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Lec 01

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13 views19 pages

Lec 01

Uploaded by

noorhans.122005
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Database Systems I

Second stage
Lecture 1:
The Database Environment

Modern Database Management


6th Edition
Jeffrey A. Hoffer, Mary B. Prescott, Fred R.
McFadden

2
Definitions
 Data: Meaningful facts, text, graphics,
images, sound, video segments
 Database: An organized collection of
logically related data
 Information: Data processed to be useful in
decision making
 Metadata: Data that describes data

3
Figure 1-1a Data in Context

Large volume of facts which are


difficult to interpret

4
Figure 1-1b Summarized data
Useful information that managers can use for
decision making and interpretation

5
Table 1-1 Metadata
Descriptions of the properties or characteristics of the
data, including data types, field sizes, allowable
values, and documentation

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Databases vs. File Processing
 Datais stored in two electronic forms:
 Databases
– A central data-store that can be read from different
sources
 Program Files
– Distributed data-stores that can usually only be read from
a single source
– Common Examples: Word, Excel, PowerPoint…

7
Disadvantages of File Processing
 Program-Data Dependence
– All programs maintain metadata for each file they use
 Data Redundancy (Duplication of data)
– Different systems/programs have separate copies of the
same data
 Limited Data Sharing
– No centralized control of data
 Lengthy Development Times
– Programmers must design their own file formats

8
Figure 1-2 Three file processing systems at Pine
Valley Furniture
Duplicate
Data

9
Problems with Data Dependency
Each application programmer must maintain
their own data
Each application program needs to include code
for the metadata of each file
Each application program must have its own
processing routines for reading, inserting,
updating and deleting data
Lack of coordination and central control
Non-standard file formats
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Problems with Data
Duplication
 Waste of space to have duplicate data
 Causes more maintenance headaches
 The biggest Problem:
– When data changes in one file, could cause
inconsistencies
– Compromises data integrity

11
SOLUTION:
The DATABASE Approach
 Central repository of shared data
 Data is managed by a controlling agent
 Stored in a standardized, convenient
form.

Requires a Database Management System (DBMS)

12
Database Management
System

 A DBMS is a data storage and retrieval


system which permits data to be stored non-
redundantly while making it appear to the
user as if the data is well-integrated.

13
Database Management System
Application
#1

Application
#2

DBMS Database
containing
centralized
shared data

Application
#3 DBMS manages data
resources like an operating
system manages hardware
resources

14
Advantages of Database Approach

 Program-Data Independence
– Metadata stored in DBMS, so applications don’t
need to worry about data formats
– Data queries/updates managed by DBMS so
programs don’t need to process data access routines
– Results in: increased application development and
maintenance productivity

15
Advantages of Database Approach

 Minimal Data Redundancy


– Leads to increased data integrity/consistency
 Improved Data Sharing
– Different users get different views of the data
 Enforcement of Standards
– All data access is done in the same way

16
Advantages of Database Approach

 Improved Data Quality


– Constraints, data validation rules
 Better Data Accessibility/ Responsiveness
– Use of standard data query language (SQL)
 Security, Backup/Recovery, Concurrency
– Disaster recovery is easier

17
Costs and Risks of the
Database Approach
 Up-front costs:
– Installation Management Cost and Complexity
– Conversion Costs
 Ongoing Costs
– Requires New, Specialized Personnel
– Need for Explicit Backup and Recovery
 Organizational Conflict
– Old habits die hard

18
Questions \ Discussion
 Why might a firm choose to implement a
database system?

19

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