ivBj Bb‡m± †UKwbK D™¢veb K‡i cZ½
wbqš¿Y Kiv nq|
5. Rxe cÖhyw³i gva¨‡g myB‡W‡bi weÁvbxiv mycvi ivBm ev †Mv‡ìb ivBm bvgK GK ai‡bi avb D™¢veb K‡i‡Qb| GwU wfUvwgb A
mg„×|
Abykxjbxi enywbe©vPwb cÖ‡kœvËi

1. †m· †µv‡gv‡Rv‡gi msL¨v KZwU? wb‡Pi wPÎwU †_‡K 3 I 4bs cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI :
K 1wU  2wU
M 22wU N 44wU
2. †µv‡gv‡Rv‡g †h †gŠwjK c`v_© _v‡K Zv n‡jvÑ
i. K¨vjwmqvg I g¨vM‡bwmqvg
ii. †jŠn I g¨vM‡bwmqvg
iii. K¨vjwmqvg I A¨vjywgwbqvg 3. Ic‡ii wPÎwU wK‡mi?
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? K DNA L RNA  †µv‡gv‡Rvg N wbDwK¬Ijvm
 i I ii L ii I iii 4. wP‡Îi †Kvb AskwU †m‡›Uªvwgqvi?
M i I iii N i, ii I iii KA LB C ND
¸iæZ¡c~Y© enywbe©vPwb cÖ‡kœvËi

5. K K‡ivbvix _ª‡¤^vwmm cÖwZ‡iva  kK©ivi cwigvY †ewk
M Gw›UewW ˆZwi‡Z mÿg N ev‡ivgvmx dmj
A
12. †µv‡gv‡Rv‡gi cÖavb Dcv`vb †KvbwU?
K Avi.Gb.G  wW.Gb.G M wRb N †m‡›Uªvwgqvi
†em
13. †Kvb mgm¨vi Kvi‡Y 10 eQi eq‡mi wkïi Pjb kw³ †jvc cvq?
kK©iv K Ry‡fbvBj Møy‡Kvgv L AcwUK A¨vwUªwd
 gvmKzjvi wWmUªwc N †nvqvBU †dvijK
wP‡Î A AskwUi bvg wb‡Pi †KvbwU?
14. mšÍv‡bi wcZ…Z¡ I gvZ…Z¡ wb‡q we‡iv‡ai wb®úwË nq †KvbwUi
 dm‡dU L bvB‡Uªv‡Rb M mvj‡dU N Kve©‡bU
gva¨‡g?
6.
K g~Î cixÿv  DNA †U÷
M gj cixÿv N eøvW cixÿv
A
15. †µv‡gv‡Rv‡g Kq ai‡bi †cÖvwUb _v‡K?
 `yB L wZb M Pvi N cuvP
16. cyiæl †`‡ni †m· †µv‡gv‡Rvg n‡jv-
wP‡Îi A wPwýZ AskwUi bvg Kx? i. XX ii. YY
iii. XY
K †µvgvwUb L wbDwK¬qvm
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
 wbDwK¬Ijvm N wbDwK¬IcøvRg
Ki L ii  iii N i I ii
7. gvbe‡`‡ni cÖwZwU †`n‡Kv‡l †µv‡gv‡Rvg msL¨v KZ? wb‡Pi Aby‡”Q`wU co Ges 17 I 18bs cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI :
K 40wU L 42wU M 44wU  46wU
weÁvb wkÿK †kªwY‡Z †R‡bwUK wek„•LjvRwbZ Kvi‡Y m„ó †ivMmg~n cov‡Z
8. gvbe‡`‡ni i³KwYKvq †Kvb †ivMwU c‡q›U wgD‡Uk‡bi Rb¨ n‡q wM‡q ej‡jb †h, cyiæ‡li †m· †µv‡gv‡Rv‡gi wWmRvsk‡bi Kvi‡Y GKwU
_v‡K?
†ivM n‡q _v‡K|
K nvbwUsUbÕm †ivM  wmwKj‡mj †ivM
17. DwjøwLZ †ivMwUi bvg wb‡Pi †KvbwU?
M WvDbÕm wmb‡Wªvg N Uvb©viÕm wmb‡Wªvg
K nvbwUsUbÕm †ivM L Uvb©viÕm wmb‡Wªvg
9. †K¬vwbs KZ cÖKvi? M WvDbÕm wmb‡Wªvg  wK¬wb‡dëviÕm wmb‡Wªvg
K cuvP L Pvi  wZb N `yB
18. GB †iv‡M AvµvšÍ GKRb cyiæl-
10. cwbi ˆZwi‡Z wb‡Pi †KvbwU eëüZ nq? i. XY †µv‡gv‡Rvg wewkó
K fvBivm L ˆkevj
ii. XXY †µv‡gv‡Rvg wewkó
 QÎvK N wgDKi
iii. eÜ¨v I KK©k KÉ¯î wewkó
11. UªvÝ‡RwbK U‡g‡Uvi êwkó¨ †KvbwU? wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
K i I ii L i I iii  ii I iii N i, ii I iii wb‡Pi Aby‡”Q`wU co Ges 21 I 22bs cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI :
wb‡Pi cÖevn wPÎ †_‡K 19 I 20 bs cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI : weÁv‡bi wkÿK †Kvl wefvRb cov‡Z wM‡q †ev‡W© wbDwK¬qv‡mi wP‡Î wKQz
Avjvg‡Zi w¯ Œwbs → A → DNA we‡kølY j¤^v miæ myZvi g‡Zv A½vYy AuvK‡jb|
21. DÏxc‡K wP‡Î Aw¼Z miæ myZvi g‡Zv A½vYy¸‡jvi bvg Kx?
→ cÖvßDcvË djvdj we‡kø
lY Ges wm×všÍMÖnY
K wW.Gb.G  †µv‡gv‡Rvg
19. cÖevn wPÎwU wK‡mi? M Avi.Gb.G N wbDwK¬IUvBW
K wnDg¨vb wR‡bvg cÖ‡R±  d‡ibwmK †U÷
22. wkÿ‡Ki Aw¼Z miæ myZvi g‡Zv A½vYy¸‡jv-
M DNA †U÷ N wRb †_ivwc
i. wj½ wba©viY K‡i
20. A ¯’v‡b Acivaxi Kiv nq- ii. DNA I RNA aviY K‡i
i. jvjv cixÿv iii. †Kvl wefvR‡b AskMÖnY K‡i
ii. Pzj cixÿv wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
iii. i³ cixÿv Ki L ii M iii  i, ii I iii
K i I ii  i I iii M ii I iii N i, ii I iii
AwZwi³ enywbe©vPwb cÖ‡kœvËi

K 22A + XX  22A + X M 44 + XY N 44 + XX
†µv‡gv‡Rvg  c„ôv : 160-162 39. ïµvYyi †µv‡gv‡Rvg web¨vm †KvbwU? (cÖ‡qvM)
K 22A + XY L 22A + XX  22A + Y N 44A + Y
mvaviY enywbe©vPwb cÖ‡kœvËi
40. cÖwZwU †µvgvwU‡W KZwU †µv‡gv‡bgv _v‡K? (Ávb)
23. †Kvl wefvR‡bi mgq cÖwZwU †µv‡gv‡Rvg mgvb `yB fv‡M wef³ n‡q 1 L2 M3 N4
Kx MVb K‡i? (Abyaveb)
41. †m‡›Uªvwgqvi-Gi Aci bvg Kx? (Abyaveb)
 †µvgvwUW L †µv‡gv‡bgvUv M †µv‡gv‡bgv N †m‡›Uªvwgqvi
K †µvgvwUW  KvB‡b‡U‡Kvi M evû N g¨vwUª·
24. gvby‡li M¨v‡g‡U †µv‡gv‡Rv‡gi msL¨v KZ? (Abyaveb)
K 10 L 11  23 N 46
42. wbDwK¬qv‡mi †fZ‡i myZvi g‡Zv Ask‡K Kx e‡j? (Abyaveb)
K wbDwK¬IcøvRgL †µvgvwUW  †µv‡gv‡Rvg N wbDwK¬Ijvm
25. gvby‡li wbwl³ wW¤^vYy‡Z A‡Uv‡Rv‡gi msL¨v KZ? (Ávb)
K 11 L 22 M 33  44 43. †µv‡gv‡Rvg¸‡jv ¯úó nq KLb? (cÖ‡qvM)
26. †m‡›Uªvwgqvi Kvi Ask? (Ávb) K †U‡jv‡dR I Gbv‡dR `kvq  †cÖv‡dR I †gUv‡dR `kvq
K ivB‡ev‡Rvg L †g‡mv‡Rvg  †µv‡gv‡Rvg N wWKwUI‡Rvg M Gbv‡dR I †gUv‡dR `kvq N †cÖv‡gUv‡dR I †gUv‡dR `kvq
27. cyi“l gvby‡li †m· †µv‡gv‡Rvg †KvbwU? (Ávb) 44. †Kvl wefvR‡bi mgq GKwU †µv‡gv‡Rvg Kq fv‡M wef³ nq? (Abyaveb)
K XO L YY M XX  XY 2 L3 M4 N5
28. gvby‡li A‡Uv‡Rvg KqwU? (Abyaveb) 45. †µv‡gv‡Rv‡gi Dfq cv‡k¦©i Ask‡K Kx e‡j? (Ávb)
K 12 †Rvov L 21 †Rvov  22 †Rvov N 24 †Rvov K avÎ L †m‡›Uªvwgqvi  evû N †µvgvwUW
29. gvby‡li †`n‡Kv‡li †µv‡gv‡Rvg msL¨v wb‡Pi †KvbwU? (Abyaveb) 46. A‡Uv‡Rv‡g Aew¯’Z wRb Øviv wbqwš¿Z nq †KvbwU? (Abyaveb)
 2n = 46 L 2n = 44 M 2n = 32 N 2n = 24 K wj½  wewfbœ êwkó¨ M cyiæl wj½ N ¯¿x wj½
30. †Kvl wefvR‡bi †Kvb `kvq †µv‡gv‡Rvg¸‡jv‡K ch©‡e¶Y Kiv hvq? (Ávb) 47. †g‡Ûj KZ…©K AvL¨vwqZ d¨v±‡ii eZ©gvb bvg †KvbwU? (Abyaveb)
K B›Uvi‡dR  †gUv‡dR M A¨vbv‡dR N †U‡jv‡dR K †µv‡gv‡Rvg L AviGbG  wRb N †cÖvwUb
31. †Kvl wefvR‡bi mgq †µv‡gv‡Rvg‡K w¯úÛj Zš‘i m‡½ hy³ iv‡L 48. †eUmb, †g‡Û‡ji d¨v±‡ii Kx bvg w`‡qwQ‡jb? (Abyaveb)
†KvbwU? (Abyaveb) K wWGbG L AviGbG  wRb N †cÖvwUb AYy
K †µv‡gvwgqvi L m¨v‡UjvBU M †µv‡gv‡bgv  †m‡›Uªvwgqvi 49. †µv‡gv‡Rv‡gi evwn‡ii AveiYwU Kx Kx Øviv MwVZ? (cÖ‡qvM)
32. †µv‡gv‡Rvg †Kvb Kv‡Ri m‡½ RwoZ? (Abyaveb) K †cÖvwUb I wjwcW L wjwcW I A‰Re c`v_©
 eskMZ êwk‡óï mÂviY L †Kvl wefvRb  †cÖvwUb I A‰Re c`v_© N avÎ
M Rbb N wbDwK¬qvm MVb
33. wb‡Pi †KvbwU GKwU †µvgvwU‡Wi Rb¨ mZ¨? (Abyaveb) enyc`x mgvwßm~PK enywbe©vPwb cÖ‡kœvËi
 †µv‡gv‡Rv‡gi Aa©vsk L †µv‡gv‡Rv‡gi m¤ú~Y© Ask 50. †µv‡gv‡Rvg¸‡jv ¯úó nq †Kvl wefvR‡biÑ (Abyaveb)
M †µv‡gv‡Rv‡gi Ask N †µv‡gv‡Rv‡gi n¨vcø‡qW msL¨v i. †cÖv‡dR `kvq
34. wb‡Pi †KvbwU †µv‡gv‡Rv‡g _v‡K? (Abyaveb) ii. †gUv‡dR `kvq
iii. A¨vbv‡dR `kvq
K †m‡›Uªv‡Rvg L wbDwK¬Ijvm
 †m‡›Uªvwgqvi N G‡ÛvcøvRwgK RvwjKv Ki L ii M iii i I ii
35. gvby‡li wj½ wba©viY †µv‡gv‡Rv‡gi aib †KvbwU? (Abyaveb) 51. †µv‡gv‡Rv‡gi Ask¸‡jv‡K ejv nqÑ (Abyaveb)
K XO – XX  XX – XY M XX - YO N ZW – ZZ i. †µvgvwUW
36. gwnjv‡ì †`‡n †µv‡gv‡Rvg web¨vm wb‡Pi †KvbwU? (cÖ‡qvM) ii. †µv‡gv‡bgv
iii. †m‡›Uªvwgqvi
K 22A + XX L 44A + XY M 22A + XY  44A + XX
37. cyi“l †`‡n †µv‡gv‡Rvg web¨vm wb‡Pi †KvbwU? (cÖ‡qvM)
K i I ii L i I iii M ii I iii  i, ii I iii
K 22A + XX  44A + XY M 22A + XY N 44A + XX 52. †µv‡gv‡Rvg Ave„Z _v‡K- (cÖ‡qvM)
38. wW¤^vYyi †µv‡gv‡Rvg web¨vm †KvbwU? (cÖ‡qvM)
i. wjwcW Øviv K AwWwbb L ¸qvwbb M BDivwmj  _vBwgb
ii. gvZ…Kv Øviv 69. G‡fwi, g¨vKwjIW Ges g¨vKKviwU Kx cÖgvY K‡ib? (cÖ‡qvM)
iii. †cÖvwUb Øviv K DNA AYy wØm~ÎK
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? L DNA wbDwK¬qv‡m _v‡K
Ki L ii  iii N i, ii I iii
M DNA †cÖvwUb ms‡køl K‡i
Awfbœ Z_¨wfwËK enywbe©vPwb cÖ‡kœvËi  DNA eskMZ êwk‡óï wbqš¿K
70. DNA AYyi ÿviK GwWwbb †Rvo euv‡a †KvbwUi mv‡_? (AYyaveb)
wb‡Pi wPÎ †`L Ges 53-55 bs cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI : K ¸qvwbb  _vBwgb M mvB‡Uvwmb N BDivwmj
wcZv 71. wR‡bi ivmvqwbK MV‡bi ÿviK mvB‡Uvwmb †Rvo euv‡a †KvbwUi
gvZv
mv‡_? (cÖ‡qvM)
A  ¸qvwbb L _vBwgb M GwWwbb N BDivwmj
ïµvYy
wW¤^vYy 72. wn‡÷vb †cÖvwUb DNA-Gi m‡½ hy³ n‡q Kx MVb K‡i? (D”PZi `ÿZv)
K cwj wbDwK¬IUvBW  †µv‡gv‡Rvg
Q M cwj‡ccUvBW N cwjm¨vKvivBW
†Q‡j
†g‡q 73. DNA Ges RNA-i †¶‡Î †Kvb Z_¨wU mwVK? (D”PZi `ÿZv)
K DNA I RNA-†Z BDivwmj _v‡K bv
53. wP‡Î wcZv I gvZvi †µv‡gv‡Rv‡gi Ae¯’v wKiƒc? (cÖ‡qvM)
L DNA I RNA eskMwZi aviK I evnK
K n¨vcø‡qW  wWcø‡qW M wUªcø‡qW N †UUªvcø‡qW
M DNA I RNA wW Aw·ivB‡evR kK©iv hy³
54. M¨v‡gU A †Z †Kvb ai‡bi wj½ wba©viK †µv‡gv‡Rvg _vK‡e?
 DNA I RNA cwjwbDwK¬DUvBW
(D”PZi `ÿZv)
K XX L YY  XY N YA 74. IqvUmb I wµK KZ mv‡j †bv‡ej cyi¯‹vi cvb? (Ávb)
55. Q †Z †Kvb ai‡bi wj½ wba©viK †µv‡gv‡Rvg _vK‡e? (D”PZi `ÿZv) K 1960 L 1961  1962 N 1963
K XY  XX M YY N YA 75. †g‡Û‡ji d¨v±‡ii ivmvqwbK MVb Kx? (cÖ‡qvM)
 wWGbG L AviGbG
wWGbG, AviGbG I wWGbG †U÷  c„ôv : 162-164 M †cÖvwUb N wWGbG I AviGbG
76. eskMwZi †fŠZ wfwË ejv nq †KvbwU‡K? (Abyaveb)
mvaviY enywbe©vPwb cÖ‡kœvËi K †cÖv‡UvcøvRg‡K L wbDwK¬qvm‡K
56. wWGbG wØm~Î bKkv Avwe®‹vi K‡ib †K? (Ávb) M †µvgvwUW‡K  †µv‡gv‡Rvg‡K
K G¨v‡fwi I g¨vKKviwU L wbKjmb 77. wcZ…Z¡ I gvZ…Z¡ wba©viY Kiv hvq †KvbwUi Øviv? (Ávb)
 IqvUmb I wµK N g¨vKwjIW I g¨vKKviwU K AviGbG †U÷ L †cÖvwUb †U÷
57. IqvUmb I wµK KZ mv‡j DNA-i MVb Avwe®‹vi K‡ib? (Ávb) M wjwcW †U÷  wWGbG †U÷
K 1943  1953 M 1955 N 1963 78. ˆRe wcZv wbwðZ Kivi c×wZ †KvbwU? (Abyaveb)
58. †µv‡gv‡Rv‡gi MVbMZ Dcv`vb †KvbwU? (Abyaveb) K AviGbG †U÷ L †cÖvwUb †U÷
K wbDwK¬K GwmW+†cKwUb L RNA + DNA M wjwcW †U÷  wWGbG †U÷
 wbDwK¬K GwmW + †cÖvwUb N ïay wn‡÷vb 79. wWGbG-Gi c~Y© bvg Kx? (Ávb)
59. †µv‡gv‡Rv‡gi ivmvqwbK MV‡b †Kvb avZe Avqb Abycw¯’Z? (Abyaveb) K wW‡bPvW©wbDwK¬K GwmW  wW Aw·ivB‡evwbDwK¬K GwmW
 Na L Mg M Ca N Fe M WvB Aw·ivB‡evwbDwK¬K GwmW N wWAw·wbDwK¬K GwmW
60. ïay RNA †Z †Kvb ÿviKwU _v‡K? (Abyaveb)
80. wb‡Pi †KvbwU cwjwbDwK¬IUvBW‡K mwVKfv‡e cÖKvk K‡i? (D”PZi `ÿZv)
K _vBwgb L ¸qvwbb  BDivwmj N mvB‡Uvwmb
K wjwcW AYy L †cÖvwUb AYy
61. wWGbG-Gi ÿviK †Kvb¸‡jv? (Abyaveb)
 wWGbG I AviGbG AYy N AviGbG AYy
K _vBwgb I BDivwmj L GwWwbb I BDivwmj
81. AviGbG-Gi cvBwiwgwWb ÿviK †KvbwU? (cÖ‡qvM)
M ¸qvwbb I BDivwmj  ¸qvwbb I _vBwgb
 BDivwmj L _vBwgb M A¨vwWwbb N ¸qvwbb
62. wb‡Pi †Kvb ¶viKwU AviGbG-†Z Abycw¯’Z? (Abyaveb)
82. †µv‡gv‡Rv‡g Kq ai‡bi †cÖvwUb _v‡K? (Ávb)
K BDivwmj  _vBwgb M ¸qvwbb N mvB‡Uvwmb
K GK  `yB M wZb N Pvi
63. wbDwK¬IUvBW-G _v‡K wb‡Pi †Kvb¸‡jv? (Abyaveb)
83. †µv‡gv‡Rv‡gi †cÖvwUb †Kvb¸‡jv? (D”PZi `ÿZv)
K kK©iv I ¶viK L kK©iv I wcDwib ¶viK
K †cÖvUvwgb I wn‡÷vb L wn‡÷vb I †cÖvjvwgb
M dm‡dU I kK©iv  kK©iv, ¶viK I dm‡dU
 bb wn‡÷vb I wn‡÷vb N bb wn‡÷vb I †cc‡Uvb
64. RxeRM‡Zi êwk‡óï wbqš¿K †KvbwU? (Abyaveb)
84. †µv‡gv‡Rv‡gi cÖavb Dcv`vb †KvbwU? (cÖ‡qvM)
K wWGbG I Aw·b  wRb
K RNA L t-RNA  DNA N †cÖvwUb
M UªvÝdvi AviGbG N GK ai‡bi †cÖvwUb
85. Rx‡ei êwk‡óï cÖK…Z aviK †KvbwU? (Ávb)
65. evZ©v enbKvix AviGbG †KvbwU? (Abyaveb)
K RNA  DNA M wcDwib ÿviK N r-RNA
K t-RNA  m-RNA M r-RNA N RNA
86. DNA AYyi AvK…wZ wKiƒc? (Ávb)
66. ivB‡ev‡Rv‡g †h RNA _v‡K Zv wb‡Pi †KvbwU? (Abyaveb)
K wjd‡Ui g‡ZvL PvKvi g‡Zv M nvZ‡ji g‡Zv  wmuwoi g‡Zv
K t-RNA L m-RNA  r-RNA N RNA
67. cÖK…Z †Kv‡li †µv‡gv‡Rv‡gi ivmvqwbK Dcv`vb †Kvb¸‡jv? (D”PZi `ÿZv) 87. wb‡Pi †KvbwU †cÖvwUb? (Abyaveb)
K wWGbG I AviGbG  wWGbG, AviGbG I †cÖvwUb  wn‡÷vb L ¸qvwbb M GwWwbb N _vBwgb
M †cÖvwUb I wWGbG N †cÖvwUb I AviGbG
68. DNA AYyi cvBwiwgwWb ¶viK †KvbwU? (cÖ‡qvM)
enyc`x mgvwßm~PK enywbe©vPwb cÖ‡kœvËi
88. AviGbGÕi cvBwiwgwWb ¶viK n‡jvÑ (Abyaveb) mvaviY enywbe©vPwb cÖ‡kœvËi
i. GwWwbb
ii. _vBwgb 96. cyi“l‡ì †Kv‡l `yB ev Z‡ZvwaK X †µv‡gv‡Rvg _vK‡j Zv‡K Kx
iii. BDivwmj e‡j? (Ávb)
K WvDbÕm wmb‡Wªvg L Uvb©viÕm wmb‡Wªvg
 wK¬wb‡djUviÕm wmb‡Wªvg N GWIqvW© wmb‡Wªvg
Ki L ii  iii N ii I iii
97. Uvb©viÕm wmb‡Wªv‡g ‘X’ †µv‡gv‡Rv‡gi msL¨v KZ? (Abyaveb)
89. †µv‡gv‡Rvg evnK wn‡m‡e KvR K‡iÑ (D”PZi `ÿZv)
K0 1 M2 N3
i. wWGbG-Gi
98. WvDbÕm wmb‡Wªvg-Gi †¶‡Î Kx N‡U? (D”PZi `ÿZv)
ii. AviGbG-Gi
K cyi“‡li X †µv‡gv‡Rvg †ewk _v‡K
iii. wRb-Gi
 21Zg †µv‡gv‡Rv‡gi bb wWmRvskb N‡U
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? M ¯¿x‡jv‡Ki X †µv‡gv‡Rvg Kg _v‡K
K i I ii L i I iii M ii I iii  i, ii I iii N 18Zg †µv‡gv‡Rv‡gi bb wWmRvskb N‡U
90. wWGbGÕi AYy j¤^vjw¤^fv‡e fvM n‡q cwic~iK `ywU cvk¦© KvVv‡gv 99. Uvb©viÕm wmb‡Wªvg-Gi †¶‡Î Kx N‡U? (D”PZi `ÿZv)
MVb K‡i hviÑ (cÖ‡qvM) K cyi“‡li X †µv‡gv‡Rvg †ewk _v‡K
i. GKwU cyivZb cvk¦©KvVv‡gv L 21Zg †µv‡gv‡Rv‡gi bb wWmRvskb N‡U
ii. GKwU bZzb cvk¦© KvVv‡gv  ¯¿x‡jv‡Ki X †µv‡gv‡Rvg Kg _v‡K
iii. `ywU bZzb cvk¦© KvVv‡gv N 18Zg †µv‡gv‡Rv‡gi bb wWmRvskb N‡U
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? 100. wmwKj †mj †iv‡Mi KviY †KvbwU? (Ávb)
Ki L ii M iii  i I ii  c‡q›U wgD‡Ukb
91. wcZ…Z¡ I gvZ…Z¡ we‡iva wb®úwËi Rb¨ wWGbG †U‡÷ cÖ‡qvRb nqÑ L †µv‡gv‡Rvg msL¨vi e„w×
(D”PZi `ÿZv) M †µv‡gv‡Rv‡gi †Kv‡bv As‡ki n«vm
i. gvZvi †Kvl N wmb‡Wªvg
ii. wcZvi †Kvl
101. nvbwUsUbÕm †iv‡Mi KviY †KvbwU? (Ávb)
iii. mšÍv‡bi †Kvl
 c‡q›U wgD‡Ukb L †µv‡gv‡Rv‡gi msL¨vi e„w×
M †µv‡gv‡Rv‡gi msL¨vi n«vm N bb wWmRvskb
102. wmwKj †mj †iv‡M RBC−Gi AvK…wZ †Kgb nq? (Abyaveb)
92. cwjwbDwK¬IUvBW Øviv MwVZ- (cÖ‡qvM)
K wW¤^vKvi L P¨vÞv M †MvjvKvi  Kv‡¯Íi g‡Zv
i. wbDwK¬IUvBW
ii. wWGbG
103. gwnjv‡ì †nv‡gvRvBMvm Ae¯’vq †iv‡Mi cÖKvk N‡U †Kvb wR‡bi
iii. AviGbG
Kvi‡Y? (Abyaveb)
K Y-wjsKW  X-wjsKW
M XY-wjsKW N cÖKU wRb
K i I ii L i I iii  ii I iii N i, ii I iii
93. AviGbG-Gi ÿviK¸‡jvÑ (Abyaveb)
104. †µv‡gv‡Rv‡gi bb-wWmRvsk‡bi Kvi‡Y N‡U‡Q wb‡Pi †KvbwU?
(cÖ‡qvM)
i. GwWwbb
K eY©vÜZv L wmwKj
†mj
ii. BDivwmj
 WvDbÕm wmb‡Wªvg N ivZKvbv
iii. ¸qvwbb
105. nvbwUsUbÕm †iv‡M gvby‡li †Kvb AskwU KvR K‡i bv? (Abyaveb)
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? K wjfvi L ürwcÊ
K i I ii L i I iii M ii I iii  i, ii I iii  gw¯Í®‹ N wcønv
Awfbœ Z_¨wfwËK enywbe©vPwb cÖ‡kœvËi 106. XXY †µv‡gv‡Rvg wewkó cyiæ‡l †`Lv †`q †Kvb †ivMwU? (Abyaveb)
 wK¬wb‡djUviÕm wmb‡Wªvg L WvDbÕm wmb‡Wªvg
wb‡Pi wPÎ †_‡K 94 I 95 bs cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI : M Uvb©viÕm wmb‡Wªvg N AcwUK A¨vUªwd
dm‡dU 107. êwkó¨ cÖKvk Ki‡Z cv‡i bv †Kvb wRb? (Abyaveb)
K cÖKU wRb  cÖ”Qbœ wRb
†em M †nUv‡ivRvBMvm wRb N cÖKU X wRb

