Digital Image Processing Questions And Answers – Steps in Image Processing

1. What is the first and foremost step in Image Processing?

a) Image restoration
b) Image enhancement
c) Image acquisition
d) Segmentation

6. What is the expanded form of JPEG?

a) Joint Photographic Expansion Group
b) Joint Photographic Experts Group
c) Joint Photographs Expansion Group
d) Joint Photographic Expanded Group

7. Which of the following step deals with tools for extracting image components those are useful in the
representation and description of shape?
a) Segmentation
b) Representation & description
c) Compression
d) Morphological processing
1. To convert a continuous sensed data into Digital form, which of the following is required?
a) Sampling
b) Quantization
c) Both Sampling and Quantization
d) Neither Sampling nor Quantization

To convert a continuous image f(x, y) to digital form, we have to sample the function in __________
a) Coordinates
b) Amplitude`
c) All of the mentioned
d) None of the mentioned

For a continuous image f(x, y), how could be Sampling defined?

a) Digitizing the coordinate values
b) Digitizing the amplitude values
c) All of the mentioned
d) None of the mentioned
For a continuous image f(x, y), Quantization is defined as
a) Digitizing the coordinate values
b) Digitizing the amplitude values
c) All of the mentioned
d) None of the mentioned
“For a given image in one-dimension given by function f(x, y), to sample the function we take equally
spaced samples, superimposed on the function, along a horizontal line. However, the sample values still
span (vertically) a continuous range of gray-level values. So, to convert the given function into a digital
function, the gray-level values must be divided into various discrete levels.”
a) True
b) False

The quality of a digital image is well determined by ___________

a) The number of samples
b) The discrete gray levels
c) All of the mentioned
d) None of the mentioned

Assume that an image f(x, y) is sampled so that the result has M rows and N columns. If the values of
the coordinates at the origin are (x, y) = (0, 0), then the notation (0, 1) is used to signify :
a) Second sample along first row
b) First sample along second row
c) First sample along first row
d) Second sample along second row

The resulting image of sampling and quantization is considered a matrix of real numbers. By what
name(s) the element of this matrix array is called __________
a) Image element or Picture element
b) Pixel or Pel
c) All of the mentioned
d) None of the mentioned

Let Z be the set of real integers and R the set of real numbers. The sampling process may be viewed as
partitioning the x-y plane into a grid, with the central coordinates of each grid being from the Cartesian
product Z2, that is a set of all ordered pairs (zi, zj), with zi and zj being integers from Z. Then, f(x, y) is
said a digital image if:
a) (x, y) are integers from Z2 and f is a function that assigns a gray-level value (from Z) to each distinct
pair of coordinates (x, y)
b) (x, y) are integers from R2 and f is a function that assigns a gray-level value (from R) to each distinct
pair of coordinates (x, y)
c) (x, y) are integers from R2 and f is a function that assigns a gray-level value (from Z) to each distinct
pair of coordinates (x, y)
d) (x, y) are integers from Z2 and f is a function that assigns a gray-level value (from R) to each distinct
pair of coordinates (x, y)

. The digitization process i.e. the digital image has M rows and N columns, requires decisions about
values for M, N, and for the number, L, of gray levels allowed for each pixel. The value M and N have to
be:
a) M and N have to be positive integer
b) M and N have to be negative integer
c) M have to be negative and N have to be positive integer
d) M have to be positive and N have to be negative integer

The digitization process i.e. the digital image has M rows and N columns, requires decisions about
values for M, N, and for the number, L, of max gray levels. There are no requirements on M and N, other
than that M and N have to be positive integer. However, the number of gray levels typically is
a) An integer power of 2 i.e. L = 2k
b) A Real power of 2 i.e. L = 2k
c) Two times the integer value i.e. L = 2k
d) None of the mentioned

The digitization process i.e. the digital image has M rows and N columns, requires decisions about
values for M, N, and for the number, L, of max gray levels is an integer power of 2 i.e. L = 2k, allowed for
each pixel. If we assume that the discrete levels are equally spaced and that they are integers then they
are in the interval __________ and Sometimes the range of values spanned by the gray scale is called
the ________ of an image.
a) [0, L – 1] and static range respectively
b) [0, L / 2] and dynamic range respectively
c) [0, L / 2] and static range respectively
d) [0, L – 1] and dynamic range respectively

