Novelcoronavirusoutbreak 200214044117

INTRODUCTION
 Corona virus was first identified as a cause of

the common cold in 1960.
 Until 2002, the virus was considered a
relatively simple, nonfatal virus.
 An outbreak of severe acute respiratory
syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) in 2002
to 2003 in Guangdong province in China,
caused an eventual 8,098 confirmed cases,
resulting in 774 deaths reported in 17
countries.
 Since then scientists became deeply concerned
about the pathogenesis of coronaviruses.
 In 2012, again another coronavirus MERS-CoV
caused an outbreak in Saudi Arabia caused
1227 cases with fatality rate 37%.
 Over the last three decades there have
been three attacks of three different
coronaviruses, SARS-CoV, MERS CoV and
the recent one 2019 novel coronavirus
(2019-nCoV).
CHARACTERISTICS:
 Family: Coronaviridae
 Gender: Coronavirus
 Genome: linear positive sense single-

stranded RNA, pleomorphic, 80 to 220 nm,
30 serotypes
 Spherical or helical.
 60-200 nm. in diameter.
 Total RNA without segmentation

CORONAVIRUS
 Surface antigens are glycoproteins and
nucleoproteins internally.
 Glycoproteins were characterized:
E1. Transmembrane.
E2. Adhesion to the cell membrane.
 Protein S. Form projected responsible for
stimulating, neutralizing antibody and
interaction with cellular receptors.
 Bind to cells via specific receptors.
 Enter through membrane fusion.
 In the cytoplasm, the viral RNA is translated

by the host machinery.
 Viral proteins are synthesized, assembled,
are fused to the cell membrane.
CORONAVIRUS
Major Proteins:
 S – spike (receptor binding cell fusion).
 E – envelope (small: envelope protein, not

as abundant as S).
 M – membrane protein (transmembrane
budding and envelope formation)
2019 NOVEL CORONAVIRUS (2019-NCOV)
A new strain of coronavirus which differs

considerably in genetic structure from
previously recognized coronavirus.
 Othername: Wuhan CoronaVirus, Wuhan
seafood market pneumonia virus.
EPIDEMIOLOGY
The first known human infection occurred in
early December 2019. An outbreak of 2019-
nCoV was first detected in Wuhan, China, in mid-
December 2019, likely originating from a single
infected animal. The virus subsequently spread
to other provinces of Mainland China and other
countries, including Thailand, Japan, Taiwan,
South Korea, Australia, France, Nepal, India and
the United States and more.
 On 30 January 2020, 2019-nCoV was
designated a global health emergency by the
World Health Organization (WHO).
 First confirmed death was on 9 January 2020.
 As of 5 February 2020, there were 24,604

confirmed cases of infection, of which 24,391
were within mainland China.
GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION
GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION
 The suspicion of emergence of new virus
arose when a cluster of people in a sea-food
market at Wuhan City, China developed
pneumonia without any clear cause.
 The virus isolated from the sample is in the
same family of viruses SARS-CoV and MERS-
CoV
 Genetic homology is about 75-80% with
SARS-CoV.
RESERVOIR
 Animals sold for food are suspected to be the

reservoir or the intermediary because many of
the first identified infected individuals were
workers at the Huanan Sea food Market, Hubei,
Wuhan,China.
 A market selling live animals for food was also
blamed in the SARS epidemic in 2003
 Researchers confirmed by genomic study,
 2019-CoV have 96% homology with Bat

corona viruses.
FIRST TRANSMISSION OF 2019-NCOV WAS
ZOONOTIC
 2019-nCoV is thought to be a zoonotic virus,

as most of the first group of patients were
workers or customers of a local whole sale
seafood market which also sold live
consumable animals, including poultry,
donkey, sheep, pig, camels, hedgehogs,
snakes etc
 2019-nCoV might have jumped from host
species bats to snakes and then to humans.
 Snake is the intermediate host between
human and bat.
 In the animal host viruses undergo repeated
mutations to get allowed to transmit to the
human
 After reaching the human, person to person
transmission is possible.
MODE OF TRANSMISSION
 Human-to-human transmission of the virus has

been confirmed. Coronaviruses are primarily
spread through close contact, in particular
through respiratory droplets from coughs and
sneezes within a range of about 6 feet (1.8 m).
 When a person touches a surface or object
contaminated with infectious droplets and then
touches his or her mouth, nose or eye(s)
 Incubation period 02-14 days
 Viral RNA has also been found in stool
samples from infected patients.
 It is possible that the virus can be infectious
even during the incubation period but this has
not been proven and the WHO states that
"transmission from asymptomatic cases is
likely not a major driver of transmission" at this
time.
 Thebasic reproduction number has been
estimated to be 3.11, which means on
average an infected person will infect 3
others.
SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS
Those infected may be asymptomatic or have

mild to severe symptoms like fever, cough,
shortness of breath, and diarrhoea. The time
from exposure to onset of symptoms is
estimated at 2 to 10 days by the World Health
Organization and 2 to 14 days by the US
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
(CDC). Upper respiratory symptoms such as
sneezing, a runny nose or sore throat are less
frequent.
Cases of severe infection can result in
pneumonia, kidney failure and death. Many of
those who died had other conditions such as
hypertension, diabetes, or cardiovascular
disease that impaired their immune systems.
ESTIMATES
 Researchers at Northeastern University and