C
enyc`x mgvwßm~PK enywbe©vPwb cÖ‡kœvËi
94. wP‡Îi C AskwU Kx? (cÖ‡qvM)108. wmwKj‡mj †iv‡M †jvwnZ KwYKv¸‡jvi AvK…wZ nqÑ (cÖ‡qvM)
K kK©iv  cuvP
Kve©bhy³ kK©iv i. P¨vÞv
M my‡µvR N ivB‡evR myMvi ii. wW¤^vK…wZ
95. C- Gi mv‡_ hy³ _v‡KÑ (Abyaveb) iii. Kv‡¯Íi AvK…wZi
i. bvB‡Uªv‡Rb ¶viK wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
ii. dm‡dU Ki L ii  iii N i, ii I iii
iii. ÿviK 109. †m· wjsKW wRb mvaviYZ _v‡K- (Abyaveb)
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? i. X-†µv‡gv‡Rv‡g
 i I ii L i I iii M ii I iii N i, ii I iii ii. Y-†µv‡gv‡Rv‡g
iii. cÖ”Qbœ Ae¯’vq
gvby‡li †R‡bwUK wek„•Ljv  c„ôv : 164-166 wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
K i I ii L i I iii M ii I iii  i, ii I iii  cÖwZUv
†Kv‡l Kvw•¶Z wRbmn Ab¨ wWGbG
110. X-wjsKW wR‡bi cÖKvk N‡U hLb wRbwU _v‡K- (cÖ‡qvM) M K‡qKwU †Kv‡l Kvw•¶Z wRbmn Ab¨ wWGbG
i. X-†µv‡gv‡Rv‡g N mKj †Kv‡l Kvw•¶Z wRbmn Ab¨ AviGbG
ii. XX-†µv‡gv‡Rv‡g 121. †ncvUvBwUm-Gi wPwKrmvq eëüZ nq †KvbwU? (Abyaveb)
iii. †nv‡gvRvBMvm Ae¯’vq  B›Uvi‡dib L f¨vKwmb M A¨vw›Uev‡qvwUK N dvBwmb
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? 122. `B ˆZwi Kivi Rb¨ eënvi Kiv nq †KvbwU? (Abyaveb)
K i I ii  i I iii M ii I iii N i, ii I iii K E.coli  Lactobacillus M Acetobacter N Yeast
123. Wwj †fov †Kvb ai‡bi †K¬vwbs-Gi D`vniY? (Abyaveb)
Awfbœ Z_¨wfwËK enywbe©vPwb cÖ‡kœvËi K †mj †K¬vwbs  Rxe †K¬vwbs
M wRb †K¬vwbs N wi‡cÖvWvw±f †K¬vwbs
wb‡Pi Aby‡”Q` co Ges 111 I 112 bs cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI : 124. cøvRwgW-Gi Drm †KvbwU? (Abyaveb)
wkewj GKwU weÁvb cwÎKvq GKwU eskMZ †ivM m¤ú‡K© co‡Z wM‡q Rvbj K B÷ L ˆkevj  e¨vK‡Uwiqv N fvBivm
†h A †ivMwU †µv‡gv‡Rv‡gi bb-wWmRvsk‡bi Kvi‡Y nq| GB †iv‡M 125. mycvi ivBm-Gi cÖavb êwkó¨ †KvbwU? (cÖ‡qvM)
AvµvšÍ †Kv‡bv bvixi †µv‡gv‡Rvg XX-Gi cwie‡Z© X nq| K †ewk †cÖvwUb _v‡K L †ewk A¨vgvB‡bv GwmW _v‡K
111. A †ivMwUi bvg Kx? (cÖ‡qvM) M †ewk wfUvwgb we-Kg‡cø· _v‡K  †ewk wfUvwgb-A _v‡K
K nvbwUsUbÕm †ivM L WvDbÕm wmb‡Wªvg 126. †R‡bwUK BwÄwbqvwis G eënvi Kiv nq e¨vK‡Uwiqvi †KvbwU? (cÖ‡qvM)
M wn‡gvwdwjqv  Uvb©viÕm wmb‡Wªvg K mvB‡UvcøvRg L wbDK¬‡qW
112. D³ †iv‡M AvµvšÍ GKRb ¯¿x‡jv‡Ki− (D”PZi `ÿZv)  cøvRwgW N †g‡mv‡Rvg
i. Nvo `xN© nq 127. †K¬vfvi Nv‡m wRb cÖhyw³i gva¨‡g wb‡Pi †KvbwUi wRb ¯’vbvšÍi
ii. Rbb A‡½i weKvk N‡U bv Kiv n‡q‡Q? (cÖ‡qvM)
iii. †`n j¤^vK…wZi nq  m~hg© Ly x L mwilv M mqvweb N ivB mwilv
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? 128. †÷ivBj Bb‡m± †UKwbK (SIT) Øviv †KvbwU‡K wbqš¿Y Kiv nq?
 i I ii L i I iii M ii I iii N i, ii I iii (cÖ‡qvM)
wb‡Pi Aby‡”Q` co Ges 113 I 114bs cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI : K gkv‡K L cvwL‡K M gvwQ‡K  cZ½‡K
Òwjgvi eqm hLb 10 ZLb †_‡K †m Pj‡Z cv‡i bv| Wv³v‡ii kiYvcbœ 129. eZ©gv‡b gvbe‡`‡ni wewfbœ †µv‡gv‡Rv‡g Aew¯’Z wRb¸‡jvi
n‡j Wv³vi ejj GwU Rb¥MZ mgm¨v| Ae¯’vb Rvbv m¤¢e n‡q‡Q Kx Øviv? (cÖ‡qvM)
113. wjgvi †h †ivMwU n‡q‡Q Zv Kx? (cÖ‡qvM)  wnDg¨vb wR‡bvg cª‡R± L ˆRe cÖhwy ³i
K wmb‡Wªvg L A¨vUªwd M d‡ibwmK †U÷ N †mj †K¬vwbs
M Uvb©viÕm wmb‡Wªvg  gvmKzj¨vi wWmUªwd 130. e¨vK‡Uwiqv †Kv‡li †µv‡gv‡Rv‡gi evB‡i †h ¯^Zš¿ wWGbG AYy
114. wjgvi G †ivM nevi KviY n‡jv- (D”PZi `ÿZv) _v‡K Zv‡K Kx e‡j? (Ávb)
i. Awÿ †Mvj‡Ki KvwVb¨ K wWGbG  cøvRwgW M cøvw÷W N AviGbG
ii. †cwk RwUjZv 131. Rxe cÖhwy ³i D`vniY bq †KvbwU? (Ávb)
iii. †R‡bwUK weNœZv K g` L cvDiæwU M cwbi  Miæi `ya
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? 132. wR‡bi AmsL¨ bKj ˆZwi Kiv nq †KvbwU Øviv? (Abyaveb)
K i I ii L i I iii  ii I iii N i, ii I iii K Rxe †K¬vwbs L cÖRvwZ †K¬vwbs
M †mj †K¬vwbs  †K¬vwbs
Rxe cÖhyw³ I †R‡bwUK BwÄwbqvwis  c„ôv : 166-174 133. wRb cÖ‡KŠkj ej‡Z †KvbwU‡K †evSvq? (Ávb)
 DNA-Gi cwieZ©b L RNA-Gi cwieZ©b
mvaviY enywbe©vPwb cÖ‡kœvËi M †cÖvwU‡bi cwieZ©b N wjwcW-Gi cwieZ©b
115. e¨vK‡Uwiqvi mvB‡UvcøvR‡g Aew¯’Z wbDwK¬I‡qW-Gi evB‡i 134. GKB †Kv‡li AmsL¨ ûeû GKB iK‡gi †Kvl m„wó Kiv‡K Kx e‡j? (Abyaveb)
DNA AYy‡K Kx e‡j? (Ávb) K †K¬vwbs L cÖvK…wZK †K¬vwbs
K wbDwK¬IcøvRg cøvRwgW M †g‡mv‡Rvg N †m‡›Uªv‡Rvg  †mj †K¬vwbs N wi‡cÖvWvKwUf †K¬vwbs
116. Kvw•¶Z wRb‡K cøvRwg‡W hy³ K‡i msL¨v e„w× Kivi †KŠkj‡K Kx 135. Kvw•¶Z wR‡bi evnK wn‡m‡e eëüZ nq †KvbwU? (Abyaveb)
e‡j? (Abyaveb) K †Kvl L e¨v‡±wiqv  cøvRwgW N m-RNA
K wRb wefvRb L wRb kbv³KiY 136. i³, exh© Ges jvjv †_‡K Acivax‡K kbv³ Kivi c×wZ‡K Kx e‡j?
 wRb †K¬vwbs N †K¬vwbs
(cÖ‡qvM)
K wng¨v‡UvjwR  †m‡ivjwR M w¯Œwbs N i³
cix¶v
117. ˆRe cÖhyw³i Øviv m„ó mycvi ivBm †Kvb wfUvwgb mg„×? (Ávb)
K wfUvwgb- D L wfUvwgb-we Kg‡cø·
137. ÿwZKi wRb AcmviY K‡i my¯’ wRb cÖwZ¯’vcb Kiv‡K Kx e‡j?
(Ávb)
 wfUvwgb -A N wfUvwgb -E
 wRb †_ivwc L †m‡ivjwR
118. wRb †K¬vwbs-Gi mvnv‡h¨ ewnivMZ wRbcÖvß RxewU‡K Kx ejv nq? (Ávb) M d‡ibwmK †U÷ N gwjKzjvi dvwg©s
K †K¬vbW Rxe  UªvÝ‡RwbK Rxe
138. `y‡a †Kvb kK©ivwU _v‡K? (Ávb)
M UªvÝdigW Rxe N gwjKzjvi Rxe
K Møy‡KvR L my‡µvR M d«z‡±vR  j¨vK‡UvR
119. †R‡bwUK BwÄwbqvwis ej‡Z Kx †evSvq? (Abyaveb)
139. Bbmywjb Kx? (Ávb)
K wg‡qvwmm †Kvl wefvRb
K GbRvBg L A¨vw›Uev‡qvwUK
 bZzb êwkó¨ m„wói Rb¨ wWGbGÕi cwieZ©b
 ni‡gvb N †cÖvwUb
M wbDwK¬IUvB‡Wi ¯’vbvšÍi
140. B›Uvi‡dib Kx wb‡q MwVZ? (Ávb)
N cÖKiY m„wó Kiv
K kK©iv  †cÖvwUb M wjwcW N A¨vwg‡bv GwmW
120. UvÝ‡RwbK Dw™¢‡ì †Kv‡l Kx _v‡K? (Abyaveb)
141. UªvÝ‡RwbK †fovi cÖwZ wjUvi `y‡a Kx cwigvY †cÖvwUb _v‡K? (cÖ‡qvM)
K cÖwZUv †Kv‡l Ab¨ AviGbG
K 30 MÖvg  35 MÖvg M 40 MÖvg N 45 MÖvg i. wiKw¤^‡b›U wWGbG
142. wb‡Pi †KvbwU G¨vw›Uev‡qvwUK? (Ávb) ii. gvB‡µv Bb‡RKkb
 †cwbwmwjb L dvBwmb M jvB‡cR N _ªw¤^b iii. dvi‡gb‡Ukb
143. we‡k¦ me©cÖ_g †Kvb ¯Íb¨cvqx cÖvYx‡K †K¬vb Kiv nq? (cÖ‡qvM) wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
K QvMj L Miæ  †fov N k~Ki  i I ii L i I iii M ii I iii N i, ii I iii
144. mycvi ivBm †Kvb wfUvwgb mg„×? (Ávb) 152. cÖK…wZ‡Z †K¬vwbs c×wZ‡Z esk e„w× K‡i- (cÖ‡qvM)
A LB MC ND i. e¨vK‡Uwiqv
145. wRb †_ivwc Kx? (Ávb) ii. A‡bK ˆkevj
iii. Có
 wRb cÖwZ¯’vcb L wRb UªvÝdi‡gkb
M wRb †Rvov jvMv‡bv N †µv‡gv‡Rvg cÖwZ¯’vcb
Ki L ii M iii  i, ii I iii
146. wiKw¤^‡b›U DNA cÖhyw³‡Z DNA KvUv nq †Kvb GbRvBg Øviv? (Ávb)
153. wRb cÖ‡KŠkj cÖhyw³ cÖ‡qvM K‡i f¨vKwmb Avwe®‹„Z n‡q‡QÑ (Abyaveb)
K jvB‡MR L cwj‡jvcUvW
i. †cvwjI †iv‡Mi
M A¨vgvB‡jR  †imwUªKkb GbRvBg ii. h²v †iv‡Mi
iii. emšÍ †iv‡Mi
enyc`x mgvwßm~PK enywbe©vPwb cÖ‡kœvËi wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
147. wRb †K¬vwbs-Gi mvnv‡h¨ evB‡ii †_‡K cÖvß bZzb wRbmn K i I ii L i I iii M ii I iii  i, ii I iii
RxewU‡K ejv nqÑ (cÖ‡qvM) 154. UªvÝ‡RwbK Rxe D™¢ve‡bi nvwZqvi- (cÖ‡qvM)
i. †K¬vbW Rxe i. wiKw¤^‡b›U DNA †KŠkj
ii. UªvÝ‡RwbK Rxe ii. gvB‡µvBb‡RKkb
iii. UªvÝdigW Rxe iii. gvB‡µvcÖcv‡Mkb
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
Ki  ii M iii N i I ii  i I ii L i I iii M ii I iii N i, ii I iii
148. UªvÝ‡RwbK cÖvYx m„wó Kiv nqÑ (cÖ‡qvM) 155. wiKw¤^‡b›U DNA cÖ h y w³i cÖ w µqvq N‡U- (Abyaveb)
i. Aci cÖvYxi wRb cÖ‡ek Kwi‡q i. †cvlK wbe© v Pb
ii. evn‡Ki gva¨‡g wRb cÖ‡ek Kwi‡q ii. DNA-Gi KZ©b
iii. UªvÝdi‡gkb c×wZ‡Z iii. DNA-Gi ms‡hvRb
149. UªvÝ‡RwbK Mi“i `y‡a AwZ cÖ‡qvRbxq †h †cÖvwUb cvIqv hv‡”Q, Awfbœ Z_¨wfwËK enywbe©vPwb cÖ‡kœvËi
†mwUÑ (cÖ‡qvM)
i. Gw›UwUªcwmb wb‡Pi Aby‡”Q‡ì Av‡jv‡K 156 I 157 bs cÖ‡k¦i DËi `vI :
ii. j¨vK‡Uv‡dwib GKB cÖvYxi †`n‡Kvl †_‡K m¤ú~Y© wbDwK¬qvm †ei K‡i †mB cÖvYxi
iii. †cÖvjvwgb wW¤^vYy‡Z Bb‡R± K‡i H wbDwK¬qvm ¯’vcb Kiv nq| GB wW¤^vYy †_‡K
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? m„ó cÖvYx ûeû Zvi gvZvi g‡Zv nq|
Ki  ii M i I iii N i, ii I iii
156. D³ cÖhyw³‡Z †Kvb ¯Íb¨cvqx cÖvYxi me© cÖ_g †K¬vb Kiv nq? (cÖ‡qvM)
150. AvaywbK ˆRe cÖhyw³ ej‡Z †evSvq- (Abyaveb)
K QvMj  †fov M Miæ N Li‡Mvm
i. AYyRxeweÁvb 157. eZ©gv‡b D³ c×wZ‡Z †K¬vb Kiv n‡q‡Q- (D”PZi `ÿZv)
ii. wUmy¨ KvjPvi i. Bu`yi ii. Miæ
iii. wRb cÖ‡KŠkj iii. evbi
K i I ii L i I iii M ii I iii  i, ii I iii K i I ii L i I iii M ii I iii  i, ii I iii
151. UªvÝ‡RwbK Rxe D™¢veb Kivi †KŠkj n‡jv- (cÖ‡qvM)
wewf bœ ¯‹z‡ j i wbe©v wPZ enyw be©v Pwb cÖ‡ kœv Ëi

158. †Kvl wefvR‡bi mgq †µv‡gv‡Rvg Kq fv‡M wef³ nq? M †mj †K¬vwbs  wRb †K¬vwbs
[D`qb D”P gva¨wgK we`¨vjq, XvKv] 162. †Kvb wRbwU AwaKvsk †ÿ‡ÎB cÖ”Qbœ cÖK…wZi?
 mgvb2 fv‡M L mgvb 3 fv‡M [exYvcvwY miKvwi evwjKv D”P we`¨vjq, †MvcvjMÄ]
M mgvb4 fv‡M N mgvb 5 fv‡M  X-wjsKW L Y-wjsKW
159. wbDwK¬K GwmW KZ cÖKvi? [Rvgvjcyi miKvwi evwjKv D”P we`¨vjq] M Z-wjsKW N O-wjsKW
2 L3 M4 N5 163. †Kvb c×wZ‡Z wiKw¤^‡b›U cøvRwgW‡K e¨vK‡Uwiqvq cÖ‡ek
160. Rxe‡Kv‡l KZ cÖKvi RNA †`Lv hvq? [PÆMÖvg K‡jwR‡qU ¯‹zj I K‡jR] Kiv‡bv nq? [wfKviæbwbmv b~b ¯‹zj A¨vÛ K‡jR,
K2 3 M4 N5 XvKv]
161. †Kvb c×wZ‡Z wR‡bi AmsL¨ bKj ˆZwi Kiv nq?  UªvÝdi‡gkb L UªvÝwµckb
[kwiqZcyi miKvwi evwjKv D”P we`¨vjq] M Bb‡RKkb N gvB‡µv Bb‡RKkb
K Rxe †K¬vwbs L cÖRvwZ †K¬vwbs
164. UªvÝ‡RwbK Dw™¢` ˆZwi‡Z Kvw•¶Z wRbwU Dw™¢`‡Kv‡li †Kv_vq wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
cÖ‡ek Kiv‡bv nq? [wfKviæbwbmv b~b ¯‹zj A¨vÛ K‡jR, K i I ii L i I iii M ii I iii  i, ii I iii
XvKv] wb‡Pi Aby‡”Q` co Ges 179 I 180 bs cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI :
K mvB‡UvcøvR‡g  †cÖv‡UvcøvR‡g eZ©gv‡b Ilya wk‡í Rxe cÖhyw³ e¨vcKfv‡e eënvi Kiv n‡”Q| UªvÝ‡RwbK
M wbDwK¬qv‡m N ivB‡ev‡Rv‡g
cÖvYx D™¢veb K‡i †m¸‡jv †_‡KI eZ©gv‡b Ilya AvniY Kiv nq| GwU
165. gvbe‡`‡n ÿwZKi wRb‡K AcmviY K‡i my¯’ wRb cÖwZ¯’vcb GKwU we‡kl c×wZ| [miKvwi K‡iv‡bkb gva¨wgK evwjKv we`¨vjq, Lyjbv]
Kiv‡K Kx e‡j? [miKvwi wcGb evwjKv D”P we`¨vjq, ivRkvnx]
179. DÏxc‡Ki we‡kl c×wZ †KvbwU?
 wRb †_ivwc L wRb g¨vwcs
K wi‡cÖvWvKwUf †K¬vwbs L GmAvBwU
M wR‡bvg G¨vwWkb N wR‡bvg UªvÝcø¨v‡›Ukb
M wRb †_ivwc  gwjKzjvi dvwg©s
166. wRb bvgKiY nq KZ mv‡j? [w`bvRcyi wRjv ¯‹zj]
180. G‡ÿ‡Î UªvÝ‡RwbK cÖvYxi †hme Drcv`b eënvi Kiv nq Zv n‡jvÑ
K 1906 L 1907  1908 N 1909
i. g~Î ii. `ya
167. DNA I RNA-Gi evnK †KvbwU? [ewikvj wRjv ¯‹zj]
iii. i³
 †µv‡gv‡Rvg L wRb M †cÖvwUb N †Kvl
168. wWGbG AYy KZ Kve©b wewkó? [w`bvRcyi wRjv ¯‹zj]
K2 L3 M4 5
wb‡Pi Aby‡”Q` co Ges 181 I 182 bs cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI :
169. wWGbG †U‡÷ †KvbwU eëüZ nq? [w`bvRcyi wRjv ¯‹zj]
†Kv‡bv mšÍv‡bi wcZ…Z¡ I gvZ…Z¡ wb‡q we‡iva wb®úwË‡Z weÁvbxMY †h
K Pzj  wgDKvm M nv‡Zi †Kvl N bL
c×wZ Avwe®‹vi K‡i‡Qb Zv eZ©gv‡b me©Rb ¯^xK…Z| ZvQvov †R‡bwUK
170. hLb 2wU cÖ”Qbœ wRb GKmv‡_ _v‡K Zv‡K Kx e‡j? [iscyi wRjv ¯‹zj] wek„•Ljvi gva¨‡g gvbe‡`‡n bvbv mgm¨v †`Lv w`‡Z cv‡i|
K cÖ”Qbœ wRb L cÖKU wRb [AvBwWqvj ¯‹zj A¨vÛ K‡jR, XvKv]
 †nv‡gvRvBMvm N †nUv‡ivRvBMvm 181. mšÍv‡bi wcZ…Z¡ I gvZ…Z¡ wb‡q we‡iva wb®úwË Kiv nq Kxfv‡e?
171. Rxe cÖhwy ³‡Z †Kvb welqwU AšÍfz©³ bq? [iscyi wRjv ¯‹zj] K AviGbG †U‡÷i gva¨‡g
K AYyRxeweÁvb L wUmy¨ KvjPvi  wWGbG †U‡÷i gva¨‡g
M wRb cÖ‡KŠkj  D`¨vb ZË¡ M wRb cÖhwy ³i gva¨‡g
172. cÖvK…wZKfv‡e †K¬vb ˆZwi nqÑ [PÆMÖvg K‡jwR‡qU ¯‹zj I K‡jR] N †µv‡gv‡Rv‡gi wefvR‡bi gva¨‡g
i. e¨vK‡Uwiqvq ii. B‡÷ 182. †R‡bwUK wek„•Ljvi gva¨‡g Kx NU‡Z cv‡i?
iii. gm-G  wmwKj †ivM L wewfbœ e‡Y©i cv_©K¨ eyS‡Z cviv
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? M AcwUK mœvqyi mwnòzZv N `„wónxbZv e„w×
 i I ii L i I iii M ii I iii N i, ii I iii wb‡Pi wPÎwU jÿ Ki Ges 183 I 184 bs cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI :
173. K…wl Dbœq‡b eëüZ nqÑ [PÆMÖvg miKvwi D”P we`¨vjq]
i. ¸YMZ gvb Dbœqb
ii. †÷ivBj Bb‡m± †UKwbK
iii. wfUvwgb mg„× fzÆvi RvZ m„wó
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? A
174. B›Uvi‡dib eënvi Kiv nqÑ [gwZwSj miKvwi evjK D”P we`¨vjq, XvKv]
i. nvg †iv‡Mi wPwKrmvq
ii. †ncvUvBwUm-Gi wPwKrmvq
iii. K¨vÝvi †iv‡Mi wPwKrmvq
175. Rxe cÖhyw³i cÖ‡qvM K‡i Drcv`b Kiv nqÑ [AvMÖvev` evwjKv D”P we`¨vjq, PÆMÖvg] [gwZwSj miKvwi evjK D”P we`¨vjq, XvKv]
i. †cvwjI-Gi wUKv ii. h²vi wUKv 183. wP‡Î A AskwU‡K Kx ejv nq?
iii. em‡šÍi wUKv K †cvlK L Kvw•¶Z wRb
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?  wiKw¤^‡b›U DNA N e¨vK‡Uwiqv †K¬vb
K i I ii L i I iii M ii I iii  i, ii I iii 184. Dc‡ii cÖwµqv‡Z eëüZ n‡q‡QÑ
176. wbDwK¬K GwmW ej‡Z †evSvqÑ [MvBevÜv miKvwi evjK D”P we`¨vjq] i. cøvRwgW ii. Kvw•¶Z wRb
i. wW Aw·ivB‡evwbDwK¬K GwmW iii. RNA jvB‡MR
ii. ivB‡evwbDwK¬K GwmW wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
iii. G¨vgvB‡bv GwmW K i I ii L i I iii M ii I iii  i, ii I iii
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? wb‡Pi wPÎwU jÿ Ki Ges 185 I 186 bs cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI :
 i I ii L i I iii M ii I iii N i, ii I iii dm‡dU
177. eskMZ aviv cwien‡b Ask †bqÑ [Avj †niv GKv‡Wwg, cvebv]
i. wWGbG ii. AviGbG
iii. †cÖvwUb
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? †em
 i I ii L i I iii M ii I iii N i, ii I iii
cuvP Kve©bhy³ kK©iv
178. AvaywbK ˆRe cÖhyw³i AšÍfz©³ welqÑ [eøyevW© ¯‹zj A¨vÛ K‡jR, wm‡jU] [e¸ov K¨v›Ub‡g›U cvewjK ¯‹zj I K‡jR]
i. AYyRxe weÁvb ii. wUmy¨ KvjPvi 185. DÏxc‡Ki AYywU Kx?
iii. wRb cÖ‡KŠkj
K wbDwK¬ImvBU L cwjwbDwK¬IUvBW ii. bvB‡Uªv‡Rb ÿviK
 wbDwK¬IUvBW N mvK©yjvi wWGbG iii.cøvRwgW
186. DÏxc‡Ki AYy‡Z i‡q‡QÑ wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
i. cuvP Kve©bhy³ kK©iv  i I ii L i I iii M ii I iii N i, ii I iii
G A a¨v‡q i c vV mg wš^Z e nyw b e©v Pwb cÖ‡ kœv Ëi