Noise reduction is obtained by blurring the image using smoothing filter.

a) True
b) False

. What is the output of a smoothing, linear spatial filter?

a) Median of pixels
b) Maximum of pixels
c) Minimum of pixels
d) Average of pixels

Smoothing linear filter is also known as median filter.

a) True
b) False

Which of the following in an image can be removed by using smoothing filter?

a) Smooth transitions of gray levels
b) Smooth transitions of brightness levels
c) Sharp transitions of gray levels
d) Sharp transitions of brightness levels
5. Which of the following is the disadvantage of using smoothing filter?
a) Blur edges
b) Blur inner pixels
c) Remove sharp transitions
d) Sharp edges

Smoothing spatial filters doesn’t smooth the false contours.

a) True
b) False

The mask shown in the figure below belongs to which type of filter?

a) Sharpening spatial filter

b) Median filter
c) Sharpening frequency filter
d) Smoothing spatial filter

The mask shown in the figure below belongs to which type of filter?

a) Sharpening spatial filter

b) Median filter
c) Smoothing spatial filter
d) Sharpening frequency filter

Box filter is a type of smoothing filter.

a) True
b) False

If the size of the averaging filter used to smooth the original image to first image is 9, then what would
be the size of the averaging filter used in smoothing the same original picture to second in second
image?
a) 3
b) 5
c) 9
d) 15

Which of the following comes under the application of image blurring?

a) Object detection
b) Gross representation
c) Object motion
d) Image segmentation

Which of the following filters response is based on ranking of pixels?

a) Nonlinear smoothing filters
b) Linear smoothing filters
c) Sharpening filters
d) Geometric mean filter

Median filter belongs to which category of filters?

a) Linear spatial filter
b) Frequency domain filter
c) Order static filter
d) Sharpening filter

Median filters are effective in the presence of impulse noise.

a) True
b) False

What is the maximum area of the cluster that can be eliminated by using an n×n median filter?
a) n2
b) n2/2
c) 2*n2
d) n

Which of the following expression is used to denote spatial domain process?

a) g(x,y)=T[f(x,y)]
b) f(x+y)=T[g(x+y)]
c) g(xy)=T[f(xy)]
d) g(x-y)=T[f(x-y)]

Which of the following shows three basic types of functions used frequently for image enhancement?
a) Linear, logarithmic and inverse law
b) Power law, logarithmic and inverse law
c) Linear, logarithmic and power law
d) Linear, exponential and inverse law

Which expression is obtained by performing the negative transformation on the negative of an image
with gray levels in the range[0,L-1] ?
a) s=L+1-r
b) s=L+1+r
c) s=L-1-r
d) s=L-1+r

What is the general form of representation of log transformation?

a) s=clog10(1/r)
b) s=clog10(1+r)
c) s=clog10(1*r)
d) s=clog10(1-r)

What is the general form of representation of power transformation?

a) s=crγ
b) c=srγ
c) s=rc
d) s=rcγ

What is the name of process used to correct the power-law response phenomena?
a) Beta correction
b) Alpha correction
c) Gamma correction
d) Pie correction

n contrast stretching, if r1=s1 and r2=s2 then which of the following is true?
a) The transformation is not a linear function that produces no changes in gray levels
b) The transformation is a linear function that produces no changes in gray levels
c) The transformation is a linear function that produces changes in gray levels
d) The transformation is not a linear function that produces changes in gray levels

In contrast stretching, if r1=r2, s1=0 and s2=L-1 then which of the following is true?
a) The transformation becomes a thresholding function that creates an octal image
b) The transformation becomes a override function that creates an octal image
c) The transformation becomes a thresholding function that creates a binary image
d) The transformation becomes a thresholding function that do not create an octal image
In contrast stretching, if r1≤r2 and s1≤s2 then which of the following is true?
a) The transformation function is double valued and exponentially increasing
b) The transformation function is double valued and monotonically increasing
c) The transformation function is single valued and exponentially increasing
d) The transformation function is single valued and monotonically increasing

In which type of slicing, highlighting a specific range of gray levels in an image often is desired?
a) Gray-level slicing
b) Bit-plane slicing
c) Contrast stretching
d) Byte-level slicing