Imperial College London estimated that the
number of actual infections maybe 10
times higher than those confirmed .
DIAGNOSIS
The WHO has published several testing
protocols for 2019-nCoV. Testing uses real
time reverse transcription-polymerase
chain reaction (rRT-PCR).The test can be
done on respiratory or blood samples. Results
are generally available within a few hours to
days.
PICTURE OF CDC’S LABORATORY TEST KIT FOR
THE 2019 NOVEL CORONAVIRUS (2019-NCOV)
MANAGEMENT
There were no effective medications or vaccines

against 2019-nCoV, though development efforts
were underway. Attempts to relieve the
symptoms include taking regular (over-the-
counter) flu medications, drinking fluids and
resting. Oxygen therapy, intravenous fluids and
breathing support may be required.
EXPERIMENTAL TREATMENT
The NHC, recommends patients be
given two lopinavir & ritonavir twice a
day & a dose of alpha interpheron
through nebulization twice daily.
In China treatment are given as follows :
 Tamiflu ( Oseltamivir ) antiviral therapy:
it may help to reduce symptoms. It must be

taken within 48 hours of onset of symptom
otherwise it does not work.
 Antibiotic
 Corticosteroid
 O2 support
COMPLICATION
 Acute respiratory distress syndrome
 Anaemia
 Acute cardiac injury
 Acute kidney injury
 Secondary infection
PREVENTION
VACCINE RESEARCH
 InChina, the Chinese Center for Disease
Control and Prevention is developing a vaccine
against the novel coronavirus.
 University of Hong Kong, which previously
participated in work on the SARS coronavirus
during its 2003 outbreak, has also announced
that a vaccine is under development there but
has yet to proceed to animal testing.
 The United States National Institutes of
Health (NIH) is cooperating with Moderna to
create an RNA vaccine matching a spike of
the coronavirus surface, and is hoping to start
production by May 2020.
 In Australia, the University of Queensland is
investigating the potential of a molecular
clamp vaccine that would genetically modify
viral proteins to make them mimic the
coronavirus and stimulate an immune
reaction.
 The International Vaccine Centre (VIDO-
InterVac) at the University of Saskatchewan to
begin work on a vaccine. VIDO-InterVac aims
to start production and animal testing in March
2020, and human testing in 2021.
 The Imperial College Faculty of Medicine in
London has funding to develop a vaccine and
take it to animal testing, a phase of research it
expects to complete by mid-February 2020.
PROGNOSIS
The overall case fatality rate appears to be

approximately 3% based on initial case
reports; however, the true number of
infections and disease course are still
unknown at this time. Most of those who
died were older and/or had underlying
health conditions. Case fatality rates were
approximately 37% for MERS and 10% for
SARS.
WHAT CHINA IS DOING TO CONTAIN 2019-
NCOV
 The country has put 16 cities on lockdown,

keeping about 46 million people quarantine.
 Extension of new year holidays
 Educational institutes kept suspended up to

mid February
 More provinces and cities outside the most
contaminated Hubei started to restrict travel.
A MEDICAL STAFF MEMBER TAKES THE
TEMPERATURE OF A MAN AT THE WUHAN
 Since 31 December 2019, some regions and
countries near China tightened their screening
of selected travellers.
 People with fevers are subsequently taken to
medical institutions after being registered and
given masks.
 Real time Reverse Transcription-Polymerase
Chain Reaction (rRT-PCR) test was used to
confirm new cases.
SITUATION IN BANGLADESH
 No confirmed cases are found in Bangladesh.

 Still, we are in vulnerable situation
 Emergence of 2019-nCoV will cause an ultimate

massacre in our densely populated country
 The IEDCR has launched four hotlines for
creating awareness among people about the
epidemic. The numbers are: 01937110011,
01937000011, 01927711784 and 01927711785.
An isolated unit was opened on the ground floor of unit -2 of
DMCH for handling any possible coronavirus outbreak
STUDY ON CORONA VIRUS OUTBREAK
TAKE HOME MESSAGE
 Preventive measures is only protective

approach of population to avoid 2019-nCoV.
 No specific treatment yet available, Vaccine
under animal trial.
 Don’t panic! Get informed. Be prepared.

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INTRODUCTION

 Corona virus was first identified as a cause of

 Genome: linear positive sense single-

 60-200 nm. in diameter.

 Total RNA without segmentation

 In the cytoplasm, the viral RNA is translated

 E – envelope (small: envelope protein, not

A new strain of coronavirus which differs

 As of 5 February 2020, there were 24,604

 Animals sold for food are suspected to be the

 2019-CoV have 96% homology with Bat

 2019-nCoV is thought to be a zoonotic virus,

 Human-to-human transmission of the virus has

Those infected may be asymptomatic or have

 Researchers at Northeastern University and

There were no effective medications or vaccines

it may help to reduce symptoms. It must be

 Acute cardiac injury

 Acute kidney injury

The overall case fatality rate appears to be

 The country has put 16 cities on lockdown,

 Educational institutes kept suspended up to

 No confirmed cases are found in Bangladesh.

 Emergence of 2019-nCoV will cause an ultimate

 Preventive measures is only protective

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