enyc`x mgvwßm~PK enywbe©vPwb cÖ‡kœvËi DÏxc‡Ki Av‡jv‡K 194 I 195 bs cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI :
†Kvl wefvR‡b GKwU `kvq cÖ‡Z¨KwU †µv‡gv‡Rv‡gi GKwU †MvjvK…wZ I
187. †µv‡gv‡Rv‡gi Ask- (cÖ‡qvM) msKzwPZ ¯’vb †`Lv hvq|
i. †µvgvwUW 194. D³ ¯’v‡bi bvg Kx? (Abyaveb)
ii. †µv‡gv‡bgv K wiKw¤^b¨v›U DNA L wRb
iii. cøvRwgW  †m‡›Uªvwgqvi N †µv‡gv‡bgvUv
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? 195. DÏxc‡K †Kvl wefvR‡bi †Kvb `kvi K_v ejv n‡q‡Q? (Abyaveb)
Ki L ii  i I ii N i I iii K †cÖv‡dR  †gUv‡dR M Gbv‡dR N †U‡jv‡dR
188. cÖwZwU †µvgvwU‡Wi Ask- (Abyaveb) DÏxc‡Ki Av‡jv‡K 196 I 197 bs cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI :
i. †µv‡gv‡bgv 1953 mv‡j `yÕRb weÁvbx wWGbG AYyi MVb Avwe®‹vi K‡ib| Zviv e‡jb
ii. cøvRwgW †h wWGbG AYy 3 ai‡bi ivmvqwbK Dcv`vb Øviv MwVZ|
iii. wbDwK¬IUvBW 196. DÏxc‡Ki `yÕRb weÁvbx Kviv? (Abyaveb)
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?  IqvUmb I wµK
i L ii M iii N i I iii L n‡e©vU eqvi Ges ÷¨vbwj †Kv‡nb
M †eUmb I †g‡Ûj
189. wWGbG-Gi ÿviK n‡jvÑ (Abyaveb)
N K¨v‡ivjvm wjwbqvm I IqvUmb
i. GwWwbb
197. DÏxc‡K †h 3 ai‡bi ivmvqwbK Dcv`v‡bi K_v ejv n‡q‡Q Zv
ii. wn‡÷vb
n‡jvÑ (D”PZi `ÿZv)
iii. _vBwgb i. wW Aw·ivB‡evR kK©iv
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? ii. `yB AYy dm‡dU
K i I ii  i I iii M ii I iii N i, ii I iii iii. 4 ai‡bi bvB‡Uªv‡Rb ÿviK
190. †µv‡gv‡Rv‡gi bb-wWmRvsk‡bi d‡j m„ó †ivM− (cÖ‡qvM) wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
i. WvDbÕm wmb‡Wªvg K i I ii L i I iii M ii I iii  i, ii I iii
ii. Uvb©viÕm wmb‡Wªvg wb‡Pi Aby‡”Q` co Ges 198 − 200 bs cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI :
iii. KvB‡b‡Uv‡Kvi iZœv I wgby `yB evÜex| iZœvi †Kv_vI †K‡U †M‡j ÿZ ¯’v‡bi i³ ZÂ‡b
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? wej¤^ N‡U| wgby Lye †eu‡U wKš‘ Nvo `xN©| we‡klÁ Wv³vi e‡j‡Q G¸‡jv
eskMZ †ivM|
191. †m· wjsKW wR‡bi Kvi‡Y †h †ivM¸‡jv nq †m¸‡jv- (cÖ‡qvM)
198. iZœvi †ivMwUi bvg Kx? (cÖ‡qvM)
K UªvÝ‡R‡bwmm L _¨vjvwmwgqv
i. gv‡qvwcqv
ii. wi‡cÖvWvKwUf †K¬vwbs  wn‡gvwdwjqv N wmwKj †mj
iii. wn‡gvwdwjqv 199. wgbyi †iv‡Mi KviY- (D”PZi `ÿZv)

wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? i. †R‡bwUK wek„•Ljv
K i I ii  i I iii M ii I iii N i, ii I iii ii. X-†µv‡gv‡Rv‡gi wWmRvskb
192. †R‡bwUK BwÄwbqvwis G UªvÝdi‡gkb c×wZ‡Z- (cÖ‡qvM) iii. DNA AYyi ¯^wefvRb
i. bZzb wRb‡K †Kv‡l cÖ‡ek Kiv‡bv nq wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
ii. UªvÝ‡RwbK Rxe nq  i I ii L i I iii
iii. c‡q›U wgD‡Ukb nq M ii I iii N i, ii I iii
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? 200. †Rvo †eu‡a wWGbG AYyi cu¨vPv‡bv wmuwoi avc ˆZwi K‡iÑ (cÖ‡qvM)
Ki L ii  i I ii N i, ii I iii i. cÖKU I cÖ”Qbœ wRb
193. †m‡ivjwR †U÷ Kiv nq- (cÖ‡qvM) ii. `ywU bvB‡Uªv‡Rb ¶viK
i. i³ ii. jvjv iii. mvB‡Uvwmb I ¸qvwbb
iii. cwjwbDwK¬IUvBW wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? K i I ii L i I iii
 ii I iii N i, ii I iii
Awfbœ Z_¨wfwËK enywbe©vPwb cÖ‡kœvËi
Abykxjbxi m„R bkxj cÖkœ I DËi

cÖkœ -1  wb‡Pi wPÎwU †`L Ges cÖkœ¸‡jvi DËi `vI :
dvwinv Zvi AveŸyi mv‡_ K…wl Lvgv‡i †eov‡Z hvq| †mLv‡b †m
A U‡g‡Uv, ZvgvK, fyÆv, †cu‡cmn A‡bK cÖRvwZi Dw™¢` †`L‡Z cvq,
B
hv †ek m‡ZR I †ivMRxevYygy³| wKš‘ evwo‡Z jvMv‡bv Dw™¢`¸‡jv
†ivMvµvšÍ| †m Zvi AveŸyi wbKU Gi KviY Rvb‡Z PvBjÑ AveŸy
C
ej‡jb, ÒLvgv‡ii Dw™¢‡` wRb wewbgq cÖhyw³ eënvi Kiv n‡q‡Q|Ó
K. wbDwK¬qvm Kv‡K e‡j?
L. wmwKj †mj †ivM ej‡Z Kx †evSvq?
K. RNA Gi cy‡iv bvg wjL| M. DÏxc‡K DwjwLZ cÖhyw³wU e¨vL¨v Ki|
L. DNA †U÷ Kx? eywS‡q wjL| N. DÏxc‡K DwjwLZ cÖhyw³ K…wli DbœwZ mva‡b Kxfv‡e
M. Avw`‡Kv‡li †¶‡Î Ic‡ii wPÎiƒcwU e¨vL¨v Ki| eëüZ n‡q‡Q? we‡klY Ki|
N. A Ges C Gi g‡a¨ †KvbwU wj½ wba©vi‡Y AwaK  2bs cª‡kœi DËi 
¸i“Z¡c~Y© we‡k-lY Ki|
K. cÖK…Z †Kv‡li mvB‡UvcvR‡g Aew¯’Z me‡P‡q Mvp A¯^”Q,
 1bs cª‡kœi DËi  c`©v‡ewóZ †MvjvKvi mRxe AskwU‡K wbDwK¬qvm e‡j|
K. RNA Gi cy‡iv bvg ivB‡evwbDwK¬K GwmW (Ribonucleic acid)| L. c‡q›U wgD‡Uk‡bi d‡j gvby‡li i³KwYKvq †h †ivM nq Zv‡K
L. DNA †U÷ n‡”Q wcZvgvZv I mšÍv‡bi gyL MnŸi †_‡K KUb wmwKj †mj †ivM e‡j|
ÔevW©Õ Gi g‡Zv we‡kl GK ai‡bi eë¯’vi Øviv wgDKvm c`©v gvby‡li ¯^vfvweK †jvwnZ i³KwYKv¸‡jvi AvK…wZ P¨vÞv|
†bIqv nq| M‡elYvMv‡i wgDKvm c`v© †_‡K wcZvgvZv I wKš‘ wmwKj †m‡ji †ÿ‡Î †jvwnZ KwYKvMy‡jvi AvK…wZ KZKUv
mšÍv‡bi wWGbG Gi GKwU wPÎ ev †cÖvdvBj cÖ¯‘Z Kiv nq Kv‡¯Íi g‡Zv g‡b nq| wmwKj †mj¸‡jv m~² i³bvwj¸‡jv‡Z
bvbv ai‡bi ivmvqwbK wewµqvi Øviv| Gici mšÍv‡bi cÖwZeÜKZv m„wó K‡i Ges †`‡ni †mB ¯’v‡b Zxeª e¨_v
wWGbG-Gi wP‡Îi mv‡_ wcZvgvZvi wWGbG-Gi wPÎ wgjv‡bv Abyf‚Z nq| GQvov †`‡n i³k~b¨Zv †`Lv †`q| KviY, GB
i³KwYKv¸‡jv hZ `ªæZ †f‡O hvq ZZ `ªæZ †jvwnZ i³KwYKv
nq Ges hw` 99.9% wgj cvIqv hvq, Zvn‡j †m e¨w³‡K †mB
Drcbœ nq bv|
mšÍv‡bi ˆRe wcZvgvZv A_©vr cÖK…Z wcZvgvZv wn‡m‡e MY¨
Kiv nq| M. DÏxc‡K DwjwLZ cÖhyw³wU n‡jv †R‡bwUK BwÄwbqvwis ev wRb
M. Ic‡ii wPÎwU n‡jv cÖK…Z †Kv‡li wbDwK¬qvm| cÖ‡KŠkj|GKwU Rxe †_‡K GKwU wbw`©ó wR‡bi wbw`©ó
êwkó¨ enbKvix wWGbG c„_K K‡i wfbœ GKwU Rx‡e
wbDwK¬qvmwU wbDwK¬qvi c`©v Øviv Ave„Z Ges Gi †fZ‡i
¯’vbvšÍ‡ii †KŠkj‡K †R‡bwUK BwÄwbqvwis e‡j| GB wRb †h
wbDwK¬IcvRg †µvgvwUb dvBevi I wbDwK¬Ijvm eZ©gvb|
†KŠk‡ji gva¨‡g ¯’vbvšÍi Kiv nq Zv‡ì GK‡Î wiKw¤^‡b›U
wKš‘ Avw`‡Kv‡l †Kv‡bv myMwVZ wbDwK¬qvm _v‡K bv|
wWGbG †KŠkj e‡j| wiKw¤^‡b›U wWGbG †KŠkj Aej¤^b
Avw` †Kv‡l wbDwK¬qvm, wbDwK¬qvi c`©v, †µvgvwUb dvBevi I K‡i GKwU wWGbG AYyi Kvw•¶Z Ask †K‡U Avjv`v K‡i Ab¨
wbDwK¬Ijvmwenxb ïay wbDwK¬I‡qW bv‡g GKwU e¯‘ †`Lv hvq| GKwU wWGbG AYy‡Z cÖwZ¯’vc‡bi d‡j †h bZzb wWGbG AYyi
wbDwK¬I‡qW GKwU `xN© cu¨vPv‡bv DNA w`‡q MwVZ| m„wó nq, Zv‡K wiKw¤^‡b›U wWGbG e‡j Ges cÖwµqvwU‡K wRb
N. A Ges C Gi g‡a¨ C wj½ wba©vi‡Y AwaK ¸iæZ¡c~Y©| †K¬vwbs e‡j| GLv‡b wR‡bi evnK wn‡m‡e e¨vK‡Uwiqvi
wP‡Î A wPwýZ AskwU wbDwK¬qv‡mi wbDwK¬qvi c`©v ev wSwj| cøvRwgW‡K eënvi Kiv nq|
Gi cÖavb KvR n‡”Q wbDwK¬qvm‡K i¶Yv‡e¶Y Kiv Ges AZGe †`Lv hv‡”Q †h, DÏxc‡K DwjøwLZ wiKw¤^‡b›U wWGbG
wbDwK¬IcvRg, wbDwK¬Ijvm I †µv‡gv‡Rvg‡K mvB‡UvcvRg cÖhyw³ K‡qKwU av‡c m¤úbœ Kiv nq|
†_‡K c„_K K‡i ivLv| wj½ wba©vi‡Yi m‡½ Gi †Kv‡bv
m¤ú„³Zv †bB| N. DÏxc‡K DwjøwLZ cÖhyw³wU Rxe cÖhyw³ ev †R‡bwUK
wKš‘ wP‡Î C AskwU wbDwK¬qvi RvwjKv, hv †µvgvwUb dvBevi BwÄwbqvwis hv K…wl Dbœq‡b †hfv‡e eëüZ Kiv n‡”Q wb‡P
†m¸‡jv Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡jv:
Øviv MwVZ| †Kvl wefvR‡bi mgq †µvgvwUb dvBev‡ii RvwjKv
1. wUmy¨ KvjPvi : G c×wZ‡Z Dw™¢‡ì ea©bkxj A‡½i ¶z`ª
†f‡O hvq Ges †µv‡gv‡Rv‡g cwiYZ nq| D”P‡kªwYi cÖvYx I
Ask †_‡K AmsL¨ AYyPviv Drcbœ Kiv nq| Aí RvqMvq
Dw™¢` †Kv‡l hZ¸‡jv †µv‡gv‡Rvg _v‡K Zv‡ì g‡a¨ GK †Rvov wbqwš¿Z cwi‡e‡k evwYwR¨Kfv‡e jvL jvL Kvw•¶Z Pviv
†µv‡gv‡Rvg Ab¨vb¨ †µv‡gv‡Rvg †_‡K wfbœag©x| GB GK †Rvov Kiv m¤¢e n‡”Q G cÖhyw³ eënvi K‡i|
wfbœag©x †µv‡gv‡Rvg wj½ wba©viY K‡i| 2. AwaK djbkxj Dw™¢‡ì RvZ m„wó : †Kv‡bv eb¨ Dw™¢‡ì
myZivs Dc‡ii Av‡jvPbv †_‡K †`Lv hvq †h, wP‡Îi ‘C’ AskwU DrK…ó wRb dmwj Dw™¢‡` cÖwZ¯’vcb K‡i DbœZ Rv‡Zi
wj½ wba©vi‡Yi Rb¨ AwaK ¸i“Z¡c~Y© Ges A AskwU wj½ Dw™¢` m„wó Kiv m¤¢e n‡q‡Q| Gfv‡e avb, Mg,
wba©vi‡Y †Kv‡bv f~wgKvB iv‡L bv| †ZjexRmn A‡bK k‡mï AwaK djbkxj DbœZ RvZ
D™¢veb Kiv n‡q‡Q|
cÖkœ -2  wb‡Pi DÏxcKwU c‡o cÖkœ¸‡jvi DËi `vI :
3. ¸YMZ gvb Dbœqb : wRb cÖhyw³ cÖ‡qvM K‡i Dw™¢`RvZ 6. †÷ivBj Bb‡m± †UKwbK : GB c×wZi D™¢veb K‡i
`ªe¨vwì MVb, eY©, cywó¸Y, ¯^v` BZ¨vwì Dbœqb Kiv cZ½ wbqš¿Y Øviv dm‡ji Drcv`b e„w× m¤¢e n‡q‡Q|
m¤¢e n‡q‡Q| 7. UªvÝ‡RwbK Dw™¢` : wiKw¤^‡b›U wWGbG †KŠkj cÖ‡qvM
4. mycvi ivBm m„wó : Rxe cÖhyw³i gva¨‡g myB‡W‡bi weÁvbx K‡i A‡bK cÖRvwZi UªvÝ‡RwbK Dw™¢` D™¢veb Kiv
mycvi ivBm ev †Mv‡ìb ivBm bvgK GK ai‡bi wfUvwgb n‡q‡Q|
A mg„× avb D™¢veb K‡i‡Qb| Dc‡ii Av‡jvPbv †_‡K GUv my¯úó †h, K…wl Dbœq‡b DÏxc‡Ki
5. wfUvwgbmg„× fyÆvi RvZ m„wó : m¤cÖwZ wfUvwgb ÔwmÕ, cÖhyw³i Ae`vb Ab¯^xKvh©|
weUv K¨v‡ivwUb I dwjK A¨vwmW mg„× fzÆv D™¢veb Kiv
m¤¢e n‡q‡Q |
¸iæZ¡c~Y© m„Rbkxj cÖkœ I DËi

cÖkœ -3  wb‡Pi DÏxcKwU co Ges cÖkœ¸‡jvi DËi `vI : 4. GB wiKw¤^‡b›U cøvRwgW‡K UªvÝdi‡gkb e‡j|
UªvÝdi‡gk‡bi d‡j bZzb wRb wb‡q †h e¨vK‡Uwiqv ev
Rx‡ei D™¢e N‡U Zv‡K UªvÝ‡RwbK Rxe e‡j|
5. Gici wiKw¤^‡b›U cøvRwgW evwnZ e¨vK‡Uwiqv‡K c„_K
Kiv Ges wbw`©ó wRb enbKvix e¨vK‡Uwiqv‡K kbv³ Kiv
nq| wbw`©ó wRb enbKvix e¨vK‡Uwiqv¸‡jvi eªvcK
eske„w× NUv‡bv nq, GwU n‡”Q wRb †K¬vwbs, hvi d‡j
wR‡bi eû Kwc ˆZwi nq| Gfv‡e Kvw•¶Z êwkó¨ ev ¸Y
R
enbKvix wR‡bi eû¸Y e„w× NUv‡bv nq|
K. †mj †K¬vwbs Kx? 1 N. m„Rbkxj 2(N) bs DËi †`L|
L. wRb‡K eskMwZi GKK ejv nq †Kb? 2
cÖkœ -4  wb‡Pi DÏxcKwU co Ges cÖkœ¸‡jvi DËi `vI :
M. R ˆZwii cÖwµqvwU e¨vL¨v Ki| 3
N. DÏxc‡Ki †KŠk‡j m„ó Dw™¢` K…wli Dbœq‡b
A
¸iæZ¡c~Y© †Kb? we‡kølY Ki| 4
 3bs cª‡kœi DËi  B
K. GKB †Kv‡li AmsL¨ ûeû GKB iK‡gi †Kvl m„wó Kiv‡K