Which of the following depicts the main functionality of the Bit-plane slicing?
a) Highlighting a specific range of gray levels in an image
b) Highlighting the contribution made to total image appearance by specific bits
c) Highlighting the contribution made to total image appearance by specific byte
d) Highlighting the contribution made to total image appearance by specific pixels

Which of the following is the primary objective of sharpening of an image?

a) Blurring the image
b) Highlight fine details in the image
c) Increase the brightness of the image
d) Decrease the brightness of the imag

Image sharpening process is used in electronic printing.

a) True
b) False

In spatial domain, which of the following operation is done on the pixels in sharpening the image?
a) Integration
b) Average
c) Median
d) Differentiation

Image differentiation enhances the edges, discontinuities and deemphasizes the pixels with slow varying
gray levels.
a) True
b) False

In which of the following cases, we wouldn’t worry about the behaviour of sharpening filter?
a) Flat segments
b) Step discontinuities
c) Ramp discontinuities
d) Slow varying gray values

If f(x,y) is an image function of two variables, then the first order derivative of a one dimensional
function, f(x) is:
a) f(x+1)-f(x)
b) f(x)-f(x+1)
c) f(x-1)-f(x+1)
d) f(x)+f(x-1)

. First order derivative can enhance the fine detail in the image compared to that of second order
derivative.
a) True
b) False

Which of the following derivatives produce a double response at step changes in gray level?
a) First order derivative
b) Third order derivative
c) Second order derivative
d) First and second order derivatives

The objective of sharpening spatial filters is/are to ___________

a) Highlight fine detail in an image
b) Enhance detail that has been blurred because of some error
c) Enhance detail that has been blurred because of some natural effect of some method of image
acquisition
d) All of the mentioned

Sharpening is analogous to which of the following operations?

a) To spatial integration
b) To spatial differentiation
c) All of the mentioned
d) None of the mentioned

Which of the following fact(s) is/are true about sharpening spatial filters using digital differentiation?
a) Sharpening spatial filter response is proportional to the discontinuity of the image at the point where
the derivative operation is applied
b) Sharpening spatial filters enhances edges and discontinuities like noise
c) Sharpening spatial filters deemphasizes areas that have slowly varying gray-level values
d) All of the mentioned

The derivative of digital function is defined in terms of difference. Then, which of the following defines
the second order derivative ∂2 f/∂x2 = ___________ of a one-dimensional function f(x)?
a) f(x+1)-f(x)
b) f(x+1)+ f(x-1)-2f(x)
c) All of the mentioned depending upon the time when partial derivative will be dealt along two spatial
axes
d) None of the mentioned

What kind of relation can be obtained between first order derivative and second order derivative of an
image having a on the basis of edge productions that shows a transition like a ramp of constant slope?
a) First order derivative produces thick edge while second order produces a very fine edge
b) Second order derivative produces thick edge while first order produces a very fine edge
c) Both first and second order produces thick edge
d) Both first and second order produces a very fine edge

What kind of relation can be obtained between first order derivative and second order derivative of an
image on the response obtained by encountering an isolated noise point in the image?
a) First order derivative has a stronger response than a second order
b) Second order derivative has a stronger response than a first order
c) Both enhances the same and so the response is same for both first and second order derivative
d) None of the mentioned

. The principle objective of Sharpening, to highlight transitions is ________

a) Pixel density
b) Composure
c) Intensity
d) Brightness

How can Sharpening be achieved?

a) Pixel averaging
b) Slicing
c) Correlation
d) None of the mentioned

3. What does Image Differentiation enhance?

a) Edges
b) Pixel Density
c) Contours
d) None of the mentioned

Which of the following make an image difficult to enhance?

a) Narrow range of intensity levels
b) Dynamic range of intensity levels
c) High noise
d) All of the mentioned
 Dark characteristics in an image are better solved using ___________
a) Laplacian Transform
b) Gaussian Transform
c) Histogram Specification
d) Power-law Transformation

How do you bring out more of the skeletal detail from a Nuclear Whole Body Bone Scan?
a) Sharpening
b) Enhancing
c) Transformation
d) None of the mentioned

An alternate approach to median filtering is ______________

a) Use a mask
b) Gaussian filter
c) Sharpening
d) Laplacian filte

Final step of enhancement lies in _____________ of the sharpened image.

