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Notes8 3

8-3 notes method bsc

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27 views6 pages

Notes8 3

8-3 notes method bsc

Uploaded by

Muhammad Ramzan
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Lecture Notes of

Thomas’ Calculus

Section 8.3

Infinite Series

Instructor: Dr. ZHANG Zhengru


Lecture Notes of Section 8.2 Page 1

OUTLINE

• Series and Partial Sums

• Geometric Series

• Divergence Series

• nth-Term Test for Divergence

• Adding or Deleting Terms

• Reindexing

• Combing Series

Introduction
Tell the difference (sum of finite terms vs sum of infinite terms).

• 1 + x + x2 + x3 + · · · + xn + · · ·

• 1 + x + x2 + x3 + · · · + xn
1 1 1 1
• 1+ + 2 + 3 +···+ n +···
2 2 2 2
1
• 1+
2
1 1 1
• 1+ + 2+ 3
2 2 2
1 1 1 1
• 1+ + 2 + 3 +···+ n
2 2 2 2

Definition 1 Given a sequence of numbers {an }, an expression of the form

a1 + a2 + a3 + · · · + an + · · ·

is an infinite series. The number an is the nth term of the series


Lecture Notes of Section 8.2 Page 2

Definition 2 partial sum of the series from a sequence


n
X
sn = ak .
k=1

If the sequences of partial sums has a limit S as n → ∞, we say the series converges to
the sum S, and we write
∞
X
a1 + a2 + a3 + · · · + an + · · · = ak = S .
k=1

Otherwise, we say that the series diverges.

Example 1 Identifying a Convergent Series. Consider

3 3 3 3
+ + +···+ n +···
10 100 1000 10

Solution:

First find the partial sum


3
10
− 101n )
(1
sn = 1
1 − 10

Definition 3 Geometric Series are series of the form


∞
X
n−1
2
a + ar + ar + · · · + ar +··· = ar n−1
n=1

The geometric series


∞
X
n−1
2
a + ar + ar + · · · + ar +··· = ar n−1
n=1

a
converges to the sum if |r| < 1 and diverges if |r| > 1. The
1−r
interval −1 < r < 1 is the interval of convergence

Example 2 Analyzing Geometric Series

∞  n−1
X 1
(a) 3
n=1
2
Lecture Notes of Section 8.2 Page 3

1 1 1 1
(b) 1 − + − + · · · + (− )n−1 + · · ·
2 4 8 2
∞  k
X 3
(c)
k=0
5

π π2 π3
(d) + + +···
2 4 8

Example 3 A Bouncing Ball. The total distance is


2ar
s = a + 2ar + 2ar 2 + 2ar 3 + · · · = a +
1−r

Example 4 Repeating Decimals, Express the repeating decimal 5.232323 · · · as the ratio of
two integers

Solution:

23 23 23
5.232323 = 5 + + +
100 (100)2 (100)3
23 1 518
= 5+ ( )=
100 0.99 99

Example 5 A Nongeometric but Telescoping Series.


∞
X 1
n=1
n(n + 1)

Solution:

1
sk = 1 −
k+1
It is easy to see that sk → 0 as k → ∞.

Example 6 Identifying a Divergent Series

1−1+1−1+1−1+···

the sequence of partial sum is


1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, · · ·

Since the sequence has no limit, the series has no sum. It diverges.
Lecture Notes of Section 8.2 Page 4

Example 7 Partial Sums Outgrowing Any Bound

∞
X
(a) n2
n=1

∞
X n+1
(b)
n=1
n

∞
P
Theorem 1 If an converges, then an → 0..
n=1

∞
P
an diverges if lim an fails to exist or is different from zero
n=1 n→∞

∞
X
Example 8 (a) n2
n=1

∞
X n+1
(b)
n=1
n
∞
X
(c) (−1)n+1
n=1

∞
X −n
(d)
n=1
2n + 5

Example 9 an → 0, but the series diverges. The harmonic series


∞
X 1
n=1
n

P P
Theorem 2 Properties of Convergent Series. If an = A and bn = B, then

P P P
1. (an ± bn ) = zn ± bn = A ± B
P P
2. kan = k an = kA (any number k)

Let the students to give the proof.


Lecture Notes of Section 8.2 Page 5

Example 10 Application of the above theorem

∞
X 3n−1 − 1 4
(a) =
n=1
6n−1 5
∞
X 4
(b) n−1
=8
n=1
2

Interpreting Theorem 2 for divergence

1. Nonzero constant multiple of a divergent series diverges


P P P
2. an converges and bn diverges, then (an ± bn ) diverges.

HOMEWORK ASSIGNMENT

Page 637: 7, 9, 11, 15, 16, 19, 21, 25, 28, 31, 35, 40, 44.

— END —

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