C
e‡j †mj †K¬vwbs|
L. wRb n‡jv Rxe‰ewP‡Îï wbqš¿K| GK‡Kvlx AwZ ¶z`ª Rxe D
†_‡K ïiæ K‡i wekvj AvKv‡ii eû‡Kvlx Rxe ch©šÍ meviB E
AvK…wZ cÖK…wZ wba©vwiZ nq wR‡bi ms‡KZ Øviv| ZvQvov
eske„w×i cÖ‡qvR‡b cÖwZwU Rxe Zvi Abyiƒc Rx‡ei Rb¥ †`q F
wR‡bi Øviv| wRb n‡jv eskci¤úivq eskMZ êwk‡óï
K. wRb †K¬vwbs Kv‡K e‡j? 1
wba©viK| G Kvi‡YB wRb‡K eskMwZi GKK ejv nq|
L. wmwKj †mj †ivM ej‡Z Kx †evSvq? 2
M. wPÎ-R n‡”Q GKwU wiKw¤^‡bU DNA GwU †R‡bwUK
BwÄwbqvwis ev wiKw¤^‡b›U DNA cÖhyw³‡Z cÖ¯‘Z Kiv nq| M. wP‡Îi ‘A’ †_‡K ‘F’ Rx‡ei Drcv`b †KŠkj e¨vL¨v Ki| 3
cÖwKqvwU wb‡P ewY©Z avç‡jv Aej¤^b K‡i m¤úbœ Kiv nq : N. K…wl Dbœq‡b DÏxc‡Ki DwjøwLZ cÖwµqvi ¸iæZ¡
1. cÖ_‡g `vZv Rxe †_‡K Kvw•¶Z wRbmn wWGbG AYy c„_K we‡kølY Ki| 4 4
Kiv nq| Gici GB Rx‡bi evnK ev K¨vwiqvi wn‡m‡e  4bs cª‡kœi DËi 
e¨vK‡Uwiqvi cøvRwgW wWGbG c„_K Kiv nq| cøvRwgW
n‡”Q e¨vK‡Uwiqv †Kv‡li †µv‡gv‡Rv‡gi evB‡i Av‡iKwU K. GKB wR‡bi AmsL¨ bKj ˆZwi Kiv‡K wRb †K¬vwbs e‡j|
¯^Zš¿ wWGbG AYy Ges GwU ¯^wefvR‡b mÿg| L. m„Rbkxj 2(L) bs DËi †`L|
2. G av‡c cøvRwgW wWGbG GK we‡kl ai‡bi Dr‡mPK M. DÏxc‡Ki wPÎ A †_‡K F Rx‡ei Drcv`b †KŠkjwU n‡”Q
(GbRvBg) Øviv LwÊZ Kiv nq| `vZv wWGbGi Gme †R‡bwUK BwÄwbqvwis ev wiKw¤^‡b›U DNA c×wZ|
L‡Êi †Kv‡bv GKwU‡Z Kvw•¶Z wRbwU _v‡K| E.coli e¨v‡±wiqvi Ici M‡elYv K‡i †R‡bwUK BwÄwbqvwis‡qi
3. G av‡c jvB‡MR bvgK GKai‡bi GbRvBg Øviv `vZv AwaKvsk †KŠkj Avwe®‹…Z n‡q‡Q| †R‡bwUK BwÄwbqvwis ev
wWGbG †K cøvRwgW wWGbG Gi KwZ©Z cÖv‡šÍ ¯’vcb wiKw¤^‡b›U wWGbG cÖhyw³ wb‡P ewY©Z avç‡jv Aej¤^b K‡i
Kiv nq| jvB‡MR GLv‡b AvVvi (Glue) g‡Zv KvR K‡i| m¤úbœ Kiv nqÑ
d‡j wbw`©ó wRbmn wiKw¤^‡b›U wWGbG cøvRwgW m„wó 1. A av‡c `vZv Rxe †_‡K Kvw•¶Z wRbmn wWGbG AYy c„_K
nq| GB wiKw¤^‡b›U cøvRwgW¸‡jv GLb `vZv wWGbG Kiv nq| Gici GB Rx‡bi evnK ev K¨vwiqvi wn‡m‡e
Gi wewfbœ LwÊZ Ask enb K‡i| e¨v‡±wiqvi cøvRwgW wWGbG c„_K Kiv nq| cøvRwgW
n‡”Q e¨v‡±wiqv †Kv‡li †K¬v‡gv‡Rv‡gi evB‡i Av‡iKwU
¯^Zš¿ wWGbG AYy Ges GwU ¯^wefvR‡b mÿg| cøvRwgW `vZv †fov Aci †fov
wWGbG Ges `vZv wWGbG GK we‡kl ai‡bi Dr‡mPK  
(GbRvBg) Øviv LwÊZ Kiv nq| `vZv wWGbGi Gme wbDwK¬qvmhy³ †Kvl Awbwl³ wW¤^vYy
L‡Êi †Kv‡bv GKwU‡Z Kvw•¶Z wRbwU _v‡K|  
2. B av‡c jvB‡MR bvgK GKai‡bi GbRvBg Øviv `vZv †Kv‡li wbDwK¬ q vm wbDwK¬ q vm AcmvwiZ wW¤^vYy
wWGbG †K cøvRwgW wWGbG Gi KwZ©Z cÖv‡šÍ ¯’vcb
Kiv nq| jvB‡MR GLv‡b AvVvi (Glue) g‡Zv KvR K‡i| 
d‡j wbw`©ó wRbmn wiKw¤^‡b›U wWGbG cøvRwgW m„wó wW¤^vYyi g‡a¨ wbDwK¬qv‡mi ms‡hvRb
nq| GB wiKw¤^‡b›U cøvRwgW¸‡jv GLb `vZv wWGbG 
Gi wewfbœ LwÊZ Ask enb K‡i| cvjb gva¨‡g †Kvl KvjPvi
3. C av‡c GB wiKw¤^‡b›U cøvRwgW‡K UªvÝdi‡gkb 
c×wZ‡Z e¨v‡±wiqvq cÖ‡ek Kiv‡bv nq| UªvÝdi‡gk‡bi cvjK ÿ ‡qi kix‡i Rivqy‡Z åƒY
d‡j bZzb wRb wb‡q †h e¨vK‡Uwiqv ev Rx‡ei D™¢e N‡U 
Zv‡K UªvÝ‡RwbK Rxe D e‡j| `vZv †fovi Abyiƒc wRbmn †fov kveK
4. E av‡c wiKw¤^‡b›U cøvRwgW evwnZ e¨v‡±wiqv‡K c„_K N. DÏxc‡K DwjøwLZ me©‡kl Dw³wU n‡jv, †R‡bwUK BwÄwbqvwis
Kiv Ges wbw`©ó wRb enbKvix e¨v‡±wiqv‡K kbv³ Kiv cÖ‡qvM K‡i Kvw•¶Z êwkó¨ ev ¸YenbKvix wR‡bi eû¸Y e„w×
nq| wbw`©ó wRb enbKvix e¨v‡±wiqv¸‡jvi e¨vcK eske„w× NUv‡bv hvq|ÓÑ Dw³wU AZ¨šÍ Zvrch©c~Y©|
NUv‡bv nq, GwU n‡”Q wRb †K¬vwbs hvi d‡j wR‡bi eû
Kwc (F) ˆZwi nq| Kvw•¶Z bZzb êwkó¨ m„wói Rb¨ †Kv‡bv Rx‡ei wWGbG Gi
N. m„Rbkxj 2(N) bs †`L| cwieZ©b NUv‡bv‡K wRb cÖ‡KŠkj e‡j| gvby‡li A‡š¿ emevm
K‡i GKai‡bi e¨v‡±wiqv hvi bvg Escheretia coli|GB
cÖkœ -5  wb‡Pi DÏxcKwU co Ges cÖkœ¸‡jvi DËi `vI : e¨v‡±wiqvi Ici M‡elYv K‡i †R‡bwUK BwÄwbqvwis‡qi
wewkó weÁvbx Wt kvnwiqvi Rvgvb RxecÖhyw³ I †R‡bwUK AwaKvsk †KŠkj Avwe®‹…Z n‡q‡Q| †R‡bwUK BwÄwbqvwis ev
BwÄwbqvwis welqK GK †mwgbv‡i e‡jb †h, Wwj bvgK †fov n‡”Q wiKw¤^‡b›U wWGbG cÖhyw³ wb‡P ewY©Z avç‡jv Aej¤^b K‡i
c„w_exi cÖ_g ¯Íb¨cvqx cÖvYx, hv GKwU c~Y©eq¯‹ †`n‡Kvl †_‡K m¤úbœ Kiv nqÑ
†K¬vb Kiv n‡q‡Q| wZwb AviI D‡jøL K‡ib †h Ò†R‡bwUK
cÖ_‡g `vZv Rxe †_‡K Kvw•¶Z wRbmn wWGbG AYy c„_K Kiv
BwÄwbqvwis cÖ‡qvM K‡i Kvw•¶Z êwkó¨ ev ¸YenbKvix wR‡bi
eû¸Yb e„w× NUv‡bv hvq|Ó nq| Gici GB wR‡bi evnK ev K¨vwiqvi wn‡m‡e e¨v‡±wiqvi
†Kv‡li †µv‡gv‡Rv‡gi evB‡i Av‡iKwU ¯^wefvR‡b mÿg
K. gvby‡li cÖwZwU †`n‡Kv‡l KZwU †µv‡gv‡mvg _v‡K? 1 ¯^Zš¿ wWGbG AYycøvRwgW wWGbG c„_K Kiv nq|
L. †µv‡gv‡mvg‡K eskMwZi †fŠZ wfwË ejv nq †Kb? 2
Gici cøvRwgW wWGbG Ges `vZv wWGbG GK we‡kl ai‡bi
M. DÏxc‡K cÖvYxi †K¬vb cÖevnwP‡Îi gva¨‡g †`LvI| 3
Dr‡mPK (GbRvBg) Øviv LwÊZ Kiv nq Ges jvB‡MR bvgK
N. DÏxc‡K DwjøwLZ me©‡kl Dw³wU we‡kølY Ki| 4
GbRvBg Øviv `vZv wWGbG †K cøvRwgW wWGbG Gi KwZ©Z
 5bs cª‡kœi DËi  cÖv‡šÍ ¯’vcb Kiv nq| d‡j wbw`©ó wRbmn wiKw¤^‡b›U
K. gvby‡li cÖwZwU †`n‡Kv‡l 46wU †µv‡gv‡mvg _v‡K| wWGbG cøvRwgW m„wó nq| GB wiKw¤^‡b›U cøvRwgW‡K
L. †µv‡gv‡mvg cyiælvbyµ‡g es‡ki êwkó¨ enb K‡i e‡j G‡K UªvÝdi‡gkb c×wZ‡Z e¨v‡±wiqvq cÖ‡ek Kiv‡bv nq|
eskMwZi †fŠZ wfwË ejv nq| wbw`©ó wRb enbKvix e¨v‡±wiqv¸‡jvi e¨vcK eske„w× NUv‡bv
†µv‡gv‡mv‡gi Mv‡q mwbœ‡ewkZ _v‡K AmsL¨ wRb (gene) ev nq, hvi d‡j wR‡bi eû Kwc ˆZwi nq| Gfv‡e Kvw•¶Z
eskMwZi GKK| GB wRb¸‡jvB eskMwZi ¸Yvewj enb K‡i êwkó¨ ev ¸Y enbKvix wR‡bi eû¸Yb NUv‡bv nq|
GK cÖRb¥ †_‡K Ab¨ cÖR‡b¥ wb‡q hvq| G Kvi‡YB
DcwiD³ Av‡jvPbv we‡kølY K‡i ejv hvq †h, DÏxc‡Ki
†µv‡gv‡Rvg‡K eskMwZi †fŠZ wfwË ejv nq|
DwjøwLZ me©‡kl Dw³wU ¸iæZ¡c~Y© I h_v_©iƒ‡cB hyw³hy³|
M. DÏxc‡Ki cÖvYx n‡jv GKwU †fov hvi bvg Wwj| GwU c„w_exi
cÖ_g ¯Íb¨cvqx cÖvYx hv GKwU c~Y©eq¯‹ †`n‡Kvl †_‡K †K¬vb cÖkœ -6  wb‡Pi wPÎwU jÿ Ki Ges cÖkœ¸‡jvi DËi `vI :
Kiv n‡q‡Q| GKB wR‡bi AmsL¨ bKj ˆZwi Kiv‡K wRb
†K¬vwbs e‡j| G NUbv NUv‡bv nq wiKw¤^‡b›U wWGbG
†UK‡bvjwRi mvnv‡h¨| wb‡P D³ cÖvYxi †K¬vb cÖevnwP‡Îi
gva¨‡g †`Lv‡bv n‡jvÑ
†K¬vb †fov Wwji m„wói cÖevn wPÎÑ
ÿviK, cuvP Kve©bhy³ wWAw·ivB‡evR kK©iv Ges dm‡dU Øviv
MwVZ| wWGbG wmuwoi `ycv‡k¦©i g~j KvVv‡gv MwVZ nq cuvP
Kve©bhy³ kK©iv I dm‡dU Øviv| `ycv‡k¦©i kK©ivi mv‡_ `ywU
K‡i bvB‡Uªv‡Rb ÿviK ev †em †Rvo †eu‡a ˆZwi K‡i wmuwoi
avç‡jv| bvB‡Uªv‡Rb ÿviK¸‡jv GwWwbb, ¸qvwbb, mvB‡Uvwmb
I _vBgb| GwWwbb _vBwm‡bi mv‡_ mvB‡Uvwmb ¸qvwb‡bi
mv‡_ †Rvo †eu‡a wmuwoi avç‡jv ˆZwi K‡i|
N. DÏxc‡Ki wPÎwU wWGbG AYyi|
i. hLb †Kv‡bv mšÍv‡bi wcZ…Z¡ wb‡q we‡iva m„wó nq|
A_ev †KD hw` A‡bï mšÍvb‡K Zvi wb‡Ri mšÍvb
wn‡m‡e `vwe K‡i, ZLb DNA (wWGbG) †U÷ Øviv G
ai‡bi weev` eZ©gv‡b wb®úwË Kiv hvq| wWGbG †U÷
K. wRb †K¬vwbs Kx? 1 Kivi mgq wcZv I mšÍv‡bi gyL MnŸi †_‡K KUb ÔevWÕ
L. wmwKj †mj †ivM ej‡Z Kx †evSvq? 2 Gi g‡Zv we‡kl GK ai‡bi eë¯’v Øviv gy‡Li wSwjøi
M. wPÎwUi MVb e¨vL¨v Ki| 3 (wgDKvm) c`©v †bIqv nq|
N. mšÍv‡bi cÖK…Z wcZv wba©vi‡Y wP‡Îi Dcv`vb ii. M‡elYvMv‡i wSwjø Gici †_‡K wcZv I mšÍv‡bi
Kxfv‡e f‚wgKv iv‡L? we‡kølY Ki| 4 wWGbG-i GKwU †cÖvdvBj wPÎ cÖ¯‘Z Kiv nq bvbv
 6bs cª‡kœi DËi  ai‡bi ivmvqwbK wewµqvi Øviv| Gici mšÍv‡bi wWGbG
K. GKB wR‡bi AmsL¨ bKj ˆZwi Kiv‡K ÔwRb †K¬vwbsÕ e‡j| Gi wP‡Îi mv‡_ wcZvi wWGbG wP‡Îi mv‡_ wgjv‡bv nq
Ges hw` cÖ‡Z¨‡Ki mv‡_ cÖvq 50% wgj cvIqv hvq,
L. m„Rbkxj 2(L) bs DËi †`L| Zvn‡j Zv‡K †mB mšÍv‡bi êa wcZv (Biological
M. DÏxc‡Ki wPÎwU wWGbG AYyi| Father) A_©vr cÖK…Z wcZv wn‡m‡e MY¨ Kiv nq|
wWGbG-Gi c~Y© bvg wWAw·ivB‡evwbDwK¬K GwmW| GKwU DcDwi³ cÖwµqvq mšÍv‡bi cÖK…Z wcZv wba©vi‡Y wP‡Îi
wWGbG AYy wØm~Î wewkó j¤^v k„•L‡ji cwjwbDwK¬IUvBW| Dcv`vbwU A_©vr wWGbG AZ¨šÍ Kvh©Ki f‚wgKv cvjb K‡i|
A‡bK¸‡jv wbDwK¬IUvBW wb‡q MwVZ; ZvB G‡K
cwjwbDwK¬IUvBW e‡j| cÖwZwU wbDwK¬IUvBW GKwU bvB‡Uªv‡Rb
AwZwi³ m„R bkxj cÖkœ I DËi