a) Increase range of contrast
b) Increase range of brightness
c) Increase dynamic range
d) None of the mentioned

What is accepting or rejecting certain frequency components called as?

a) Filtering
b) Eliminating
c) Slicing
d) None of the Mentioned

A filter that passes low frequencies is _____________

a) Band pass filter
b) High pass filter
c) Low pass filter
d) None of the Mentioned

What is the process of moving a filter mask over the image and computing the sum of products at each
location called as?
a) Convolution
b) Correlation
c) Linear spatial filtering
d) Non linear spatial filtering
What is required to generate an M X N linear spatial filter?
a) MN mask coefficients
b) M+N coordinates
c) MN spatial coefficients
d) None of the Mentioned

What is the difference between Convolution and Correlation?

a) Image is pre-rotated by 180 degree for Correlation
b) Image is pre-rotated by 180 degree for Convolution
c) Image is pre-rotated by 90 degree for Correlation
d) Image is pre-rotated by 90 degree for Convolution

Convolution and Correlation are functions of _____________

a) Distance
b) Time
c) Intensity
d) Displacement

. The histogram of a digital image with gray levels in the range [0, L-1] is represented by a discrete
function:
a) h(r_k)=n_k
b) h(r_k )=n/n_k
c) p(r_k )=n_k
d) h(r_k )=n_k/n

How is the expression represented for the normalized histogram?

a) p(r_k )=n_k
b) p(r_k )=n_k/n
c) p(r_k)=nn_k
d) p(r_k )=n/n_k

Histogram equalization or Histogram linearization is represented by of the following equation:

a) sk =∑k j =1 nj/n k=0,1,2,……,L-1
b) sk =∑k j =0 nj/n k=0,1,2,……,L-1
c) sk =∑k j =0 n/nj k=0,1,2,……,L-1
d) sk =∑k j =n nj/n k=0,1,2,……,L-1

Histograms are the basis for numerous spatial domain processing techniques.
a) True
b) False

In a dark image, the components of histogram are concentrated on which side of the grey scale?
a) High
b) Medium
c) Low
d) Evenly distributed

What is the basis for numerous spatial domain processing techniques?

a) Transformations
b) Scaling
c) Histogram
d) None of the Mentioned

In _______ image we notice that the components of histogram are concentrated on the low side on
intensity scale.
a) bright
b) dark
c) colourful
d) All of the Mentioned

What is Histogram Equalisation also called as?

a) Histogram Matching
b) Image Enhancement
c) Histogram linearisation
d) None of the Mentioned

Histogram Equalisation is mainly used for ________________

a) Image enhancement
b) Blurring
c) Contrast adjustment
d) None of the Mentioned

The type of Histogram Processing in which pixels are modified based on the intensity distribution of the
image is called _______________.
a) Intensive
b) Local
c) Global
d) Random

The output of a smoothing, linear spatial filtering is a ____________ of the pixels contained in the
neighbourhood of the filter mask.
a) Sum
b) Product
c) Average
d) Dot Product

Averaging filters is also known as ____________ filter.

a) Low pass
b) High pass
c) Band pass
d) None of the Mentioned

What is the undesirable side effects of Averaging filters?

a) No side effects
b) Blurred image
c) Blurred edges
d) Loss of sharp transitions

A spatial averaging filter in which all coefficients are equal is called _______________.
a) Square filter
b) Neighbourhood
c) Box filter
d) Zero filter

he non linear spacial filters whose response is based on ordering of the pixels contained is called
_____________.
a) Box filter
b) Square filter
c) Gaussian filter
d) Order-statistic filter

Best example for a Order-statistic filter is ____________________

a) Impulse filter
b) Averaging filter
c) Median filter
d) None of the Mentioned

What does “eliminated” refer to in median filter?

a) Force to average intensity of neighbours
b) Force to median intensity of neighbours
c) Eliminate median value of pixels
d) None of the Mentioned

Smoothing filter is used for which of the following work(s)?

a) Blurring
b) Noise reduction
c) All of the mentioned
d) None of the mentioned

The response of the smoothing linear spatial filter is/are __________

a) Sum of image pixel in the neighborhood filter mask
b) Difference of image in the neighborhood filter mask
c) Product of pixel in the neighborhood filter mask
d) Average of pixels in the neighborhood of filter mask