cÖkœ -7  wb‡Pi DÏxcKwU c‡o cÖkœ¸‡jvi DËi `vI : †m· †µv‡gv‡Rvg A‡Uv‡Rvg
ivwgmv GK evwo‡Z †eov‡Z wM‡q †`Lj †m evwoi †Q‡j I †g‡qi 1. cyi“l I ¯¿x †`n‡Kv‡l 1. cyi“l I ¯¿x †`n‡Kv‡l mgvb
†Pnviv cÖvq Zv‡ì evc I gv‡qi g‡Zv| ivwgmv Avi GKw`b GK G¸‡jv wfbœ iK‡gi msL¨K _v‡K Ges GKB
†g‡q‡K †`Lj ¯^vfvweK †g‡q‡ì Zzjbvq Lye †eu‡U Ges Nvo †ek _v‡K| †hgb : cyi“‡l XY iK‡gi _v‡K|
j¤^v| c‡ii w`b ivwgmv Zvi †kªwYwk¶‡Ki Kv‡Q Rvb‡Z PvBj, Ges ¯¿x †`‡n XX
Ggb †Kb nq| Zvi wk¶K Zv‡K ej‡jb †g‡qwUi A¯^vfvweKZv _v‡K|
†R‡bwUK wek„•Ljvi Rb¨ n‡q‡Q|
2. cÖavbZ wj½ wba©vi‡Y 2. cÖavbZ ˆ`wnK êwkó¨
K. †m· †µv‡gv‡Rvg Kv‡K e‡j? 1 Ask MÖnY K‡i| wbqš¿‡Y AskMÖnY K‡i|
L. †m· †µv‡gv‡Rvg I A‡Uv‡Rv‡gi g‡a¨ cv_©K¨¸‡jv
3. G¸‡jv msL¨vq mvaviYZ 3. G¸‡jv msL¨vq GK †Rvovi
Kx Kx? 2
GK‡Rvov nq| AwaK nq|
M. DÏxc‡K evwoi †Q‡j I †g‡qi †Pnviv Zv‡ì evev
gvi †Pnvivi mv‡_ wg‡ji KviY e¨vL¨vmn D‡jøL M. DÏxc‡Ki evwoi †Q‡j I †g‡qi †Pnviv Zv‡ì evev-gvi
Ki| 3 †Pnvivi mv‡_ wg‡ji KviY DNAGi ûeû Abywjcb|
N. Ò†g‡qwUi A¯^vfvweKZv †R‡bwUK wek„•Ljvi Rb¨
n‡q‡QÓ wkÿ‡Ki G Dw³wUi mc‡ÿ hyw³ `vI| 4 Avgiv Rvwb, eskci¤úivq †Kv‡bv êwk‡óï wba©viK GKK‡K
wRb ejv nq| wR‡bi ivmvqwbK MVb wWGbG| wWGbG eskMZ
 7bs cª‡kœi DËi 
êwkó¨ wbqš¿‡Yi mv‡_ m¤úwK©Z| †µv‡gv‡Rvg wWGbG-Gi
K. D”P †kªwYi cÖvYx A_ev Dw™¢‡ì wj½ wba©viK †µv‡gv‡Rvg‡K evnK wn‡m‡e mivmwi wcZvgvZv †_‡K Zv‡ì cieZ©x es‡k
†m· †µv‡gv‡Rvg e‡j| enb K‡i| wWGbG wkKj j¤^vjw¤^fv‡e ¯^wefvR‡bi Øviv
L. †m· †µv‡gv‡Rvg I A‡Uv‡Rv‡gi cv_©K¨ : fvM n‡q cwic~iK `ywU cvk¦© KvVv‡gv MwVZ nq| bZzbfv‡e m„ó
cÖwZwU AYy‡Z _v‡K GKwU cyivZb I GKwU bZzb wWGbG cvk¦© dm‡dU
KvVv‡gv| Gi d‡j cÖwZwU bZzb wWGbG AYy nq g~jwUi ûeû
AYywjwc| Gfv‡e wWGbG AYy‡Z iwÿZ eskMZ êwk‡óï ÿ viK
mvs‡KwZK bxj bKkv cwieZ©b QvovB msiwÿZ nq Ges cieZ©x kK© iv
cÖR‡b¥ mÂvwiZ nq| Dc‡ii Av‡jvPbv †_‡K †evSv hvq,
DÏxc‡K evwowUi †Q‡j I †g‡qi †Pnviv Zvi evev-gvi †Pnvivi GwU ˆRe †hŠM kK©iv I bvB‡Uªv‡Rb ÿviK Ges A‰Re †hŠM dm‡dU
g‡Zv nIqvi KviY GUvB| wb‡q MwVZ|
N. Ô†g‡qwUi A¯^vfvweKZv †R‡bwUK wek„•Ljvi Rb¨ n‡q‡QÕÑ N. DÏxc‡Ki wPÎwU GKwU wbDwK¬IUvB‡Wi| wWGbG I AviGbG
wkÿ‡Ki G Dw³wUi mc‡ÿ ejv hvq †h, mvaviYZ gvby‡li ˆZwii †ÿ‡Î A‡bK¸‡jv wbDwK¬IUvBW wg‡j †kK‡ji b¨vq
†R‡bwUK wek„•Ljv N‡U wbgœwjwLZ Kvi‡Y : ˆZwi K‡i| wb‡P wWGbG I AviGbG-Gi ga¨Kvi cv_©K¨
wb‡P Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡jv :
1. c‡q›U wgD‡Ukb ev wR‡bi †fZi cwieZ©‡bi Kvi‡Y|
1. wWGbG AYy‡Z wbDwK¬IUvBW Øviv ˆZwi wkKj _v‡K|
2. †µv‡gv‡Rv‡gi msL¨vi n«vm ev e„w×i Kvi‡Y| wKš‘ AviGbG AYy‡Z GKwU wkKj _v‡K|
3. †µv‡gv‡Rv‡gi †Kv‡bv As‡ki n«vm ev e„w×i Kvi‡Y| 2. wWGbG AYy‡Z cvBwiwgwWb ÿviK wn‡m‡e _vBwgb _v‡K|
4. wg‡qvwmm †Kvl wefvR‡bi mgq †nv‡gvjMvm AviGbG AYy‡Z cvBwiwgwWb ÿviK wnmv‡e BDivwmj
†µv‡gv‡Rv‡gi bb-wWmRvskb bv NUvi Kvi‡Y| _v‡K|
3. wWGbG AYy‡Z GwWwbb †Rvo euvav‡Z _vBwg‡bi mv‡_
DÏxc‡K †g‡qwUi †h †ivM n‡q‡Q Zvi bvg Uvb©viÕm wmb‡Wªvg| hwÌ AviGbG AYy‡Z GwWwbb †Rvo euv‡a BDivwm‡ji
GB †ivMwU bvix‡ì †m· †µv‡gv‡Rv‡gi bb-wWmRvsk‡bi mv‡_|
Kvi‡Y nq Ges ¯¿x‡jvKwU nq XX-Gi cwie‡Z© ïay X 4. wWGbG AYyi cÖKvi‡f` †`Lv hvq bv| Aciw`‡K AviGbG
†µv‡gv‡Rvg wewkó A_©vr †µv‡gv‡Rv‡gi n«vm N‡U| G ai‡bi AYy‡Z cÖKvi‡f` †`Lv hvq, Rxe‡Kv‡l wZb cÖKvi
¯¿x‡jvK Le©vK…wZ nq Ges G‡ì Nvo nq `xN©| AviGbG †`Lv hvq|
myZivs ejv hvq, †g‡qwUi †ivM m¤ú‡K© wkÿK hv e‡j‡Qb Zv DcwiD³ Av‡jvPbv †_‡K †`Lv hvq †h, wWGbG I AviGbG
AZ¨šÍ mywPwšÍZ I h_v_©| DfqB wbDwK¬IUvBW Øviv MwVZ n‡jI MVb I Kv‡Ri †ÿ‡Î
êcixZ¨ jÿ Kiv hvq|
cÖkœ -8  wb‡Pi wPÎ †`L Ges cÖkœ¸‡jvi DËi `vI :
RxeRM‡Zi êwP‡Îï wbqš¿K n‡”Q wRb| eZ©gv‡b wRb cÖ‡KŠkj
Øviv GKwU Rx‡ei wRb‡K wfbœ GKwU Rx‡e ¯’vbvšÍi Kiv n‡”Q Ges
RxeweÁv‡b GK bZzb w`K D‡b¥vwPZ n‡q‡Q|
K. wRb †K¬vwbs Kv‡K e‡j? 1
L. wWGbG bvgwU †Kb †Ìqv n‡q‡Q Ges wmuwoi g‡Zv
avç‡jv Kxfv‡e MwVZ nq? 2
K. gwjKzjvi dvwg©s Kv‡K e‡j? 1
M. DÏxc‡K DwjøwLZ †KŠk‡ji mvnv‡h¨ m„ó cÖ_g
L. Kq iK‡gi AviGbG Rxe‡Kv‡l _v‡K bvgmn †jL| 2 cÖvYxwUi D™¢veb cÖwµqv eY©bv Ki| 3
M. cÖ‡kœi wPÎwUi bvg D‡jøL K‡i A¼b K‡i wPwýZ N. DbœZ cÖvYx I Dw™¢` D™¢ve‡b DÏxc‡K DwjøwLZ
Ki Ges GwUi ˆRe I A‰Re †hŠM¸‡jvi bvg wjL| 3
cÖhyw³i †Kv‡bv Ae`vb Av‡Q wK? DË‡ii mc‡ÿ
N. DÏxc‡Ki wP‡Îi †ÿ‡Î wWGbG I AviGbG-Gi e¨vL¨vmn †jL| 4
g‡a¨ †h cv_©K¨ jÿ Kiv hvq Zv Av‡jvPbv Ki| 4
K. GKB wR‡bi AmsL¨ bKj ˆZwi Kiv‡K wRb †K¬vwbs e‡j|
K. UªvÝ‡RwbK cÖvYxi `ya, i³ I g~Î †_‡K cÖ‡qvRbxq Ilya AvniY
Kiv‡K gwjKzjvi dvwg©s e‡j| L. wWGbG AYyi Acwinvh© Dcv`vb cuvP Kve©bwewkó kK©iv
wWAw·ivB‡evR Ges wbDwK¬qv‡m Ae¯’v‡bi Rb¨ Gi bvg
L. Rxe‡Kv‡l wZb iK‡gi AviGbG _v‡K| h_v: wWAw·ivB‡evwbDwK¬K GwmW|
(1) evZ©vevnK AviGbG (m RNA) (2) ivB‡ev‡Rvgvj AviGbG wWGbG AYyi Pvi ai‡bi bvB‡Uªv‡Rb ÿviK _v‡K| G¸‡jvi
(r RNA), Ges (3) UªvÝdvi AviGbG (t RNA) g‡a¨ GwWwbb _vBwg‡bi mv‡_, mvB‡Uvwmb ¸qvwb‡bi mv‡_
M. DÏxc‡Ki wPÎwU A_©vr wbDwK¬IUvB‡Wi wPÎwU wb‡P A¼b K‡i †Rvo †eu‡a ˆZwi K‡i wmuwoi avç‡jv|
wPwýZ Kiv n‡jv :
M. DÏxc‡K DwjøwLZ †KŠkjwU n‡jv wRb cÖ‡KŠkj| wRb L. d‡ibwmK †U÷ Øviv Acivax‡K kbv³ Kivi c×wZi †iLvwPÎ
cÖ‡KŠk‡ji gva¨‡g cÖ_g D™¢vweZ cÖvYxwUi bvg Ñ Wwj bvgK wbgœiƒc :
†fov| cÖvß Avjvg‡Zi wWGbG
†m‡iv‡jvwR
G‡¶‡Î GKB cÖvYxi †`n‡Kvl †_‡K m¤ú~Y© wbDwK¬qvm †ei K‡i AvjvgZ w¯ Œwbs we‡kølY
†mB cÖvYxi wb‡lKK…Z wW¤^vYy‡Z Bb‡R± K‡i wbDwK¬qvm
¯’vcb Kiv nq| wW¤^vYy‡Z wbDwK¬qvm ¯’vcb Kivi c~‡e© cÖvßDcvË I djvdj
wb‡lKK…Z wW¤^vYyi wbDwK¬qvm‡K AcmviY Kiv nq| cieZ©x‡Z we‡kølY Ges wm×všÍ
GB wW¤^vYy‡K cvjK ÔgvÕ Gi Rivqy‡Z ¯’vcb Kiv nq| GB M. DÏxc‡Ki cÖhyw³wU n‡jv Rxe cÖhyw³| K…wl Dbœq‡b Rxe cÖhyw³i
wW¤^vYy †_‡K †h cÖvYx m„wó nq Zv †`n‡Kvl †_‡K †bIqv eënv‡ii GKwU c×wZ n‡”Q wUmy¨ KvjPvi|
wbDwK¬qvm `vZv cÖvYxi g‡Zv nq| Wwj‡fov n‡”Q c„w_exi cÖ_g
¯Íb¨cvqx cÖvYx hv GKwU c~Y©eq¯‹ †`n‡Kvl †_‡K †K¬vb Kiv G c×wZ‡Z Dw™¢‡ì ea©bkxj A‡½i ¶z`ª Ask wba©vwiZ
n‡q‡Q| Avev‡ì gva¨‡g Ges RxevYyg³ y I wbqwš¿Z cwi‡e‡k Avev`
AZGe, DcwiD³ c×wZ‡Z DÏxc‡K DwjøwLZ wRb Kiv nq| GB KvjPv‡ii d‡j Gme ea©bkxj A½mg~n †_‡K
cÖ‡KŠk‡ji mvnv‡h¨ cÖ_g cÖvYx Wwj bvgK †fov D™¢vweZ nq| AmsL¨ AYyPviv Drcbœ nq| Gme AYyPvivi cÖ‡Z¨KwU c‡i
N. DÏxc‡K DwjøwLZ cÖhyw³ n‡jv wRb cÖ‡KŠkj| DbœZ cÖvYx I Dchy³ cwi‡e‡k c„_K c„_K c~Y©v½ Dw™¢‡` cwiYZ nq| Aí
Dw™¢` D™¢ve‡b G cÖhyw³i D‡jøL‡hvM¨ Ae`vb i‡q‡Q| RvqMvq wbqwš¿Z cwi‡e‡k evwYwR¨Kfv‡e jvL jvL Kvw•¶Z
wRb cÖhyw³ Øviv D™¢vweZ UªvÝ‡RwbK Rxe bZzb m¤¢vebv m„wó Pviv Kiv m¤¢e n‡”Q G cÖhyw³ eënvi K‡i|
K‡i‡Q| K…wl‡¶‡Î Ges M„ncvwjZ cï‡ì DbœwZ mva‡b Avjy GK ai‡bi f‚wbgœ¯’ iƒcvšÍwiZ KvÊ| Avjyi †PvL A_©vr
wiKw¤^‡b›U wWGbG I gvB‡µv Bb‡RKkb †KŠkj cÖ‡qvM K‡i Avjyi Kv‡Êi KvwÿK gyKzj †_‡K wUmy¨ KvjPv‡ii gva¨‡g Aí
UªvÝ‡RwbK Rxe D™¢veb Kiv nq| RvqMvq A‡bK Pviv eZ©gv‡b Drcv`b Kiv nq| d‡j ex‡Ri
UªvÝ‡RwbK cÖvYx : gvby‡li wRb we‡kl c×wZ‡Z Bu`y‡i cÖ‡ek Rb¨ Aí Avjy‡K msiÿY Ki‡jB wUmy¨ KvjPv‡ii Øviv A‡bK
Kwi‡q UªvÝ‡RwbK Bu`yi Drcv`b m¤¢e n‡q‡Q, hv gvby‡li Pviv cvIqv hvq|
A¨vw›UewW¸‡jv ˆZwi Ki‡Z m¶g| GKB c×wZ‡Z UªvÝ‡RwbK N. DÏxc‡Ki cÖhyw³ n‡jv wRb cÖ‡KŠkj hv cÖ‡qvM K‡i M„ncvwjZ
Mevw` cï, †fov, QvMj, k~Ki, cvwL I gvQ Drcv`b Kiv cï D™¢ve‡b weÁvbxiv mdj n‡q‡Qb|
n‡q‡Q| wRb cÖ‡KŠkj cÖ‡qv‡M UªvÝ‡RwbK †fov D™¢veb Kiv n‡q‡Q|
UªvÝ‡RwbK Dw™¢` : wRb cÖ‡KŠk‡ji gva¨‡g wR‡bi ¯’vbvšÍi Gi cÖwZ wjUvi `y‡a 35 MÖvg ch©šÍ wnDg¨vb Avjdv
NwU‡q UªvÝ‡RwbK Dw™¢` Drcv`b m¤¢e n‡”Q| Gw›UwUªcwmb †cÖvwUb cvIqv hvq| G †cÖvwU‡bi Afv‡e
¸i“Z¡c~Y© I A_©Kix dmj‡K UªvÝ‡RwbK Dw™¢‡` cwiYZ K‡i GgdvB‡mgv bvgK gvivZ¥K †iv‡Mi m„wó nq| GQvov wRb
cZ½, fvBivm, e¨vK‡Uwiqv I QÎvK cÖwZ‡ivax K‡i Drcv`b cÖhyw³i gva¨‡g †fov‡`‡ni gvsm e„w× Ges kix‡ii ckge„w×i
Kiv n‡”Q| ˆkZ¨, jeYv³Zv, Liv, bvB‡Uªv‡Rb I cÖwµqv‡K Z¡ivwš^Z Kiv n‡q‡Q| Pwe©nxb gvsm I gvby‡li
dvB‡Uvni‡gvb ¯^íZv †gvKvwejv Kiv m¶g n‡q‡Q UªvÝ‡RwbK
ni‡gvb Drcv`b e„w×i j‡ÿ¨ UªvÝ‡RwbK k~Ki D™¢veb mdj
Dw™¢` D™¢veb K‡i|
n‡q‡Q| D™¢vweZ n‡q‡Q UªvÝ‡RwbK QvMj| Gme QvM‡ji `y‡a
Dc‡ii Av‡jvPbv †_‡K †evSv hv‡”Q wRb cÖhyw³ eZ©gv‡b DbœZ
cvIqv hvq GK we‡kl ai‡bi †cÖvwUb hv RgvU euvav i³‡K
cÖvYx I DbœZ Rv‡Zi Dw™¢` D™¢ve‡b cÖavb Ae`vb ivL‡Q|
Mwj‡q K‡ivbvwi _ª‡¤^vwmm †_‡K gvbyl‡K iÿv K‡i|
cÖkœ -10  wb‡Pi DÏxcKwU c‡o cÖkœ¸‡jvi DËi `vI : UªvÝ‡RwbK Miæ D™¢ve‡bi gva¨‡g gvs‡mi Drcv`b e„w×i mv‡_
ivdvZ I Bfv weÁv‡bi wk¶v_©x| GKw`b †Uwjwfk‡b Zviv †`Lj mv‡_ gvby‡li gvZ…`y‡»i AwZ cÖ‡qvRbxq †cÖvwUb
Kxfv‡e K…l‡Kiv Rxe cÖhyw³ cÖ‡qvM K‡i Aí RvqMvq A‡bK Avjy Pviv j¨vK‡Uv‡dwibI cvIqv hv‡”Q|
Drcbœ Ki‡Q| cieZ©x‡Z cvVëB‡q Rxe cÖhyw³i cÖ‡qvM m¤^‡Ü myZivs Dc‡ii Av‡jvPbv †_‡K eySv hvq, DÏxc‡Ki cÖhyw³
AviI aviYv jvf Kij| M„ncvwjZ cïm„wó‡Z hyMvšÍKvix Ae`vb ivL‡Q|
K. UªvÝ‡R‡bwmm Kv‡K e‡j? 1
L. Acivax‡K kbv³ Kivi c×wZwU GKwU †iLvwP‡Îi cÖkœ -11  wb‡Pi DÏxcKwU c‡o cÖkœ¸‡jvi DËi `vI :
Øviv †`LvI| 2 Kwig mv‡n‡ei ¯¿xi †Kv_vI †K‡U †M‡j mn‡R i³ eÜ n‡Zv bv|
M. DÏxc‡K cÖhyw³ eënvi K‡i Kxfv‡e Aí RvqMvq GKevi Qywi‡Z Zvi nvZ †K‡U †M‡j wKQy‡ZB Zvi i³ eÜ bv
A‡bK Avjyi Pviv Drcbœ Kiv hvq e¨vL¨v Ki| 3 nIqvq Kwig mv‡ne Wv³v‡ii Kv‡Q Zv‡K wb‡q †M‡jb| Wv³vi i³
N. DÏxc‡Ki cÖhyw³ M„ncvwjZ cï m„wó‡Z GK cix¶v Ki‡Z ej‡jb Ges wi‡cvU© †`‡L ej‡jb Zvi ¯¿xi †ivMwU
hyMvšÍKvix Ae`vb ivL‡Q welqwU we‡kølY Ki| 4 eskMZ|
 10bs cª‡kœi DËi  K. SIT Kx? 1
L. wWGbG AYy‡Z iw¶Z mvs‡KwZK bxjbKkv cwieZ©b
K. UªvÝ‡RwbK Rxe Drcv`b c×wZ‡K UªvÝ‡R‡bwmm e‡j| QvovB Kxfv‡e msiw¶Z nq? 2
M. DÏxc‡K DwjwLZ Kwig mv‡n‡ei ¯¿xi †ivMwU K. cvBwiwgwWb ÿviK¸‡jv Kx Kx? 1
nIqvi KviY e¨vL¨vmn †jL| 3 L. RNA Gi aviYv `vI| 2
N. DÏxc‡Ki †ivMwU Qvov eskMZfv‡e gvby‡li i³ I M. W. mv‡`‡Ki KvR †Kb RxeweÁv‡bi dwjZ kvLvi
gw¯Í‡®‹i Kx Kx †ivM n‡Z cv‡i KviY I jÿYmn AšÍfy©³? e¨vL¨v Ki| 3
D‡jøL Ki| 4 N. DÏxc‡Ki W. mv‡`‡Ki mvd‡jï †cQ‡b †gŠwjK
kvLvi ¸iæZ¡ we‡kølY Ki| 4
K. SIT n‡”Q Rxe cÖhyw³ Øviv D™¢vweZ cZ½ wbqš¿‡Yi c×wZ|
K. cvBwiwgwWb ÿviK¸‡jv- _vBwgb I BDivwmj|
L. wWGbG AYy j¤^vjw¤^fv‡e ¯^wefvRb Øviv fvM n‡q cwic~iK
L. AviGbG n‡jv ivB‡evwbDwK¬K GwmW| GwU cuvP Kve©bhy³
`ywU cvk¦© KvVv‡gv MwVZ nq| bZzbfv‡e m„ó cÖwZwU AYy‡Z _v‡K
ivB‡evR kK©iv I dm‡dU wbwg©Z GKwU gvÎ cvk¦©KvVv‡gv Øviv
GKwU cyivZb I GKwU bZzb wWGbG-Gi cvk¦© KvVv‡gv| hvi
MwVZ cwjwbDwK¬IUvBW hvi Pvi ai‡bi bvB‡Uªv‡Rb ÿviK
d‡j cÖwZwU bZzb wWGbG AYy nq g~jwUi Abywjwc| Gfv‡e wWGbGi g‡ZvB| wKšÍy AviGbG-†Z cvBwiwgwWb ÿviK
wWGbG AYy‡Z iw¶Z mvs‡KwZK bxjbKkv cwieZ©b QvovB _vBwg‡bi cwie‡Z© _v‡K BDivwmj|
msiw¶Z nq Ges cieZ©x eska‡i mÂvwiZ nq|
M. W. mv‡`‡Ki KvR RxeweÁv‡bi dwjZ kvLvi AšÍfz©³ KviY
M. Kwig mv‡n‡ei ¯¿xi †ivMwUi bvg wn‡gvwdwjqv| Zuvi KvR gvbeKj¨v‡Y eëüZ nq|
†m· †µv‡gv‡RvgevwnZ wR‡bi Kvi‡Y GB †ivMwU m„wó nq| W. mv‡`‡Ki KvRwU Rxe cÖhyw³i AšÍfz©³| GB cÖhyw³‡Z
wn‡gvwdwjqv X-wjsKW wRb A_©vr ïay X-†µv‡gv‡Rv‡g _v‡K| AYyRx‡ei ˆRweK Kg©KvÊ‡K Kv‡R jvwM‡q wkí‡ÿ‡Î I
GB wRb¸‡jv‡K e‡j †m· wjsKW wRb| gvbeKj¨v‡Y bZzb bZzb w`K D‡š§vwPZ n‡q‡Q| GKwU Rxe
G wRb cÖ”Qbœ cÖK…wZi| hLb `ywU cÖ”Qbœ wRb GKmv‡_ n‡q †_‡K GKwU wbw`©ó wRb enbKvix wWGbG LÊ c„_K K‡i wfbœ
†nv‡gvRvBMvm Ae¯’v nq ZLb Zvi êwk‡óï cÖKvk N‡U GKwU Rx‡e ¯’vbvšÍ‡ii †KŠkj‡K †R‡bwUK-BwÄwbqvwis ev
gwnjv‡ì g‡a¨| wn‡gvwdwjqvi cÖ”Qbœ wRbwU Kwig mv‡n‡ei wRb cÖ‡KŠkj e‡j| wRb cÖ‡KŠk‡ji Øviv Kvw•¶Z bZzb
¯¿xi wcZv I gvZv †_‡K X-†µv‡gv‡Rvg Øviv cÖ”Qbœ Ae¯’vq êwkó¨ m„wó Kiv m¤¢e n‡q‡Q|
evwnZ n‡q Zv‡ì Kb¨vi †`‡n †nv‡gvRvBMvm Ae¯’vq GB W. mv‡`K wRb cÖ‡KŠk‡ji Øviv D”P djbkxj eû dj I dmj
†ivMwU m„wó n‡q‡Q| D™¢veb K‡i‡Qb| ZvB Zuvi KvR¸‡jv RxeweÁv‡bi dwjZ
N. DÏxc‡K DwjøwLZ †ivMwU n‡jv wn‡gvwdwjqv| GwU GKwU kvLvi AšÍfz©³|
N. DÏxc‡K W. mv‡`‡Ki mvd‡jï †cQ‡b †gŠwjK kvLvi ¸iæZ¡
eskMZ †ivM| GQvov AviI eskMZ †ivM i‡q‡Q| †hgb :
Acwimxg|
c‡q›U wgD‡Ukb Øviv wR‡bi cwieZ©b nIqvi Kvi‡Y gvby‡l
GwU we‡kølY Ki‡Z n‡j Avgv‡ì wd‡i †h‡Z n‡e AvR †_‡K
eskMZ i³RwbZ †ivM wmwKj †mj Ges gw¯Í®‹RwbZ
K‡qK eQi c~‡e©| AYyi MVb I ˆRewbK cÖwµqv wbqš¿‡Yi
nvbwUsUbÕm †ivM m„wó nq| †ivM¸‡jv m¤^‡Ü wb‡P Av‡jvPbv
c×wZmg~n Avwe®‹v‡ii cvkvcvwk RxeweÁvbxiv Avi GK welq
Kiv n‡jv-
wb‡q fve‡Z ïiæ Ki‡jb| RxeweÁvbxiv cixÿv-wbixÿv ïiæ
1. wmwKj †mj †ivM : gvby‡li i³KwYKvi G †ivMwU nq c‡q›U Ki‡jb, wb‡lK Qvov GKwU Rx‡ei †Kvl †_‡K wRb wb‡q
wgD‡Uk‡bi d‡j| ¯^vfvweK †jvwnZ i³ KwYKv¸‡jvi Kxfv‡e Avi GKwU Rx‡ei †Kv‡l cÖwZ¯’vcb Kiv hvq| Kxfv‡e
AvK…wZ P¨vÞv| wKš‘ wmwKj‡m‡ji †ÿ‡Î †jvwnZ ÿwZKi wRb‡K †d‡j w`‡q fv‡jv wRb‡K †mLv‡b ms‡hvRb
KwYKv¸‡jvi AvK…wZ KZKUv Kv‡¯Íi g‡Zv nq| wmwKj Kiv hvq| K¨vwj‡dvwb©qv wek¦we`¨vj‡qi M‡elK nve©vU eqvi I
†mj¸‡jv m~² i³bvwj¸‡jv‡Z cÖwZeÜKZv m„wó K‡i Ges ÷¨vbwj †Kv‡nb 1973 mv‡j me©cÖ_g wb‡lK QvovB K…wÎgfv‡e
†`‡ni †m¯’v‡b Zxeª e¨_v Abyf‚Z nq| GB i³KwYKv¸‡jv wRb ms‡hvR‡b mvdj¨ jvf K‡ib| Gici ¯’vwcZ n‡jv Rxe
hZ `ªæZ †f‡O hvq ZZ `ªæZ †jvwnZ i³ KwYKv Drcbœ cÖhyw³ ev †R‡bwUK BwÄwbqvwis bv‡g RxeweÁv‡bi bZzb kvLv|
nq bv| d‡j †`‡n i³k~b¨Zv †`Lv †`q|
W. mv‡`K eZ©gv‡b RxeweÁv‡bi dwjZ kvLvi KvR Ki‡jI
2. nvbwUsUbÕm †ivM : G †ivMwU nq c‡q›U wgD‡Uk‡bi AZx‡Z wZwb Dw™¢`weÁvb wb‡q wek¦we`¨vj‡q cov‡kvbv Kivi
Kvi‡Y| GB †iv‡M gw¯Í®‹ wVKg‡Zv KvR K‡i bv| mgq †gŠwjK welq †hgb : †Kvl, †Kvl wefvRb, wbDwK¬qv‡mi
kix‡ii †cwk¸‡jvi g‡a¨ mgš^q Kivi ÿgZv †jvc cvq ivmvqwbK MVb, wWGbG AYyi MVb, e¨vK‡Uwiqv, wbDwK¬IUvBW
Ges cieZ©x‡Z gvbwmK fvimvg¨ bó n‡q g„Zz¨ N‡U| G Qvov cøvRwgW Gi MVb, wefvRb BZ¨vw` m¤^‡Ü Ávb AR©b
†ivMwUi jÿY AvµvšÍ e¨w³i eqm Pwjøk nIqvi c~‡e© K‡i‡Qb| GB Ávb Zvi M‡elYvq Rxe cÖhyw³ cÖ‡qv‡M mnvqZv
cÖKvk cvq bv| K‡i‡Q|
cÖkœ -12  wb‡Pi DÏxcKwU c‡o cÖkœ¸‡jvi DËi `vI : AZGe, †`Lv hv‡”Q †h, W. mv‡`‡Ki mvd‡jï wcQ‡b †gŠwjK
W. mv‡`K wek¦we`¨vj‡q Dw™¢`weÁvb covb| Zvi cwVZ wel‡qi kvLvi A‡bK ¸iæZ¡ i‡q‡Q|
g‡a¨ RxeweÁv‡bi †gŠwjK kvLv; †hgb : kvixiwe`¨v I dwjZ kvLv cÖkœ -13  wb‡Pi DÏxcKwU c‡o cÖkœ¸‡jvi DËi `vI :
DfqB AšÍfy©³ wQj| wKš‘ cieZx©‡Z wZwb dwjZ kvLvi Ici KvR kwn` I IevB`yi Gi K…wl Lvgvi Av‡Q| kwn‡ì Lvgv‡ii Dw™¢`¸‡jv
ïiæ K‡ib Ges D”P djbkxj eû dj I dmj D™¢veb K‡ib| wZwb †ivMvµvšÍ| Aciw`‡K IevB`y‡ii Lvgv‡ii Dw™¢` †ek m‡ZR I †ivM
AvRI Kv‡R wb‡qvwRZ Av‡Qb|
gy³| kwn` KviY Rvb‡Z PvB‡j IevB`yi Rvbvq †m Zvi Lvgv‡ii 6. UªvÝ‡RwbK cÖvYx †_‡K Jla AvniY : UªvÝ‡RwbK cÖvYx¸‡jvi
Dw™¢‡` Rxe cÖhyw³ eënvi K‡i‡Q| `ya, i³ I g~Î †_‡K cÖ‡qvRbxq Jla AvniY Kiv nq|
K. gvby‡li A‡š¿ †Kvb e¨vK‡Uwiqv evm K‡i? 1 G‡K gwjKzjvi dvwg©s e‡j|
L. Biological father wbwðZ nIqv hvq Kxfv‡e? 2 Dc‡ii Av‡jvPbv †_‡K eySv hvq Rxe cÖhyw³ wPwKrmv †ÿ‡Î
M. DÏxc‡K DwjøwLZ cÖhyw³wU e¨vL¨v Ki| 3 eZ©gv‡b e¨vcK Ae`vb ivL‡Q|
N. DÏxc‡K DwjøwLZ cÖhyw³wU Jla wkí Dbœq‡b cÖkœ -14  wb‡Pi DÏxcKwU c‡o cÖkœ¸‡jvi DËi `vI :
Kxfv‡e eëüZ n‡q‡Q- we‡kølY Ki| 4 gw¯Í®‹ weK…Z Pwjø‡kva© Kwig wgqvi c~e©c~iæl‡ì g‡a¨ KviI c~‡e©
 13bs cª‡kœi DËi  gw¯Í®‹ weK…wZ N‡UwQj| wZwb 10 eQi c~‡e© evwo †Q‡o P‡j
wM‡qwQ‡jb| 10 eQi ci evwo wM‡q ingZ bv‡g GK †Q‡j‡K
K. gvby‡li A‡š¿ Escheretia coli e¨vK‡Uwiqv evm K‡i | ej‡jb Zzwg Avgvi mšÍvb| wKš‘ †Q‡jwU ejj Avwg Acbvi mšÍvb
L. hLb †Kv‡bv mšÍv‡bi wcZ…Z¡ I gvZ…Z¡ wb‡q we‡iva m„wó nq bv|
ZLb wWGbG †U÷ Øviv G we‡iva wb®úwË Kiv nq| hw` †`Lv K. wRb †_ivcx Kx? 1
hvq mšÍv‡bi wWGbG-Gi wP‡Îi mv‡_ wcZvi wWGbG-Gi L. AvaywbK ˆRe cÖhyw³‡Z Kx Kx wel‡qi mgš^q Kiv
wP‡Îi 999% wgj Av‡Q| ZLb †mB mšÍv‡bi cÖK…Z wcZv ev n‡q‡Q? 2
Biological father wn‡m‡e MY¨ Kiv nq| M. Kwig I ingZ Gi g‡a¨ mgm¨vwU Kxfv‡e mgvavb
M. DÏxc‡K DwjøwLZ cÖhyw³wU‡K wewfbœfv‡e e¨vL¨v Kiv n‡q‡Q| Kiv hv‡e eY©bv Ki| 3
†KD †KD e‡jb gvbeKj¨v‡Y cÖ‡qv‡Mi Rb¨ Rxe‡K eënvi N. DÏxc‡Ki Av‡jvPbvq Kwi‡gi gw¯Í®‹ weK… w Zi
K‡i wewfbœ Dcv`vb ˆZwii cÖhyw³‡K Rxe cÖhyw³ ejv nq| Rxe KviY e¨vL¨v Ki| 4
cÖhyw³i me©m¤§Z msÁv hwÌ AvR ch©šÍ †Ìqv m¤¢e nqwb|  14bs cª‡kœi DËi 
Z‡e Av‡gwiKvi "National Science Foundation" cÖ`Ë
msÁvbyhvqx Rxe cÖhyw³ ej‡Z †evSvq gvbeKj¨v‡Yi D‡Ï‡k¨ K. gvbe‡`‡n ÿwZKi wRb AcmviY K‡i my¯’ wRb cÖwZ¯’vcb
RxeR cÖwZwbwa‡ì †hgb : AYyRxe ev Rxe‡Kv‡li †Kvlxq Kiv‡K wRb †_ivcx e‡j|
Dcv`v‡bi wbqwš¿Z eënvi| AvYweK Rxe weÁv‡bi M‡elYvi L. AvaywbK Rxe cÖhyw³ wZbwU wel‡qi mgš^q Kiv n‡q‡Q h_v :
Øviv Rxe cÖhyw³i cÖmvi N‡U‡Q| ev¯ÍweK A‡_© Rxe cÖhyw³ (1) AYyRxeweÁvb, (2) wUmy¨ KvjPvi I (3) wRb cÖ‡KŠkj|
GKwU mgwš^Z weÁvb| AvaywbK Rxe cÖhyw³ wZbwU wel‡qi
M. Kwig wgqv I ingZ Gi mgm¨vwU DNA †U÷ Øviv mgvavb
mgš^‡q MwVZ h_v : (1) AYyRxeweÁvb, (2) wUmy¨ KvjPvi I
Kiv m¤¢e|
(3) wRb cÖ‡KŠkj|
N. wPwKrmv myweavi Rb¨ weÁvbxiv Rxe cÖhyw³i Øviv Jla wk‡íi DNA †U÷ Gi Rb¨ Zv‡ì gyL MnŸi †_‡K KUb ÔevWÕ Gi
g‡Zv we‡kl GK ai‡bi eë¯’vi Øviv gy‡Li wgDKvm c`v©
DbœwZ NwU‡q‡Qb| wb‡P Zvi mswÿß eY©bv †Ìqv n‡jv−
wb‡Z n‡e| M‡elYvMv‡i wgDKvm c`©v †_‡K Kwig wgqv I
1. f¨vKwmb Drcv`b : eZ©gv‡b Rxb cÖ‡KŠkj cÖhyw³ cÖ‡qvM ing‡Zi wWGbG-Gi GKwU wPÎ ev †cÖvdvBj bvbv ai‡bi
K‡i e¨vcKfv‡e wewfbœ †iv‡Mi f¨vK&wmb ev wUKv Drcv`b ivmvqwbK wewµqvi Øviv cÖ¯‘Z Ki‡Z n‡e| Gici ing‡Zi
Kiv n‡q‡Q| Gmgq wewfbœ msµvgK †iv‡Mi †ivM DNA-Gi wP‡Îi mv‡_ Kwig wgqvi DNA wPÎ wgwj‡q hw`
cÖwZ‡ivaK wn‡m‡e eëüZ n‡”Q| 99.9% wgj cvIqv hvq, Zvn‡j Kwig‡K ing‡Zi ˆRe wcZv
2. B›Uvi‡dib Drcv`b : Rxb cÖ‡KŠkj cÖ‡qvM K‡i evwYwR¨K A_©vr cÖK…Z wcZv wn‡m‡e MY¨ Kiv hv‡e|
wfwË‡Z B›Uvi‡dib Drcv`b Kiv m¤¢e n‡q‡Q| GwU
†ncvUvBwUm Gi wPwKrmvq eëüZ nq Ges K¨vÝvi N. DÏxc‡K D‡jøL Kiv n‡q‡Q Kwig wgqvi c~e© cyiæl‡ì g‡a¨
†ivMx‡ì‡K cÖv_wgKfv‡e B›Uvi‡dib cÖ‡qvM K‡i KviI gw¯Í®‹ weK…wZ wQj| G †_‡K ejv hvq, Zvi gw¯Í®‹
K¨vÝvi‡K wbqš¿‡Y ivLvi c`‡ÿc †bIqv nq| weK…wZ eskMZ|
Kwig wgqvi †R‡bwUK KviYRwbZ gw¯Í®‹ weK…wZ †ivMwU
3. ni‡gvb Drcv`b : Wvqv‡ewUm †iv‡Mi Bbmywjb, gvby‡li
nvbwUsUbm †ivM| KviY Pwjøk eQi c‡i Zvi gw¯Í‡®‹i
†`n e„w×i ni‡gvb BZ¨vw` Drcv`b Rxe cÖhyw³i GKwU
D‡jøL‡hvM¨ w`K| weK…wZ N‡U‡Q| GB †ivMwU c‡q›U wgD‡Uk‡bi Kvi‡Y wR‡bi
cwieZ©b N‡U Zvi c~e©cyiæl m„wó n‡qwQj| GB †iv‡M gw¯Í®‹
4. A¨vw›Uev‡qvwUK Drcv`b : Kg mg‡qi g‡a¨ wecyj cwigvY
wVKg‡Zv KvR K‡i bv| kix‡ii †cwk¸‡jvi g‡a¨ mgš^q
A¨vw›Uev‡qvwUK Drcv`‡bi Rb¨ Rxe cÖhyw³ cÖ‡qvM K‡i
Kivi ÿgZv †jvc cvq Ges cieZ©x‡Z gvbwmK fvimvg¨ bó
eZ©gv‡b GK nvRv‡iiI †ewk A¨vw›Uev‡qvwUK Drcvw`Z
n‡”Q| n‡q g„Zz¨ N‡U| G †ivMwUi jÿY AvµvšÍ e¨w³i eqm Pwjøk
nIqvi c~‡e© cÖKvk cvq bv| Kwi‡gi eqm Pwjø‡kva© ZvB Zvi
5. GbRvBg Drcv`b : ˆRe cÖhyw³i Øviv Drcvw`Z n‡”Q
g‡a¨ GB †ivMwUi cÖKvk N‡U‡Q|
wewfbœ GbRvBg, †hgb : †cu‡c †_‡K c¨v‡cBb, eU MvQ
†_‡K dvBwmb hv K…wg‡ivM cÖwZ‡iv‡a eëüZ nq; Mevw` cÖkœ -15  wb‡Pi wPÎwU jÿ Ki cÖkœ¸‡jvi DËi `vI :
cïi cøvRgv †_‡K _ªw¤^b hv i³cvZ e‡Ü eëüZ nq|
A A
K. wUmy¨ KvjPvi Kx? 1 K. wbDwK¬qvm Kv‡K e‡j? 1

L. cyÎmšÍvb R‡b¥i Rb¨ wcZv `vqx †Kb? 2 L. UªvÝ‡RwbK Dw™¢` Kx? eywS‡q ej| 2
M. DÏxc‡K DwjøwLZ A½vYywUi MVb eY©bv Ki| 3 M. A AskwUi AvK…wZ I MVb eY©bv Ki| 3
N. eskMwZ‡Z 'C' AskwUi f‚wgKv e¨vL¨v Ki| 4 N. D”P †kªwYi Rx‡e A-AskwUi cÖKvi‡f` Av‡jvPbv
 15bs cª‡kœi DËi  Ki| 4
K. †h c×wZi Øviv Dw™¢‡ì ea©bkxj Ask‡K wba©vwiZ Avev`  16bs cª‡kœi DËi 
gva¨‡g, RxevYyhy³ I wbqwš¿Z cwi‡e‡k Avev` Kiv nq Zv‡K K. cÖK…Z †Kv‡li mvB‡UvcøvR‡g wbw`©ó c`©v‡Niv †h e¯‘wU †`Lv
wUmy KvjPvi e‡j| hvq †mwUB wbDwK¬qvm|
L. cyiæl‡ì ïµvYy `yB ai‡bi- 'X' I 'Y' †µv‡gv‡Rvg wewkó L. wRb cÖ‡KŠk‡ji gva¨‡g wR‡bi ¯’vbvšÍi NwU‡q †hme Dw™¢`
Ges gwnjv‡ì wW¤^vYy¸‡jv GK ai‡bi ïay X †µv‡gv‡Rvg m„wó Kiv nq †m¸‡jv‡K UªvÝ‡RwbK Dw™¢` ejv nq|
wewkó| Mf©aviYKv‡j wW¤^vYyi wgjb hw` 'Y' †µv‡gv‡Rvg G ch©šÍ cÖvq 50wU Dw™¢` cÖRvwZ‡Z G cÖwµqv mdjfv‡e cÖ‡qvM
wewkó ïµvYyi mv‡_ nq, Zvn‡jB †mwU cyÎ mšÍvb n‡e, KviY Kiv n‡q‡Q|
ZLb 'XY' GKmv‡_ n‡e| gvZvi wW¤^vYy¸‡jv X †µv‡gv‡Rvg M. DÏxc‡Ki wPÎwUi 'A' AskwU †µv‡gv‡Rvg| Gi AvK…wZ I MVb
wewkó nq| wb‡P eY©bv Kiv n‡jv :
myZivs cyÎ mšÍvb Rb¥`v‡bi Rb¨ wcZv `vqx| †µv‡gv‡Rv‡gi AvKvi mvaviYZ j¤^v| cÖwZwU †µv‡gv‡Rv‡gi
M. DÏxc‡K DwjøwLZ A½vYywU †Kv‡li wbDwK¬qvm| Gi MVb wb‡P †`n `yB ¸”Q myZvi g‡Zv Ask wb‡q MwVZ| cÖwZ¸”Q myZvi
eY©bv Kiv n‡jv| Gi AvK…wZ †MvjvKvi A_ev wW¤^vKvi nq| g‡Zv Ask‡K †µv‡gv‡bgv, eûeP‡b †µv‡gv‡bgvUv e‡j| †Kvl
cÖwZwU wbDwK¬qvm wØ¯Íiwewkó wbDwK¬qvi c`©v Øviv Ave„Z wefvR‡bi mgq cÖwZwU †µv‡gv‡Rvg mgvb `yÕfv‡M wef³ n‡q
_v‡K| c`©vi gv‡S gv‡S wQ`ª _v‡K, G‡K wbDwK¬qvi iÜ« e‡j| hvq| G‡ì cÖwZwU‡K †µvgvwUW e‡j| cÖwZwU †µvgvwUW GKwU
wbDwK¬qv‡mi †fZ‡i wbDwK¬IcøvRg _v‡K| wbDwK¬IcøvR‡gi †µvgv‡bgv wb‡q MwVZ|
g‡a¨ wbDwK¬Ijvm Ges myZvi g‡Zv †µvgvwUb Zš‘ _v‡K| eZ©gv‡b †KvlZË¡weìv e‡jb, †µvgvwUW I †µv‡gv‡bgv
†Kvl wefvR‡bi mgq †µvgvwUb Zš‘¸‡jv †µv‡gv‡Rv‡g †µv‡gv‡Rv‡gi GKB As‡ki `ywU bvg| gvB‡Uvwmm †Kvl
iƒcvšÍwiZ nq| eskMwZ‡Z Gi f‚wgKv Acwimxg| wefvR‡bi †gUv‡dR `kvq cÖ‡Z¨KwU †µvgv‡Rv‡g †h †MvjvK…wZ
I msKzwPZ ¯’vb †`Lv hvq, Zvi bvg †m‡›Uªvwgqvi| A‡b‡K
N. DÏxc‡Ki wPÎwUi C AskwU †µv‡gv‡mvg| eskMwZ‡Z Gi
Avevi G‡K KvB‡b‡U‡KviI e‡j| †µv‡gv‡Rv‡gi
f‚wgKv Acwimxg| †µv‡gv‡Rv‡gi cÖavb Dcv`vb wWGbG|
†m‡›Uªvwgqv‡ii Dfq cv‡ki Ask‡K evû ejv nq| c~‡e© aviYv
wWGbG-B Rx‡ei PvwiwÎK êwk‡óï cÖK…Z aviK, hv‡K wRb
Kiv n‡Zv †µv‡gv‡Rvg GKUv gvZ…Kv ev avÎ Øviv Ave„Z|
ejv nq| †µv‡gv‡Rv‡gi Mv‡qB mwbœ‡ewkZ _v‡K AmsL¨ wRb ev
wKš‘ eZ©gv‡b ejv nq GwU GKwU †cÖvwUb|
eskMwZi GKK| †µv‡gv‡Rvg wWGbG A_©vr wRb‡K aviY K‡i
evnK wn‡m‡e| †µv‡gv‡Rvg wRb‡K mivmwi enb K‡i N. DÏxc‡Ki wP‡Îi 'A' AskwU †µv‡gv‡Rvg| D”P †kªwYi cÖvYx ev
wcZvgvZv †_‡K Zv‡ì cieZ©x eska‡i wb‡q hvq| †Kvl Dw™¢‡ì †Kv‡li †µv‡gv‡Rv‡gi g‡a¨ cÖKvi‡f` †`Lv hvq|
wefvR‡bi gv‡qvwUK cÖwµqvq †µv‡gv‡Rv‡gi gva¨‡g eskMwZi †`n‡Kv‡l hZ¸‡jv †µv‡gv‡Rvg _v‡K, Zv‡ì g‡a¨ GK †Rvov
G aviv Ae¨vnZ _v‡K| G Kvi‡Y †µv‡gv‡Rvg‡K eskMwZi †µv‡gv‡Rvg Ab¨vb¨ †µv‡gv‡Rvg †_‡K wfbœag©x| GB wfbœag©x
evnK Ges †fŠZ wfwË e‡j AvL¨vwqZ Kiv nq| †µv‡gv‡Rvg‡K †m· †µv‡gv‡Rvg ejv nq| evwK †µv‡gv‡Rvg¸‡jv‡K
DcwiD³ Av‡jvPbv †_‡K ejv hvq †h, eskMwZ‡Z C Ask A_©vr A‡Uv‡Rvg ejv nq| †m· †µv‡gv‡Rvg¸‡jv‡K mvaviYZ X I Y
†µv‡gv‡Rv‡gi f‚wgKv me‡P‡q ¸iæZ¡c~Y©| bv‡g bvgKiY Kiv n‡q _v‡K| D`vniY¯îƒc ejv hvq
gvby‡li cÖwZwU †`n‡Kv‡l 23 †Rvov A_©vr 46wU †µv‡gv‡Rvg
cÖkœ -16  wb‡Pi wPÎwU †`L Ges cÖkœ¸‡jvi DËi `vI :
Av‡Q| G¸‡jvi g‡a¨ 22 †Rvov bvix I cyiæ‡l GKB iKg Ges
G¸‡jv A‡Uv‡Rvg| wKš‘ 23Zg †Rvovi †µv‡gv‡Rvg bvix I
cyiæl m`‡m¨ wfbœZi Ges G¸‡jv †m· †µv‡gv‡Rvg| hvi †`‡n
23Zg †µv‡gv‡Rvg †Rvov XX †m e¨w³ bvix, Aciw`‡K hvi
†`‡n 23Zg †µv‡gv‡Rvg †Rvov XY †m e¨w³ cyiæl|
cÖkœ -17  wb‡Pi DÏxcKwU c‡o cÖkœ¸‡jvi DËi `vI : jÿY cÖKvk cvq Zv‡K wmb‡Wªvg e‡j| gvby‡l K‡qK ai‡bi
Bqvmwgb †eMg Zvi `yB eQ‡ii wkï‡K wb‡q ¯^v¯’¨‡K‡›`ª hvq wmb‡Wªvg †`Lv hvq|
†cvwjI wUKv LvIqv‡bvi Rb¨| wKš‘ Bqvmwgb †eMg Rv‡b bv †h M. DÏxc‡K DwjøwLZ c×wZwU n‡”Q UªvÝ‡RwbK Dw™¢` D™¢veb
Rxe cÖhyw³i G Jla Zvi mšÍv‡bi Kx Kv‡R jvM‡e| †Kbbv G c×wZ hv Avgv‡ì A_©bxwZ‡Z D‡jøL‡hvM¨ f‚wgKv cvjb
ch©šÍ wZwb wb‡R †Kv‡bv wUKv MÖnY K‡ibwb| Ki‡e| wRb cÖ‡KŠk‡ji gva¨‡g wR‡bi ¯’vbvšÍi NwU‡q
K. wRb Kx? 1 UªvÝ‡RwbK Dw™¢` D™¢veb Kiv nq| GB Dw™¢`¸‡jv cZ½,
L. wR‡bi ivmvqwbK MVb Kx Ges GwU †Kv_vq _v‡K? 2 fvBivm, e¨vK‡Uwiqv I QÎvK cÖwZ‡ivax Ges G¸‡jv †h †Kv‡bv
M. DÏxc‡K DwjøwLZ cÖhyw³i G wUKv Bqvmwgb cwi‡ek‡K †gvKvwejv Ki‡Z mÿg| G ch©šÍ cÖvq 60wU Dw™¢`
†eM‡gi ev”Pvi †`‡n Kx wn‡m‡e KvR Ki‡e-e¨vL¨v cÖRvwZ Gfv‡e D™¢vweZ Kiv n‡q‡Q| Gi g‡a¨ †ewki fvM
Ki| 3 mewR I km¨ RvZxq dmj | cÖwZ eQi Avgv‡ì †`‡k †ivM
N. DÏxc‡K Rxe cÖhyw³ eënv‡ii GKwU AvswkK wPÎ evjvB, eb¨v I jeYv³Zvi Rb¨ dm‡ji cÖPzi ÿwZ nq|
Luy‡R cvIqv hvq-we‡kølY Ki| 4 Avgv‡ì †`‡k UªvÝ‡RwbK Dw™¢` D™¢vweZ K‡i mewR I km¨
Avev` Ki‡Z cvi‡j Zv A_©bxwZ‡Z Dbœqbg~jK Ae`vb ivL‡e|
N. m„Rbkxj 2(N) bs DËi †`L|
K. Rx‡ei eskMZ êwk‡óï wba©viK I wbqš¿K‡K wRb e‡j|
œ 19  Avwmd mv‡n‡ei †Q‡j bqb| 17 eQi eqm Abymv‡i Zvi
cÖk-
L. wR‡bi ivmvqwbK MVb wWGbG (wWAw·ivB‡evwbDwK¬K GwmW) kvixwiK e„w× Lye Kg Ges KÉ¯î LyeB KK©k| GKRb ¯^vfvweK
AYy| wWGbG AYy cuvP Kve©bwewkó kK©iv, dm‡dU I Pvi cyiæ‡li †h êwkó¨¸‡jv _vKv ìKvi Zv Zvi g‡a¨ †bB| Wv³v‡ii
ai‡bi bvB‡Uªv‡Rb ÿviKÑ GwWwbb, ¸qvwbb, mvB‡Uvwmb I Kv‡Q wb‡q †M‡j Wv³vi Avwmd mv‡ne‡K e‡jb, GwU eskMZ †ivM|
_vBwgb wb‡q MwVZ| wWGbG †µv‡gv‡Rv‡g _v‡K|
Wv³vi ej‡jb †g‡q‡ìI G ai‡bi †ivM †`Lv †`q|
M. DÏxc‡K DwjøwLZ cÖhyw³ n‡jv Rxe cÖhyw³| GB wUKv Bqvmwgb K. cÖKU wRb Kx? 1
†eM‡gi ev”Pvi kix‡i ewnivMZ †cÖvwUb wn‡m‡e KvR Ki‡e L. Biological Father ej‡Z Kx eyS? 2
hv‡K A¨vw›U‡Rb e‡j| M. bq‡bi mgm¨vwU e¨vL¨v Ki| 3
i‡³ A¨vw›U‡R‡bi Dcw¯’wZ †`n‡K Gi wecix‡Z A¨vw›UewW N. DÏxc‡K Wv³v‡ii †kl Dw³wU Ò†g‡q‡ìI G
ˆZwi Ki‡Z DØy× Ki‡e Ges cÖPzi A¨vw›UewW ˆZwi n‡e| hLb ai‡bi †ivM †`Lv hvqÓÑ welqwU eySvI| 4
Bqvmwgb †eM‡gi †Q‡j †cvwjI fvBivm Øviv AvµvšÍ n‡e ZLb  19bs cª‡kœi DËi 
GB A¨vw›UewW¸‡jv Zv‡ì aŸsm K‡i w`‡e| ZvB wewfbœ
msµvgK †iv‡Mi †ivM cÖwZ‡ivaK wn‡m‡e wUKv †bIqv nq| K. †h wR‡bi êwk‡óï cÖKvk N‡U Zv‡K cÖKU wRb e‡j|
DÏxc‡K wPwKrmv †ÿ‡Î ˆRe cÖhyw³i eënvi m¤ú‡K© Bw½Z L. wWGbG †U÷ Gi †ÿ‡Î M‡elYvMv‡i GK ai‡bi we‡kl
†`qv n‡q‡Q| eë¯’vi Øviv gy‡Li wSwjøi c`©v †bqv nq| wSwjøi †_‡K
N. m„Rbkxj 13(N) bs DËi †`L| wcZv-gvZv I mšÍv‡bi GKwU wWGbG †cÖvdvBj cÖ¯‘Z Kiv
nq| Gici mšÍv‡bi wWGbG Gi wP‡Îi mv‡_ wcZvi wWGbG
cÖkœ -18  wb‡Pi DÏxcKwU c‡o cÖkœ¸‡jvi DËi `vI : wP‡Îi mv‡_ wgjv‡bv nq Ges hw` 99.9% wgj cvIqv hvq,
Kvw•¶Z êwk‡óï wRb cÖ‡KŠkj bZzb êwk‡óï Zvn‡j †m e¨w³‡K †mB mšÍv‡bi ˆRe wcZv ev Bilogical
Father A_©vr cÖK…Z wcZv wn‡m‡e MY¨ Kiv nq|
wRb cÖhyw³ cÖ‡qvM Dw™¢` D™¢veb
K. †R‡bwUK BwÄwbqvwis Kv‡K e‡j? 1 M. bq‡bi mgm¨vwUi n‡jv wK¬wb‡djUvim wmb‡Wªvg| GwU gvby‡li
†R‡bwUK wek„•LjvRwbZ †ivM| G †ivMwU cyiæl gvby‡li
L. bb-wWmRvskb I wmb‡Wªvg ej‡Z Kx †evSvq? 2
†m· †µv‡gv‡Rv‡gi wWmRvsk‡bi Kvi‡Y m„wó nq| d‡j
M. DwjøwLZ c×wZwU Avgv‡ì A_©bxwZ‡Z Kxfv‡e
cyiælwUi †Kv‡l XY †µv‡gv‡Rvg QvovI AwZwi³ Avi GKwU
f‚wgKv cvjb Ki‡e? e¨vL¨v Ki| 3
†µv‡gv‡Rvg mshy³ nq Ges cyiælwU XXY †µv‡gv‡Rvg wewkó
N. DÏxc‡K DwjøwLZ c×wZwUi gva¨‡g K…wl Dbœqb nq| wK¬wb‡djUvim wmbWªg wewkó evjK‡ì g‡a¨ GKRb
m¤¢e wK? 4 ¯^vfvweK cyiæ‡li †h evwn¨K êwkó¨¸‡jv _vKv ìKvi Zv
 18bs cª‡kœi DËi  _v‡K bv| ZvB bq‡bi KÉ¯î Lye KK©k nq| Gi d‡j Zvi
K. GKwU Rxe †_‡K GKwU wbw`©ó wRb enbKvix wWGbG LÊ e„w× Kg nq|
c„_K K‡i wfbœ GKwU Rx‡e ¯’vbvšÍ‡ii †KŠkj‡K †R‡bwUK N. DÏxc‡K Wv³vi Avwmd mv‡ne‡K †evSv‡Z †P‡q‡Qb †R‡bwUK
BwÄwbqvwis e‡j| wek„•Ljvi Kvi‡Y †g‡q‡ìI bq‡bi g‡Zv †ivM †`Lv hvq|
†g‡q‡ì †ivMwU‡K Uvb©viÕm wmbWªg e‡j| G †ivMwUI †g‡q‡ì
L. gv‡qvwmm †Kvl wefvR‡bi mgq A¨vbv‡dR-1 `kvq
†m· †µv‡gv‡Rvg bbÕ wWmRvsk‡bi Kvi‡Y N‡U| G †ÿ‡Î
†nv‡gvjMvm †µv‡gv‡Rvg¸‡jvi †h‡Kv‡bv GKwU †Rvovi
†g‡qwU XX †µv‡gv‡Rvg wewkó bv n‡q X †µv‡gv‡Rvg wewkó
†µv‡gv‡Rvg `ywUi GKwU AciwU †_‡K c„_K bv n‡q `ywUB
nq| G ai‡bi ¯¿x‡jvK Le©vK…wZ nq Ges G‡ì Nvo `xN© nq|
†h‡Kv‡bv †giæ‡Z P‡j hvq| G Ae¯’v‡K bb-wWmRvskb
e‡j| GiKg †Kv‡bv gvby‡li †ÿ‡Î NU‡j Zvi g‡a¨ KZ¸‡jv
c~Y© eq¯‹ Ae¯’vq ¯^vfvweK ¯¿x‡jv‡Ki g‡Zv G‡ì †`‡ni L. †µv‡gv‡Rvg I †µvgvwU‡Wi cv_©K¨ :
weKvk N‡U bv Ges Giv eÜ¨v nq| †µv‡gv‡Rvg †µvgvwUW
1. †Kv‡li wbDwK¬qv‡m 1. gvB‡Uvwmm †Kvl wefvR‡bi
cÖkœ -20  wb‡Pi wPÎwU †`‡L cÖkœ¸‡jvi DËi `vI :
Aew¯’Z †cÖvwUb I cÖ‡dR `kvi †Kv‡l
wbDwK¬K GwmW w`‡q †µv‡gv‡Rvg j¤^vjw¤^fv‡e
MwVZ m~ÎvKvi wef³ n‡q `ywU Zš‘i g‡Zv
†µvgvwUb Zš‘‡K As‡ki cÖ‡Z¨KwU‡K
†µv‡gv‡Rvg e‡j| †µvgvwUW e‡j|
2. ïµv‡bvi Zš‘‡K 2. †µv‡gv‡Rvg mgvb `yB fv‡M
†µv‡gv‡Rvg e‡j| wef³ n‡q `ywU Zš‘i g‡Zv
As‡k wef³ nq| cÖ‡Z¨KwU‡K
†Kv‡gvwUb e‡j|
K. cøvRwgW Kv‡K e‡j? 1 M. DÏxc‡Ki DwjøwLZ wPÎwU wWGbG AYyi MVb wb‡P eY©bv Kiv
L. †µv‡gv‡Rvg I †µv‡gvwU‡Wi cv_©K¨ D‡jøL Ki| 2 n‡jv :
M. gvbe‡`‡n DÏxc‡Ki wPÎwUi ivmvqwbK MVb e¨vL¨v wWGbG-Gi c~Y© bvg wWAw·ivB‡evwbDwK¬K GwmW| GKwU
Ki| 3 wWGbG AYy wØm~Î wewkó j¤^v k„•L‡ji cwjwbDwK¬IUvBW|
N. DÏxc‡Ki wPÎwU †h wRb/ †R‡bwUK e¯‘ Gi A‡bK¸‡jv wbDwK¬IUvBW wb‡q MwVZ; ZvB G‡K
h_v_©Zv wbiƒcY Ki| 4 cwjwbDwK¬IUvBW e‡j| cÖwZwU wbDwK¬IUvBW GKwU bvB‡Uªv‡Rb
ÿviK, cuvP Kve©bhy³ wWAw·ivB‡evR kK©iv Ges dm‡dU Øviv
MwVZ| wWGbG AYyi AvK…wZ A‡bKUv cu¨vPv‡bv wmuwoi g‡Zv|
K. e¨vK‡Uwiqv †Kv‡l GKwU PµvKvi †µv‡gv‡Rvg Qvov AviI cu¨vPv‡bv wmuwoi `ycv‡k¦©i g~j KvVv‡gv MwVZ nq cuvP Kve©bhy³
GKwU ¶z`ª ¯^wefvRb wWGbG AYy _v‡K Zv‡ì cvRwgW e‡j| kK©iv I dm‡dU Øviv| `ycv‡k¦©i kK©ivi mv‡_ `ywU K‡i
bvB‡Uªv‡Rb ÿviK ev †em †Rvo †eu‡a ˆZwi K‡i wmuwoi
avç‡jv| bvB‡Uªv‡Rb ÿviK¸‡jv GwWwbb, ¸qvwbb, mvB‡Uvwmb
I _vBwgb| GwWwbb _vBwm‡bi mv‡_ _vB‡Uvwmb ¸qvwb‡bi
mv‡_ †Rvo †eu‡a wmuwoi avç‡jv ˆZwi K‡i|
N. DÏxc‡Ki wPÎwU wWGbG AYyi †Kv‡li †h Dcv`vb Rx‡ei
êwkó¨ eskvbyµwgK fv‡e mÂvi‡Y mÿg Zv‡K eskMwZi evnK
†R‡bwUK ev wRb we¯Ívi ejv nq| A_©vr wRb †h ivmvqwbK
c`v_© Øviv MwVZ Zv‡KB †R‡bwUK e¯‘ e‡j| weÁvbxiv cixÿvi
gva¨‡g cÖgvY K‡i‡Qb wWGbG GB †R‡bwUK e¯‘ ev wRb|
G‡fwK g¨vKwjIW Ges g¨vKKviwU 1944 mv‡j cªgvY K‡ib
†R‡bwUK e¯‘ wWGbG Ges Zviv gvby‡li wbD‡gvwbqv †ivM
m„wóKvix| wbD‡gvK°vm e¨vK‡Uwiqvi ivmvqwbK MVb †hgbÑ
†cÖvwUb, kK©iv, d¨vU Ges wbDwK¬K Gwmmg~n wWGbG I
AviGbG c„_K K‡ib| cÖ‡Z¨KwU Dcv`vb wb‡q c„_Kfv‡e
cixÿvi gva¨‡g Zviv wbwðZ nb ïay wWGbG eskMZ êwkó¨
wbqš¿‡Yi d‡j m¤úwK©Z| G †_‡K cÖgvwYZ nq wR‡bi
ivmvqwbKiƒc n‡”Q wWGbG Ges wWGbG n‡”Q Rx‡ei
†R‡bwUK e¯‘|
wewf bœ ¯‹z‡ j i wbe©v wPZ m„R bkxj cÖk œ I D Ëi