Which of the following filter(s) results in a value as average of pixels in the neighborhood of filter mask.
a) Smoothing linear spatial filter
b) Averaging filter
c) Lowpass filter
d) All of the mentioned

What is/are the resultant image of a smoothing filter?

a) Image with high sharp transitions in gray levels
b) Image with reduced sharp transitions in gray levels
c) All of the mentioned
d) None of the mentioned

At which of the following scenarios averaging filters is/are used?

a) In the reduction of irrelevant details in an image
b) For smoothing of false contours
c) For noise reductions
d) All of the mentioned

A spatial averaging filter having all the coefficients equal is termed _________
a) A box filter
b) A weighted average filter
c) A standard average filter
d) A median filter

7. What does using a mask having central coefficient maximum and then the coefficients reducing as a
function of increasing distance from origin results?
a) It results in increasing blurring in smoothing process
b) It results to reduce blurring in smoothing process
c) Nothing with blurring occurs as mask coefficient relation has no effect on smoothing process
d) None of the mentioned

What is the relation between blurring effect with change in filter size?
a) Blurring increases with decrease of the size of filter size
b) Blurring decrease with decrease of the size of filter size
c) Blurring decrease with increase of the size of filter size
d) Blurring increases with increase of the size of filter size

Which of the following filter(s) has the response in which the central pixel value is replaced by value
defined by ranking the pixel in the image encompassed by filter?
a) Order-Statistic filters
b) Non-linear spatial filters
c) Median filter
d) All of the mentioned

Is it true or false that “the original pixel value is included while computing the median using gray-levels
in the neighborhood of the original pixel in median filter case”?
a) True
b) False

Two filters of similar size are used for smoothing image having impulse noise. One is median filter while
the other is a linear spatial filter. Which would the blurring effect of both?
a) Median filter effects in considerably less blurring than the linear spatial filters
b) Median filter effects in considerably more blurring than the linear spatial filters
c) Both have the same blurring effect
d) All of the mentioned

While performing the median filtering, suppose a 3*3 neighborhood has value (10, 20, 20, 20, 15, 20, 20,
25, 100), then what is the median value to be given to the pixel under filter?
a) 15
b) 20
c) 100
d) 25

Which of the following are forced to the median intensity of the neighbors by n*n median filter?
a) Isolated cluster of pixels that are light or dark in comparison to their neighbors
b) Isolated cluster of pixels whose area is less than one-half the filter area
c) All of the mentioned
d) None of the mentioned

In neighborhood operations working is being done with the value of image pixel in the neighborhood
and the corresponding value of a subimage that has same dimension as neighborhood. The subimage is
referred as _________
a) Filter
b) Mask
c) Template
d) All of the mentioned

The response for linear spatial filtering is given by the relationship __________
a) Sum of filter coefficient’s product and corresponding image pixel under filter mask
b) Difference of filter coefficient’s product and corresponding image pixel under filter mask
c) Product of filter coefficient’s product and corresponding image pixel under filter mask
d) None of the mentioned

In linear spatial filtering, what is the pixel of the image under mask corresponding to the mask
coefficient w (1, -1), assuming a 3*3 mask?
a) f (x, -y)
b) f (x + 1, y)
c) f (x, y – 1)
d) f (x + 1, y – 1)
Which of the following is/are a nonlinear operation?
a) Computation of variance
b) Computation of median
c) All of the mentioned
d) None of the mentioned
Which of the following is/are used as basic function in nonlinear filter for noise reduction?
a) Computation of variance
b) Computation of median
c) All of the mentioned
d) None of the mentioned

In neighborhood operation for spatial filtering if a square mask of size n*n is used it is restricted that
the center of mask must be at a distance ≥ (n – 1)/2 pixels from border of image, what happens to the
resultant image?
a) The resultant image will be of same size as original image
b) The resultant image will be a little larger size than original image
c) The resultant image will be a little smaller size than original image
d) None of the mentioned

Which of the following method is/are used for padding the image?
a) Adding rows and column of 0 or other constant gray level
b) Simply replicating the rows or columns
c) All of the mentioned
d) None of the mentioned