cÖkœ -21  wb‡Pi DÏxcKwU c‡o cÖkœ¸‡jvi DËi `vI : K. ev‡qv‡UK‡bvjwR Kx? 1
kvwnb Zvi evevi mv‡_ K…wl Lvgv‡i †eov‡Z hvq| †mLv‡b †m fzÆv, L. wmwKj †mj †ivM ej‡Z Kx †evSvq? 2
ZvgvK, U‡g‡Uv, †cu‡cmn A‡bK cÖRvwZi Dw™¢` †`L‡Z cvq hv †ek
m‡ZR I †ivMgy³| wKš‘ evwo‡Z jvMv‡bv Dw™¢`¸‡jv †ivMvµvšÍ| M. DÏxc‡K DwjøwLZ cÖhyw³wU e¨vL¨v Ki| 3
†m Zvi evevi wbKU Gi KviY Rvb‡Z PvB‡j- evev ej‡jb, N. DwjøwLZ cÖhyw³ K…wli DbœwZ mva‡b Kxfv‡e eëüZ
ÒLvgv‡ii Dw™¢‡` wRb wewbgq cÖhyw³ eënvi Kiv n‡q‡Q|Ó [ei¸bv n‡q‡Q? we‡kølY Ki| 4
wRjv ¯‹zj|]
K. ev‡qv‡UK‡bvjwR ev RxeRcÖhyw³ n‡”Q- AYyRxe ev Rxe‡Kv‡li ˆbwZKZv wb‡q weZ©K D‡V‡Q| KviY Avgv‡ì mgv‡Ri
†Kvlxq Dcv`v‡bi wbqwš¿Z eënvi| GKvs‡ki gZvgZ ag© I weÁvb GK bq| agx©q Abykvmb †g‡b
L. m„Rbkxj 2(L) bs DËi †`L| Pjv DwPZ| gvbe †K¬vwbs n‡e cÖK…wZi Ici eo ai‡bi
n¯Í‡ÿc| Avi cÖK…wZi Ici n¯Í‡ÿc agx©q Abykvm‡bi
M. DÏxc‡K DwjwLZ cÖhyw³wU n‡jv †R‡bwUK BwÄwbqvwis ev wRb cwicš’x| d‡j †K¬vb n‡q m„wó nIqvq wkïwUi Ici mvgvwRK
cÖ‡KŠkj G¸‡jv GKwU Rxe †_‡K GKwU wbw`©ó wR‡bi wbw`©ó Pvc cÖej n‡e| ZvQvov †K¬vwbs wkïwU m¤ú~Y© my¯’ n‡e wKbv Zv
êwkó¨ enbKvix wWGbG c„_K K‡i wfbœ GKwU Rx‡e
ejv hv‡”Q bv| eis weKjv½ ev cÖwZeÜx wn‡m‡e Rb¥MÖnY
¯’vbvšÍ‡ii †KŠkj‡K †R‡bwUK BwÄwbqvwis e‡j| GB wRb †h
Kivi d‡j H wkï‡K Av‡iv †ewk jvÃbv I wbh©vZ‡bi wkKvi
†KŠk‡ji gva¨‡g ¯’vbvšÍi Kiv nq Zv‡ì GK‡Î wiKw¤^‡b›U
wWGbG †KŠkj e‡j| wiKw¤^‡b›U wWGbG †KŠkj Aej¤^b n‡Z n‡e| Dciš‘ cÖK…wZi Ici n¯Í‡ÿ‡ci wb`viæY
K‡i GKwU wWGbG AYyi Kvw•¶Z Ask †K‡U Avjv`v K‡i Ab¨ djvd‡ji cÖgvY wn‡m‡e Zvi w`‡KB A½ywj †Zvjv n‡e|
GKwU wWGbG AYy‡Z cÖwZ¯’vc‡bi d‡j †h bZzb wWGbG AYyi DcwiD³ Av‡jvPbv †_‡K ejv hvq †h, DÏxc‡Ki †K¬vwbs
m„wó nq, Zv‡K wiKw¤^‡b›U wWGbG e‡j Ges cÖwµqvwU‡K wRb cÖwµqvq gvbewkïi Rb¥ n‡j wkïwUi Ici mvgvwRK Pvc cÖej
†K¬vwbs e‡j| wiKw¤^‡b›U wWGbG cÖhyw³ K‡qKwU av‡c m¤úbœ n‡e|
Kiv nq| GLv‡b wR‡bi evnK wn‡m‡e e¨vK‡Uwiqvi
cøvRwgW‡K eënvi Kiv nq|
N. m„Rbkxj 2(N) bs DËi †`L|
cjvk †Uwjwfk‡bi GKwU P¨v‡b‡j weÁvb welqK GKwU WKz‡g›Uvwi
†`LwQj| †m †`L‡jv K‡qKRb wRb cÖhyw³we` GKwU we‡kl cÖwµqvq
GKwU ¯Íb¨cvqx beRvZK cÖvYxi Rb¥ w`j, hv †`L‡Z ûeû Zvi
gv‡qi g‡Zv| NUbvwU GKwU weij NUbv ZvB Zvi g‡b GwU Av‡jvob
Zzjj| [Abœ`v miKvwi D”P we`¨vjq, eªvþYevwoqv|]
K. cÖ”Qbœ wRb Kx? 1
L. WvDbÕm wmb‡Wªvg †Kb nq e¨vL¨v Ki| 2 [†fvjv miKvwi evwjKv D”P we`¨vjq]
M. DÏxc‡K DwjøwLZ we‡kl cÖwµqvwU e¨vL¨v Ki| 3 K. Rxe †K¬vwbs Kx? 1
N. DÏxc‡Ki cÖwµqvq gvbewkïi Rb¥ n‡j Zvi Ici L. gvby‡li eskMZ †ivM m„wói †R‡bwUK KviY¸‡jv Kx Kx? 2
mvgvwRK cÖfve g~j¨vqb Ki| 4 M. DÏxc‡Ki wPÎwUi MVb eY©bv Ki| 3
 22bs cª‡kœi DËi  N. wP‡Îi A½wU eskMwZi aviK I evnK-we‡kølY
Ki| 4
K. †h wR‡bi êwk‡óï cÖKvk N‡U bv Zv‡K cÖ”Qbœ wRb e‡j|
L. gvby‡li 21Zg †µv‡gv‡Rv‡gi bb-wWmRvsk‡bi d‡j WvDbÕm  23bs cª‡kœi DËi 
wmb‡Wªvg nq| G‡ì †Pv‡Li cvZv dzjv, bvK P¨vÞv, wRnŸv K. ˆRe cÖhyw³ c×wZ Øviv GKwU gvÎ Rxe †_‡K wRbMZ ûeû GK
j¤^v, nvZ¸‡jv †QvU nq| Giv Le©vK…wZi Ges gvbwmK ev GKvwaK Rxe ˆZwii c×wZ‡K Rxe †K¬vwbs e‡j|
fvimvg¨nxb nq| L. gvby‡li eskMZ †ivM m„wói †R‡bwUK KviY¸‡jv n‡jv-
M. DÏxc‡K DwjøwLZ we‡kl cÖwµqvwU wQj ˆRe cÖhyw³i Rxe (1) c‡q›U wgD‡Ukb ev wR‡bi cwieZ©b : AvK…wZ KZKUv
†K¬vwbs| GKwU gvÎ gvZ…Rbb‡Kvl †_‡K wRbMZ ûeû GK ev Kv‡¯Íi g‡Zv nq|
GKvwaK Rxe ˆZwii c×wZ‡K Rxe †K¬vwbs e‡j| m¤cÖwZ wRb (2) †µv‡gv‡Rvg msL¨vi n«vm ev e„w×i Rb¨|
cÖhyw³i Øviv m¤¢e n‡q‡Q GKB cÖvYxi †`n‡Kvl †_‡K m¤ú~Y© (3) †µv‡gv‡Rv‡gi †Kv‡bv As‡ki n«vm ev e„w×i Rb¨|
wbDwK¬qvm‡K †ei K‡i †mB cÖvYxi wb‡lKK…Z wW¤^vYy‡Z (4) wg‡qvwmm †KvlwefvR‡bi mgq †nv‡gv‡jvMvm †µv‡gv‡Rv‡gi
Bb‡RKU& K‡i wbDwK¬qvm ¯’vcb Kiv| wW¤^vYy‡Z †`n‡Kv‡li wew”QbœKiY hv NUvi Rb¨|
wbDwK¬qvm ¯’vcb Kivi c~‡e© wb‡lKK…Z wW¤^vYyi wbDwK¬qvm‡K
M. DÏxc‡Ki wPÎwU GKwU †µv‡gv‡Rv‡gi GB AvKvi mvaviYZ
AcmviY Kiv nq| GB wW¤^vYy †_‡K †h cÖvYx m„wó nq Zv ûeû j¤^v| cÖwZwU †µv‡gv‡Rv‡gi †`n `yB ¸”Q myZvi g‡Zv Ask
Zvi gvZvi g‡Zv nq| c„w_exi cÖ_g ¯Íb¨cvqx cÖvYx hv‡K wb‡q MwVZ| cÖwZ¸”Q myZvi g‡Zv Ask‡K †µv‡gv‡bgv, eûeP‡b
GKwU c~Y©eq¯‹ †`n‡Kvl †_‡K †K¬vb Kiv n‡q‡Q| Zv n‡jv †µv‡gv‡bgvUv e‡j| †Kvl wefvR‡bi mgq cÖwZwU †µv‡gv‡Rvg
Wwj bv‡gi GKwU †fov| mgvb `yÕfv‡M wef³ n‡q hvq| G‡ì cÖwZwU‡K †µvgvwUW
N. †K¬vwbs cÖwµqvq gvbe wkïi Rb¥ n‡j Zvi Ici †bwZevPK e‡j| cÖwZwU †µvgvwUW GKwU †µv‡gv‡bgv wb‡q MwVZ|
mvgvwRK cÖfve co‡e| eZ©gv‡b †KvlZË¡we`MY e‡jb, †µvgvwUW I †µv‡gv‡bgv
cï‡ì †K¬vwbs wb‡q †Zgb †Kv‡bv weZ©K m„wó nq wb Z‡e Gi †µv‡gv‡Rv‡gi GKB As‡ki `ywU bvg| gvB‡Uvwmm †Kvl
g‡a¨ gvby‡li †K¬vwbs‡qi wPšÍvfvebv ïiæ n‡q‡Q| GLb Gi wefvR‡bi †gUv‡dR `kvq cÖ‡Z¨KwU †µvgv‡Rv‡g †h †MvjvK…wZ
I msKzwPZ ¯’vb †`Lv hvq, Zvi bvg †m‡›Uªvwgqvi| A‡b‡K
Avevi G‡K KvB‡b‡U‡KviI e‡j| †µv‡gv‡Rv‡gi nq g~jwUi ûeû Abywjwc| Gfv‡e wWGbG AYy‡Z iwÿZ Rx‡ei
†m‡›Uªvwgqv‡ii Dfq cv‡ki Ask‡K evû ejv nq| eskMZ êwk‡óï mvs‡KwZK bxj bKkv cwieZ©b QvovB
N. DÏxc‡Ki wPÎwU GKwU †µv‡gv‡Rv‡gi| G‡K Rx‡ei eskMwZi msiwÿZ nq Ges cieZ©x eska‡i mÂvwiZ nq|
êwk‡óï aviK I evnK ejv nq| DcwiD³ cÖwµqvq †µv‡gv‡Rv‡gi wWGbG eskMwZK
†µv‡gv‡Rv‡gi cÖavb Dcv`vb wWGbG| wWGbG-B Rx‡ei êwkó¨¸‡jv‡K GK esk †_‡K cieZ©x es‡k enb K‡i wb‡q
PvwiwÎK êwk‡óï cÖK…Z aviK, hv‡K wRb ejv nq| hvq Ges eskMwZi aviv A¶zYœ iv‡L| ZvB GwU eskMwZi aviK
†µv‡gv‡Rv‡gi Mv‡qB mwbœ‡ewkZ _v‡K AmsL¨ wRb ev eskMwZi I evnK|
GKK| †µv‡gv‡Rvg wWGbG A_©vr wRb‡K aviY K‡i evnK
wn‡m‡e| †µv‡gv‡Rvg wRb‡K mivmwi enb K‡i wcZvgvZv cÖkœ -25 
†_‡K Zv‡ì cieZ©x eska‡i wb‡q hvq| †Kvl wefvR‡bi
gv‡qvwUK cÖwµqvq †µv‡gv‡Rv‡gi gva¨‡g eskMwZi G aviv
Ae¨vnZ _v‡K|
AZGe, DcwiD³ Kvi‡Y †µv‡gv‡Rvg‡K eskMwZi evnK Ges
†fŠZ wfwË e‡j AvL¨vwqZ Kiv nq|
A
[knx` exi DËg †j. Av‡bvqvi Mvj©m K‡jR, XvKv]
K. cøvRwgW Kx? 1
L. †K¬vwbs ej‡Z Kx †evSvq? 2
M. 'A' As‡ki MVb eY©bv Ki| 3
N. mšÍv‡bi wj½ wba©vi‡Y 'A' Gi ¸iæZ¡ we‡kølY
Ki| 4
[avbgwÛ Mf:e‡qR ¯‹zj] K. cøvRwgW n‡jv e¨vK‡Uwiqv †µv‡gvR‡gi evB‡i Av‡iKwU
K. †nUv‡ivRvBMvm Kx? 1 ¯^Zš¿ DNA AYy hv ¯^wefvR‡b mÿg|
L. K…wl Dbœq‡b ˆRe cÖhyw³i `ywU eënvi D‡jøL Ki| 2 L. †Kv‡bv †Kvl‡K we‡klfv‡e Avev` gva¨‡g †i‡L wefvRb NwU‡q
M. DÏxc‡K DwjøwLZ wPÎwUi MVb eY©bv Ki| 3 GK¸”Q GKB RvZxq †Kvl ev AYyRxe Dw™¢` A_ev cÖvYxi
N. DÏxc‡K DwjøwLZ wP‡Îi AYywU eskMwZi aviK I Abyiƒc A‡bK Rxe ˆZwi Kiv n‡jv †K¬vwbs|
evnK-we‡kølY Ki| 4 †K¬vwbs Gi d‡j Drcbœ †Kv‡li ev Rx‡ei êwk‡ó¨ gvZ…‡Kv‡li
 24bs cª‡kœi DËi  ev gvZ…Rx‡ei Abyiƒc nq|
K. hLb `ywU wR‡bi GKwU cÖQbœ AciwU cÖKU nq ZLb Zv‡K M. wP‡Îi A-AskwU n‡jv †µv‡gv‡Rvg hv eskMwZi êwk‡óï
†nUv‡ivRvBMvm e‡j| aviK I evnK| wb‡gœ Gi AvK…wZ I MVb eY©bv Kiv n‡jv :
L. K…wl Dbœq‡b ˆRe cÖhyw³i `ywU eënvi D‡jøL Kiv n‡jv- †µv‡gv‡Rv‡gi AvKvi mvaviYZ j¤^v| cÖwZwU †µv‡gv‡Rv‡gi
(1) wUmy¨ KvjPvi : G c×wZ‡Z Aí RvqMvq wbqwš¿Z †`n `yB ¸”Q myZvi g‡Zv Ask wb‡q MwVZ| cÖwZ¸”Q myZvi
cwi‡e‡k evwYwR¨K wfwË‡Z jvL jvL Kvw•¶Z Pviv Kiv m¤¢e g‡Zv Ask‡K †µv‡gv‡bgv e‡j| †Kvl wefvR‡bi mgq cÖwZwU
n‡”Q| †µv‡gv‡Rvg mgvb `yBfv‡M wef³ n‡q hvq| G‡ì cÖwZwU‡K
(2) UªvÝ‡RwbK Dw™¢` : G ch©šÍ 60wU Dw™¢‡` Rxe cÖhyw³ †µvgvwUW e‡j| cÖwZwU †µvgvwUW GKwU †µvgv‡bgv wb‡q MwVZ|
†KŠkj cÖ‡qvM K‡i UªvÝ‡RwbK Dw™¢` D™¢veb m¤¢e n‡q‡Q| N. A n‡jv †µv‡gvRvg hv mšÍv‡bi wj½ wba©vi‡Yi Rb¨ AZ¨šÍ
G¸‡jv cZ½, fvBivm, e¨vK‡Uwiqv I QÎvK cÖwZ‡ivax Ges ¸iæZ¡c~Y©|
†h‡Kv‡bv cwi‡ek‡K †gvKvwejv Ki‡Z m¶g| gvby‡li cÖwZwU †`n‡Kv‡l 23 †Rvov A_©vr 46wU †µv‡gv‡Rvg
M. m„Rbkxj 20(M) bs DËi †`L| i‡q‡Q| G¸‡jvi g‡a¨ 22 †Rvov bvix I cyiæ‡l GKB iKg
N. DÏxc‡K wPÎwU wWGbG AYyi G‡K eskMwZi aviK I evnK Ges G¸‡jv‡K A‡UvRg e‡j| wKš‘ 23 †Rvovi †µv‡gv‡Rvg
ejv nq| bvix I cyiæl m`‡mï wfbœZi Ges G¸‡jv †m· †µv‡gv‡Rvg|
eskci¤úivq †Kv‡bv êwk‡óï wba©viK GKK‡K wRb ejv hvi †`‡n 23 Zg †µv‡gv‡Rvg †Rvov XX †m e¨w³ bvix,
nq| wR‡bi ivmvqwbK iƒc n‡”Q wWGbG AYy| weÁvbxiv Aciw`‡K hvi †`‡n 23Zg †µv‡gv‡Rvg †Rvovi GKwU X I
wewfbœ M‡elYv †_‡K wbwðZ n‡q‡Qb ïay wWGbG eskMZ Ab¨wU Y †µv‡gv‡Rvg A_©vr XY †m e¨w³ cyiæl| hveZxq
êwkó¨ wbqš¿‡Yi mv‡_ m¤úwK©Z| wWGbG AYyi AvK…wZ êwkó¨ A‡Uv‡Rv‡g Aew¯’Z wRb Øviv wbqwš¿Z n‡jI wj½
cu¨vPv‡bv wmuwoi g‡Zv| wWGbG AYy j¤^vjw¤^fv‡e ¯^wefvR‡bi wba©vwiZ nq †m· †µv‡gv‡Rv‡gi gva¨‡g|
Øviv bZzbfv‡e m„ó cÖwZwU AYy‡Z _v‡K GKwU cyivZb I GKwU
bZzb wWGbG cvk¦© KvVv‡gv| hvi d‡j cÖwZwU bZzb wWGbG AYy
AZGe DcwiD³ Av‡jvPbv †_‡K †`Lv hv‡”Q †h, mšÍv‡bi
wj½ wba©vi‡Y A ev †µv‡gv‡Rvg AZ¨šÍ ¸iæZ¡c~Y© f‚wgKv cvjb A
K‡i|
[ivRDK DËiv g‡Wj K‡jR, XvKv]
cÖkœ -26 
K. UªvÝ‡RwbK Rxe Kx? 1
L. wmwKj †mj †iv‡Mi jÿY Kx? 2
M. wPÎ-A ˆZwii cÖwµqv e¨vL¨v Ki| 3
N. K…wl Dbœq‡b wPÎ-A Gi f‚wgKv e¨vL¨v Ki| 4
K. wRb cÖ‡KŠk‡ji gva¨‡g m„ó Kvw•¶Z êwk‡óï Rxe‡K
[†m›U †hv‡md ¯‹zj I K‡jR, XvKv]
K. †mj †K¬vwbs Kx? 1 UªvÝ‡RwbK Rxe e‡j|
L. K…wl Dbœq‡b ˆRe cÖhyw³i `ywU eënvi e¨vL¨v Ki| 2 L. gvby‡li i³KwYKvq wmwKj‡mj †ivMwU nq c‡q›U wgD‡Uk‡bi
M. wP‡Îi AYywUi MVb eY©bv Ki| 3 d‡j| G †iv‡Mi jÿY¸‡jv n‡jv :
N. wP‡Îi AYywU Rx‡ei êwkó¨ wbqš¿Y Ki‡Z DNA 1. †jvwnZ KwYKv¸‡jvi AvK…wZ Kv‡¯Íi g‡Zv nq|
†K mvnvh¨ K‡i -Dw³wU g~j¨vqb Ki| 4 2. m~² i³bvwjKvq m„wó Kivq †m ¯’v‡b Zxeª e¨v_v nq|
 26bs cª‡kœi DËi  3. †`‡n i³k~b¨Zv †`Lv †`q|
K. GKB †Kv‡li AmsL¨ ûeû GKB iK‡gi †Kvl m„wó Kiv‡K M. m„Rbkxj 3(M) bs DË‡ii Abyiƒc|
†mj †K¬vwbs e‡j| N. m„Rbkxj 2(N) bs DËi †`L|
L. K…wl Dbœq‡b ˆRe cÖhyw³i `ywU eënvi n‡jv : cÖkœ -28  evev evRvi †_‡K wKQz cvKv U‡g‡Uv wK‡b Avb‡jb| `v`y
1. mycvi ivBm m„wó| GwU wfUvwgb A mg„×| fvB ej‡jb, Avgv‡ì mgq cvKv U‡g‡Uvi Pvgov wQj ZzjZz‡j big
2. wfUvwgb mg„× fzÆvi RvZ m„wó| wKš‘ GLb Zv bq| [miKvwi wcGb evwjKv D”P we`¨vjq, ivRkvnx]
M. wP‡Îi AYywU n‡jv RNA A_©vr ivB‡evwbDwK¬K GwmW| wb‡P Gi K. wRb †K¬vwbs Kx? 1
MVb eY©bv Kiv n‡jv : L. wiKw¤^‡b›U DNA Kx? eywS‡q †jL| 2
GwU mvaviYZ GK m~Î wewkó| RNA 5 Kve©bhy³ ivB‡evR M. GLbKvi U‡g‡Uv `v`yfvB‡qi mg‡qi U‡g‡Uv n‡Z
Avjv`v †Kb? e¨vL¨v Ki| 3
kK©iv I dm‡dU wbwg©Z GKwU gvÎ cvk¦© KvVv‡gv Øviv MwVZ
hv‡Z Pvi ai‡bi bvB‡Uªv‡Rb ÿviK Dcw¯’Z| RNA †Z N. GLbKvi U‡g‡Uv Drcv`‡bi cÖhyw³wUi wPwKrmv
†ÿ‡Î f‚wgKv Kx? we‡kølY Ki| 4
GwWwbb, ¸qvwbb, mvB‡Uvwmb Ges BDivwmj bvgK bvB‡Uªv‡Rb
ÿviK _v‡K| Rxe‡Kvl wZb ai‡bi RNA _v‡K| h_v-  28bs cª‡kœi DËi 
1. evZ©vevnK AviGbG; 2. ivB‡ev‡Rvgvj AviGbG Ges K. GKB wR‡bi AmsL¨ bKj ˆZwi Kiv‡K wRb †K¬vwbs e‡j| GwU
3. UªvÝdvi AviGbG| wiKw¤^‡b›U DNA †UK‡bvjwRi mvnv‡h¨ Kiv nq|
N. wP‡Îi AYywU RNA A_©vr ivB‡evwbDwK¬K GwmW| GwU Rx‡ei L. GKwU DNA AYyi Kvw•¶Z Ask †K‡U Avjv`v K‡i Ab¨ GKwU
êwkó¨ wbqš¿Y Ki‡Z DNA †K mvnvh¨ K‡i| DNA Aby‡Z cÖwZ¯’vc‡bi d‡j †h bZzb DNA AYyi m„wó nq,
eskMwZi aviv cwien‡b DNA Gi g‡Zv RNA Gi ¸iæZ¡I Zv‡K wiKw¤^‡b›U DNA e‡j| wiKw¤^‡b›U DNA ˆZwii
Acwimxg| †hme Rx‡e DNA _v‡K bv †Kej RNA _v‡K cÖwµqv‡K wiKw¤^‡b›U DNA cÖhyw³ ev wRb †K¬vwbs e‡j|
†m‡ÿ‡Î RNA-B wRb wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i| †hgb : ZvgvK M. GLbKvi U‡g‡Uv n‡jv UªvÝ‡RwbK U‡g‡Uv UªvÝ‡RwbK e‡j Zv
Mv‡Qi †gvRvBK fvBivm (TMV)| `v`y fvB‡qi mg‡qi U‡g‡Uv n‡Z Avjv`v|
†µv‡gv‡Rv‡gi cÖavb Dcv`vb DNA hv Rx‡ei PvwiwÎK êwkó¨ U‡g‡Uvi Z¡K ZzjZz‡j big nq bv| Gi KviY n‡jv wRb
wbqš¿‡Y mvnvh¨ K‡i| †µv‡gv‡Rvg DNA I RNA †K aviY cÖ‡KŠk‡ji gva¨‡g wR‡bi ¯’vbvšÍi NwU‡q G‡K UªvÝ‡RwbK
K‡i evnK wn‡m‡e| eskMwZi aviv DNA wcZvgvZv †_‡K Dw™¢‡` cwiYZ Kiv n‡q‡Q| UªvÝ‡RwbK Dw™¢‡ì êwkó¨ n‡jv
mšÍvb-mšÍwZ‡Z cwienb K‡i Ges RNA GB cwienb Kv‡R Giv cZ½, fvBivm, e¨vK‡Uwiqv I QÎvK cÖwZ‡ivax| GQvovI
DNA †K mvnvh¨ K‡i| we‡kl K‡i UªvÝdvi RNA G‡ÿ‡Î Giv ˆkZ¨, jeYv³Zv, Liv, bvB‡Uªv‡Rb I dvB‡Uvni‡gvb
¸iæZ¡c~Y© f‚wgKv cvjb K‡i| ¯^íZv †gvKvwejv Ki‡Z mÿg| DÏxc‡K ewY©Z UªvÝ‡RwbK
AZGe, DcwiD³ cÖwµqvq RNA Rx‡ei êwkó¨ wbqš¿‡Y U‡g‡Uvi Z¡K Av‡Mi U‡g‡Uvi †P‡q A‡cÿvK…Z k³ nIqvi
DNA †K mvnvh¨ K‡i| myweav n‡jv Giv †h‡Kv‡bv êwi cwi‡ek †gvKvwejv Ki‡Z
mÿg|
cÖkœ -27 
N. GLvbKvi U‡g‡Uv Drcv`‡bi cÖhyw³wU n‡jv UªvÝ‡RwbK Rxe
D™¢ve‡bi cÖhyw³| hv wPwKrmv †ÿ‡ÎI D‡jøL‡hvM¨ f‚wgKv
iv‡L| ˆRe cÖhyw³i mdj cÖ‡qv‡Mi gva¨‡g|DÏxc‡Ki 2. B›Uvi‡dib Drcv`b : wRb cÖ‡KŠkj cÖ‡qvM K‡i
UªvÝ‡RwbK U‡g‡Uv D™¢veb Kiv m¤¢eci n‡q‡Q wPwKrmv‡ÿ‡ÎI evwYwR¨K wfwË‡Z B›Uvi‡dib Drcv`b m¤¢e n‡q‡Q|
gvivZ¥K †ivMe¨vwa kbv³Ki‡Yi cvkvcvwk ˆRe cÖhyw³i gva¨‡g B›Uvi‡dib †ncvUvBwUm I K¨vÝv‡ii wPwKrmvq eëüZ nq|
Ilya Drcv`‡bi cÖwµqv †Rviv‡jv n‡q‡Q| wb‡P Gi mswÿß 3. ni‡gvb I A¨vw›Uev‡qvwUK Drcv`b : ˆRe cÖhyw³ Øviv
eY©bv †`qv n‡jv : wewfbœ ni‡gvb h_v : Wvqv‡ewUm †iv‡Mi Bbmywjb I cÖvq
1. f¨vKwmb Drcv`b : ˆRe cÖhyw³i mdj eënvi Øviv GK nvRv‡ii †ewk A¨vw›Uev‡qvwUK Drcv`b m¤¢e n‡q‡Q|
e¨vcKfv‡e †cvwjI, h²v, nvg, emšÍmn wewfbœ msµvgK GQvovI GbRvBg Drcv`‡b Ges UªvÝ‡RwbK cÖvYxi `ya, i³,
†iv‡Mi f¨vKwmb Drcv`b m¤¢e n‡q‡Q| g~Î †_‡K cÖ‡qvRbxq Ilya AvniY m¤¢e n‡q‡Q| Kv‡RB
wPwKrmv †ÿ‡Î ˆRe cÖhyw³ eënvi e¨vcKfv‡e mdjZv AR©b
K‡i‡Q|
m„R bkxj cÖkœe¨vsK

œ 29  GLjvQ DwÏb GKRb ˆRe cÖhyw³we`| m¤cÖwZ AvgMv‡Qi
cÖk-
œ 32 
cÖk-
kxl©gyKzj †_‡K wUmy¨ wb‡q bZzb GKwU Av‡gi Pviv Drcbœ K‡ib|
†`‡ki cÖ_g mvwii ˆ`wbK¸‡jv‡Z LeiwU †ek ¸iæZ¡ mnKv‡i
Qvcv‡bv n‡q‡Q|
K. ˆRe cÖhyw³ Kx? 1
L. †K¬vb ej‡Z Kx eyS? 2
M. GLjvQ DwÏb Kxfv‡e bZzb Pviv Drcbœ K‡i‡Qb? e¨vL¨v
Ki| 3
N. evsjv‡`‡ki †cÖÿvc‡U GLjvQ DwÏ‡bi cªhyw³wU KZUzKz
hyw³hy³ we‡kølY Ki| 4
K. †R‡bwUK BwÄwbqvwis Kx? 1
œ 30  gw¯Í®‹ weK…Z Pwjø‡kva© GKRb †jvK K 10 eQi c~‡e© L. †K¬vwbs‡qi mvgvwRK cÖfve e¨vL¨v Ki|
cÖk- 2
evwo †Q‡o P‡j wM‡qwQ‡jb| 10 eQi ci evwo wd‡i L †K ej‡jb, M. Dc‡ii DÏxc‡K cÖ`wk©Z wPÎwUi MVb eY©bv Ki| 3
Zzwg Avgvi mšÍvb| N. DÏxc‡Ki wPÎwU wj½ wba©viK -Gi mc‡ÿ †Zvgvi gZvgZ
K. DNA Gi c~Y©iƒc Kx? 1 Zz‡j ai| 4
L. AvaywbK ˆRe cÖhyw³‡Z Kx Kx wel‡qi mgš^q n‡q‡Q eywS‡q †jL| 2
M. K I L Gi g‡a¨ mgm¨vwU Kxfv‡e mgvavb Kiv hv‡e Zv œ 33  ˆPwZ Zvi evevi mv‡_ wgwói †`vKv‡b `B wKb‡Z †Mj|
cÖk-
eY©bv Ki| 3 `B wK‡b evwoi †divi c‡_ ˆPZxi g‡b cÖkœ RvM‡j wKfv‡e `B
N. K-Gi gw¯Í®‹ weK…wZi †R‡bwUK KviY m¤ú‡K© †Zvgvi ˆZwi nq| Zvi evev eySv‡jb GwU GKwU cÖhyw³ hv gvby‡li Rxe‡bi
gZvgZ `vI| 4 mv‡_ IZcÖ‡Zvfv‡e RwoZ| wZwb AviI ej‡jb, G cÖhyw³ gvbyl
eZ©gv‡b bZzbfv‡e eënvi Ki‡jI Zv g~jZ GKwU cÖvPxb c×wZ|
œ 31  †gŠwgZv Zvi evevi mv‡_ K…wl †gjvq wM‡qwQj| †m †`Lj K. †µv‡gv‡Rvg Kx?
cÖk- 1
Zv‡ì evwoi †cqvivi †P‡q A‡bK ¸Y eo †cqvivmn KZK¸‡jv MvQ L. DNA †U÷ Kx? e¨vL¨v Ki| 2
†gjvq D‡V‡Q| Zvi evev ej‡jb, GwU GK ai‡bi cÖhyw³| M. Ilya wk‡í DÏxc‡Ki cÖhyw³i eënvi D‡jøL Ki| 3
K. RNA Gi c~Y©iƒc Kx? 1 N. evsjv‡`‡ki K…wl‡Z Dbœqb Rxe cÖhyw³i ¸iæZ¡ we‡kølY
L. †R‡bwUK¨vj gwWdvBW fzÆvi cywó¸Y †jL| 2 Ki| 4
M. Jla wk‡í G ai‡bi cÖhyw³i ¸iæZ¡ †jL| 3
N. G ai‡bi cÖhyw³i mvnv‡h¨ Kxfv‡e †Kv‡bv Kvw•¶Z êwkó¨
cÖKvk Kiv hvq e¨vL¨v Ki| 4
Aa¨vq mgwš^Z m„R bkxj cÖkœ I DËi

[Aa¨vq : 1g I 11k]
wbnv‡ji evev I gv Lvevi †Uwe‡j e‡m MvRi, euvavKwc, gUiïuwU K. wfUvwgb B Kg‡cø· Kv‡K e‡j? 1
cÖf…wZ mewR wb‡q Av‡jvPbv KiwQ‡jb| G mgq wbnvj ejj Gme L. DNA I RNA Gi g‡a¨ `ywU cv_©K¨ †jL| 2
mewR‡Z cÖPzi cwigv‡Y GK cÖKvi wfUvwgb we`¨gvb _v‡K| AviI M. DÏxc‡K ewY©Z mewR¸‡jv‡Z we`¨gvb wfUvwg‡bi
ejj eZ©gv‡b G¸‡jv DbœZ cÖhyw³i gva¨‡g D™¢veb Kiv n‡”Q| AfveRwbZ †ivM I cÖwZKvi m¤ú‡K© †jL| 3
N. UªvÝ‡RwbK Dw™¢` D™¢ve‡bi D³ cÖhyw³i f‚wgKv i‡q‡Q U‡g‡Uv, MvRi, euvavKwc, ZvgvK, gUi, †cu‡c, fzÆv
we‡kølY Ki| 4 cÖf„wZ| UªvÝ‡RwbK U‡g‡Uv D™¢veb K‡i cvKv U‡g‡Uvi Z¡K
big nIqv cÖwZ‡iva Kiv n‡q‡Q| GQvovI G¸‡jv‡K wej‡¤^
 34bs cª‡kœi DËi  cvKv‡bv I my‡µv‡Ri cwigvY e„w× Kiv n‡q‡Q|
K. 12wU wfUvwgb B Gi `j‡K wfUvwgb B Kg‡cø· e‡j| ZvB DcwiD³ Av‡jvPbvq mv‡c‡ÿ ejv hvq, UªvÝ‡RwbK Dw™¢`
L. DNA I RNA Gi g‡a¨ `ywU cv_©K¨ wbgœiƒc : D™¢ve‡b wRb cÖhyw³i f‚wgKv Acwimxg|
DNA RNA
1. Wvej †nwj· wbDwK¬K 1. wm‡½j †nwj· wbDwK¬K cÖkœ -35  wb‡Pi DÏxcKwU c‡o cÖkœ¸‡jvi DËi `vI :
GwmW| GwmW| Lv`¨ MÖnY → Lv`¨ cwicvK → Lv`¨ cwi‡kvlY| [Aa¨vq : 7g I 11k]
2. DNA †Z cvBwiwgwWb 2. RNA Gi cvBwiwgwWb K. †Uw÷s m‡ëi ivmvqwbK bvg Kx? 1
ÿviK wn‡m‡e _v‡K ÿviK n‡jv BDivwmj| L. AvaywbK Rxe cÖhyw³ Kx Kx wel‡qi mgš^‡q MwVZ? 2
_vBwgb| M. DÏxc‡K DwjøwLZ Dcv`vbwUi Dbœq‡b Rxe cÖhyw³i
M. DÏxc‡K ewY©Z mewR¸‡jv n‡jv MvRi, euvavKwc, gUi kuywU cÖ‡qvM †`LvI| 3
cÖf…wZ| G¸‡jv‡Z cÖPzi cwigv‡Y wfUvwgb A we`¨gvb| wfUvwgb N. DcwiD³ cÖwµqvq Gwm‡Wi eënvi we‡kølY Ki| 4
A AfveRwbZ †ivM m¤ú‡K© wb‡P Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡jv:
i. wfUvwgb A Gi Afv‡e ivZKvbv †ivM nq|
K. †Uw÷s m‡ëi ivmvqwbK bvg †mvwWqvg MøyUv‡gU|
ii. Gi Afve `xN©¯’vqx n‡j †Pv‡Li Kwb©qvi Avjmvi m„wó nq,
L. AvaywbK Rxe cÖhyw³ wZbwU wel‡qi mgš^‡q MwVZ|
G Ae¯’v‡K †Ric_vjwgqv e‡j| G †iv‡M AvµvšÍ e¨w³ i. AYyRxeweÁvb
cy‡ivcywi AÜ n‡q hvq| ii. wUmy¨ KvjPvi
iii. Gi Afv‡e †`‡ni e„w× evavcÖvß nq| iii. wRb cÖ‡KŠkj|
iv. A‡bK mgq Nv, mw`©, Kvwk, Mjve¨_v BZ¨vw` DcmM© †`Lv M. m„Rbkxj 2(N) bs DËi †`L|
†`q| N. DÏxc‡Ki cÖwµqvq Gwm‡Wi eënvi wbgœiƒ‡c we‡kølY Kiv
v. wfUvwgb A Gi Afv‡e Z¡‡Ki †jvgK‚‡ci †Mvovq †QvU n‡jvÑ
†QvU ¸wUi m„wó nq| Lv`¨ MÖnY→ Lv`¨ cwicvK → Lv`¨ cwi‡kvlY
cÖwZKvi : wfUvwgb A K¨vcmyj †L‡q ivZKvbv †ivM wbivgq Kiv Lvevi nRg Kivi Rb¨ Avgv‡ì cvK¯’jx‡Z wbw`©ó gvÎvi HCl
hvq| wfUvwgb A mg„× Lvevi MÖnYB Gme †iv‡Mi nvZ †_‡K cÖ‡qvRb nq| GB gvÎvi †ni‡di n‡j Avgv‡ì e`nRg nq ev
cÖwZKv‡ii DËg Dcvq| Lvevi nR‡g Amyweav nq| †cÖvwUbhy³ Lvevi †L‡j cvK¯’jx‡Z
N. D³ cÖhyw³wU n‡”Q wRb cÖhyw³| G cÖhyw³i gva¨‡g wR‡bi Gwm‡Wi cwigvY †e‡o hvq| G Ae¯’vq †Kvgj cvbxq cvb
¯’vbvšÍi NwU‡q †hme Dw™¢` m„wó Kiv nq, †m¸‡jv‡K Ki‡j G‡Z _vKv NaHCO3 AwZwi³ Gwm‡Wi mv‡_ wewµqv
UªvÝ‡RwbK Dw™¢` e‡j| wiKw¤^‡b›U wWGb G †KŠkj cÖ‡qvM K‡i| d‡j cvK¯’jx‡Z Gwm‡Wi gvÎv e„w×i d‡j e`nRg nq
K‡i GKwU Kvw•¶Z wRb Dw™¢`‡`‡ni †Kv‡li †cÖv‡UvcøvR‡g bv| D‡jøL¨, NaHCO3wb‡RI GKwU GwmW, wKš‘ HCl
cÖ‡ek Kiv‡bv nq| A‡bK kw³kvjx e‡j G‡ì wewµqv nq|
eZ©gv‡b ¸iæZ¡ I A_©Kix dmj‡K UªvÝ‡RwbK Dw™¢‡` cwiYZ NaHCO3 + HCl → NaCl + H2O + CO2
K‡i KxU cZ½, fvBivm, e¨vK‡Uwiqv I QÎvK cÖwZ‡ivax K‡i †jey, Kgjv, Av‡cj, †cqviv, AvgjKx, Kvgiv½v BZ¨vw` bvbv
Drcv`b Kiv n‡”Q| ˆkZ¨, jeYv³Zv, Liv, bvB‡Uªv‡Rb I iKg d‡j Av‡Q bvbv iK‡gi ˆRe GwmW, †h¸‡jv Avgv‡ì
dvB‡Uvni‡gvb ¯^íZv †gvKvwejv Kiv mÿg n‡”Q UªvÝ‡RwbK Rb¨ AZ¨šÍ cÖ‡qvRbxq| †evinvwb ev `B‡Z j¨vKwUK GwmW
Dw™¢` Drcv`b K‡i| GLb ch©šÍ cÖvq 60wUi g‡Zv Dw™¢` _v‡K, hv nR‡g mvnvh¨ K‡i|
cÖRvwZ‡Z G cÖwµqvi mdj cÖ‡qvM Kiv n‡q‡Q| Gi g‡a¨
Abykxj‡bi Rb¨ `ÿZv¯Í‡ii cÖkœ I DËi

 Ávbg~jK cÖkœ I DËi  cÖkœ \ 4 \ †K¬vwbs Kv‡K e‡j?
cÖkœ \ 1 \ †µv‡gv‡mvg Kx? DËi : †h c×wZ‡Z GKwU †Kvl †_‡K GKB iKg wRbMZ
DËi : cÖK…Z †Kvl wewkó Rx‡ei wbDwK¬qv‡mi wbDwK¬IcvR‡g êwkó¨c~Y© A‡bK †Kvl m„wó Kiv nq Zv‡K †K¬vwbs e‡j|
Aew¯’Z myZvi g‡Zv e¯‘¸‡jv †Kvl wefvR‡bi mgq ¯úó n‡q
†µv‡gv‡mv‡g cwiYZ nq| cÖkœ \ 5 \ †K¬vwbs Kq cÖKvi|
cÖkœ \ 2 \ wRb Kv‡K e‡j? DËi : †K¬vwbs wZb cÖKvi|
DËi : Rx‡ei eskMwZi GKK‡K wRb e‡j| cÖkœ \ 6 \ †K¬vwbs-Gi cÖKvi‡f`¸‡jv Kx Kx?
cÖkœ \ 3 \ eZ©gv‡b †Kvb †ÿ‡Î cøvRwg‡Wi eënvi ¸iæZ¡c~Y©? DËi : †K¬vwbs-Gi cÖKvi‡f`¸‡jv n‡jv : 1. wRb †K¬vwbs; 2. †mj
DËi : eZ©gv‡b †R‡bwUK BwÄwbqvwis M‡elYvq Ges UªvÝ‡RwbK Rxe †K¬vwbs; 3. Rxe †K¬vwbs|
m„wó‡Z cøvRwg‡Wi eënvi ¸i“Zc¡ ~Y©|
cÖkœ \ 7 \ Rxe †K¬vwbs-Gi GKwU D`vniY `vI| DËi : †µv‡gv‡mv‡gi ¸i“Z¡¸‡jv n‡jv :
DËi : cÖK…wZ‡Z Dw™¢‡ì †¶‡Î A½R Rb‡bi d‡j Drcbœ Dw™¢` 1. †µv‡gv‡mvg eskMwZi aviK wRb aviY I enb K‡i|
GKwU †K¬vb| g‡bvRvB‡MvwUK hgR G‡K Ac‡ii †K¬vb| 2. †µv‡gv‡mvg cÖRvwZi eskMZ êwkó¨¸‡jv‡K cyi“lvYyµ‡g enb K‡i|
cÖkœ \ 8 \ Rxe †K¬vwbs-Gi Rb¨ †Kvb †Kvl eënvi Kiv nq? 3. †Kvl wefvR‡bi mgq †µv‡gv‡mv‡gi cwieZ©‡bi d‡j wR‡bi
DËi : Rxe †K¬vwbs-Gi Rb¨ †`n‡Kvl †_‡K wbDwK¬qvm‡K †ei K‡i web¨v‡mi Kvi‡Y cÖKiY N‡U Ges Awfe¨w³i aviv eRvq iv‡L|
wb‡q †mB †Kvl‡K eënvi Kiv nq| 4. ˆRe ivmvqwbK I kvixie„Ëxq Kg©KvÊ wbqš¿Y K‡i|
cÖkœ \ 9 \ GKwU UªvÝ‡RwbK e¨vK‡Uwiqvi D`vniY `vI|
DËi : wiKw¤^‡b›U cvRwgW‡K UªvÝdi‡gk‡bi d‡j m„ó bZzb wRb cÖkœ \ 4 \ wK¬wb‡djUvim wmb‡Wªvg ej‡Z Kx eyS?
wb‡q Escheretia coli e¨vK‡Uwiqv GKwU UªvÝ‡RwbK e¨vK‡Uwiqv| DËi : wK¬wb‡djUvim wmb‡Wªvg †ivMwU cyiæl gvby‡li †m· †µv‡gv‡mv‡gi
cÖkœ \ 10 \ UªvÝ‡RwbK Dw™¢` Kx? wWmRvsk‡bi Kvi‡Y m„wó nq| d‡j cyiælwUi †Kv‡l XY †µv‡gv‡mvg
DËi : wRb cÖ‡KŠk‡ji gva¨‡g wR‡bi ¯’vbvšÍi NwU‡q †hme Dw™¢` QvovI AwZwi³ Avi GKwU X †µv‡gv‡mvg mshy³ nq Ges cyiælwU
m„wó Kiv nq †m¸‡jv‡K UªvÝ‡RwbK Dw™¢` e‡j| nq XXY †µv‡gv‡mvg wewkó| wK¬wb‡djUvim wmb‡Wªvg wewkó
cÖkœ \ 11 \ UªvÝ‡RwbK cÖvYx Kx? evjK‡ì g‡a¨ GKRb ¯^vfvweK cyiæ‡li †h evwn¨K êwkó¨¸‡jv
DËi : wRb cÖ‡KŠk‡ji gva¨‡g cÖvwY‡`‡n ewnivMZ wR‡bi ¯’vbvšÍi _vKv ìKvi Zv _v‡K bv| G‡ì KÉ¯î Lye KK©k nq Ges
NwU‡q †hme cÖvYx m„wó Kiv nq, †m¸‡jv‡K UªvÝ‡RwbK cÖvYx e‡j| ¯Íb¸‡jv eo AvKv‡ii nq| G‡ì e„w× Kg Ges eÜ¨v nq|
cÖkœ \ 12 \ †Kvb c×wZi mvnv‡h¨ wRb †K¬vwbs NUv‡bv nq? cÖkœ \ 5 \ ˆbwZKZvi w`K w`‡q gvby‡li †K¬vwbs KivUv wK wVK n‡e?
DËi : wRb †K¬vwbs wiKw¤^b¨v›U wWGbG †UK‡bvjwRi mvnv‡h¨ DË‡ii ¯^c‡¶ e¨vL¨vmn †jL|
NUv‡bv nq| DËi : cï‡ì †K¬vwbs wb‡q †Zgb †Kv‡bv weZK© m„wó nqwb Z‡e Gi
cÖkœ \ 13 \ SIT-Gi c~Y©bvg Kx?
g‡a¨ gvby‡li †K¬vwbs‡qi wPšÍvfvebv ïi“ n‡q‡Q| GLb Gi
DËi : SIT-Gi c~Y©bvg †÷ivBj Bb‡m± †UKwbK|
ˆbwZKZv wb‡q weZK© D‡V‡Q| ˆbwZKZv cÖkœ¸‡jvi g‡a¨Ñ
 Abyavebg~jK cÖkœ I DËi  cÖ_gZ, †K¬vwbs n‡q f~wgô nIqv wkïwU hLb eo n‡e Zvi PvwiwÎK
êwkó¨, e¨w³Z¡ IB †K¬vb n‡Z PvIqv e¨w³i e¨w³‡Z¡i g‡Zv n‡e,
cÖkœ \ 1 \ †µv‡gv‡mvg‡K eskMwZi evnK ejv nq †Kb?
DËi : †µv‡gv‡mv‡gi cÖavb Dcv`vb wWGbG| wWGbG-B Rx‡ei bvwK AbïKg n‡e| wØZxqZ, Gfv‡e †K¬vb n‡q m„wó nIqvq
PvwiwÎK êwk‡óï cÖK…Z aviK, hv‡K wRb ejv nq| †µv‡gv‡mv‡gi wkïwUi Dci mvgvwRK Pvc cÖej n‡e| †K¬vwbs RvZ wkïwU m¤ú~Y©
Mv‡qB mwbœ‡ewkZ _v‡K AmsL¨ wRb ev eskMwZi GKK| †µv‡gv‡mvg my¯’ n‡e, Ggb‡Zv ejv hv‡”QB bv eis D‡ëv cÖwZeÜx ev weKjv½
wWGbG A_©vr wRb‡K aviY K‡i evnK wn‡m‡e| †µv‡gv‡mvg wRb‡K nIqvi Avk¼v †ewk| gvbe †K¬vwbs n‡e cÖK…wZi Ici GK eo
mivmwi enb K‡i wcZvgvZv †_‡K Zv‡ì cieZ©x eska‡i wb‡q ai‡bi n¯Í‡¶c| mvaviY gvby‡li GKvs‡ki g‡Z, ag© Avi weÁvb
hvq| †Kvl wefvR‡bi gv‡qvwUK cÖwµqvq †µv‡gv‡mv‡gi gva¨‡g GK bq| ag©xq Abykvmb †g‡b Pjv DwPZ|
eskMwZi G aviv Ae¨vnZ _v‡K| G Kvi‡Y †µv‡gv‡mvg‡K eskMwZi
cÖkœ \ 6 \ Rxe cÖhyw³ cÖ‡qvM K‡i Kxfv‡e Acivax‡K kbv³ Kiv nq?
evnK Ges †fŠZ wfwË e‡j AvL¨vwqZ Kiv nq|
cÖkœ \ 2 \ cÖK…Z †Kv‡li †µv‡gv‡mv‡gi ivmvqwbK MVb Kx? DËi : Rxe cÖhyw³ cÖ‡qvM K‡i i³, exh©im, g~Î, AkÖæ, jvjv
DËi : cÖK…Z †Kv‡li †µv‡gv‡mv‡gi ivmvqwbK MV‡b †`Lv hvq GwU BZ¨vwì wWGbG A_ev A¨vw›UewW †_‡K d‡ibwmK †U÷ Øviv
wbDwK¬K GwmW, †cÖvwUb I Ab¨vb¨ Dcv`vb wb‡q MwVZ| wbDwK¬K Acivax‡K kbv³ Kiv nq|
GwmW `yB ai‡bi nq| h_v : wW Aw·ivB‡evwbDwK¬K GwmW (wWGbG)
Ges ivB‡evwbDwK¬K GwmW (AviGbG)|
cÖkœ \ 3 \ †µv‡gv‡mv‡gi ¸i“Z¡ D‡jL Ki|

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beg-`kg †kÖwY : mvaviY weÁvb  370

cvV m¤úwK©Z ¸iæZ¡c~Y© welqvw`

Abykxjbxi enywbe©vPwb cÖ‡kœvËi

¸iæZ¡c~Y© enywbe©vPwb cÖ‡kœvËi

AwZwi³ enywbe©vPwb cÖ‡kœvËi

†em M †nUv‡ivRvBMvm wRb N cÖKU X wRb

wewf bœ ¯‹z‡ j i wbe©v wPZ enyw be©v Pwb cÖ‡ kœv Ëi

G A a¨v‡q i c vV mg wš^Z e nyw b e©v Pwb cÖ‡ kœv Ëi

iii. wn‡gvwdwjqv 199. wgbyi †iv‡Mi KviY- (D”PZi `ÿZv)

Abykxjbxi m„R bkxj cÖkœ I DËi

¸iæZ¡c~Y© m„Rbkxj cÖkœ I DËi

K. GKB †Kv‡li AmsL¨ ûeû GKB iK‡gi †Kvl m„wó Kiv‡K

AwZwi³ m„R bkxj cÖkœ I DËi

K. wUmy¨ KvjPvi Kx? 1 K. wbDwK¬qvm Kv‡K e‡j? 1

wewf bœ ¯‹z‡ j i wbe©v wPZ m„R bkxj cÖk œ I D Ëi

m„R bkxj cÖkœe¨vsK

Aa¨vq mgwš^Z m„R bkxj cÖkœ I DËi

Abykxj‡bi Rb¨ `ÿZv¯Í‡ii cÖkœ I DËi

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