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    Physical & Chemical Changes

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    zyuhan198

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    Physical & Chemical Changes

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    zyuhan198
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    Physical & Chemical changes

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    8 views41 pages

    Physical & Chemical Changes

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    zyuhan198

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Physical and Chemical changes

    Topic 3
    Learning outcomes
    ● Recognise physical and chemical changes.
    ● Identify a change which leads to formation of new
    product(s) as a chemical change.
    ● Show an awareness that there are different types of
    chemical reactions such as combustion, thermal
    decomposition, combination, neutralisation & electrolysis.
    ● Use word & symbol equations to represent chemical
    reactions.
    ● Show an awareness that chemical reactions involve a
    rearrangement of atoms, which are not created or
    destroyed.
    ● Practical skills: Able to describe tests for gases & water.
    Physical and Chemical Changes
    A physical change is reversible, and no new substances are
    formed.
    Boiling, freezing, melting, dissolving (dissolution), crushing a pill
    are examples of physical changes.

    http://www.angelfire.com/ego/mr.f/SubjectLinks/science/heat/matterst
    ates.html
    Physical and Chemical Changes
    A chemical change is usually irreversible and new
    substances are formed.

    http://www.nigerianlondon.com/training5.html mayang.com

    cooking Metal rusting


    Paper burnng

    Can you think of other chemical changes?


    Photosynthesis
    Reaction of magnesium with hydrochloric acid
    Comparing physical and
    chemical changes
    Physical change Chemical change
    No new substances are formed New substances are formed
    The properties of the substances The properties of the new
    remain the same. substances are different from the
    original substances.
    Reversible Irreversible

    https://www.proprofs.com/quiz-school/story.php?title=is-it-physic
    al-chemical-change
    Exercise 1
    Exercise 1 [ANS]
    More about chemical changes
    Chemical change takes place when atoms of chemical
    substances break apart and rearrange to form new
    substances.

    Chemical changes are a result of chemical reactions.


    Signs of chemical reactions
    Many reactions need energy to get them started.
    Many reactions (like the burning of magnesium) give out heat
    energy once the reaction has started.

    Heat energy being given out is one sign of a chemical reaction.

    What are some other signs of a chemical reaction?

    Bubbling or effervescence
    ________________________________________

    Change of colour of the solution


    __________________________________________

    A precipitate is formed
    _____________________________
    Word equations
    A word equation is a shorthand way of writing a
    chemical reaction.

    The word equation for hydrogen reacting with water is

    hydrogen oxygen water

    Hydrogen and oxygen are the reactants and water is


    the product.
    Exercise 2

    zinc + copper oxide zinc oxide + copper

    Substance Reactant or Product?


    zinc Reactant
    copper oxide Reactant

    zinc oxide Product

    copper Product
    Exercise 2

    Zn + CuO 🡪 ZnO + Cu
    Causes of chemical changes
    Chemical changes can be caused by

    1. Heat

    2. Light

    3. Mixing substances

    4. Electricity
    Changes cause by heat
    1. Combustion
    Combustion is the scientific word for burning and is a type of
    chemical reaction.

    In combustion, a substance burns and reacts with oxygen to


    produce heat and light energy.
    Burning coal is a type of combustion.
    Burning fuels
    ● A fuel is a substance which burns in oxygen to give
    energy.
    ● Petrol, wood, methane gas, ethanol (alcohol) are examples of
    fuels.
    ● Burning fuel, like coal, petrol and natural gas, provides > 90%
    of the energy needed for transport, factories and in the home.
    ● Most fuels contain the elements carbon and hydrogen.
    Combustion of methane
    The natural gas, methane, is often burnt for cooking.
    Methane is made up of carbon and hydrogen.
    ● What gas does methane react with when
    it burns?
    ● What substance will the carbon in methane
    change into when it burns in oxygen?

    ● What substance will the hydrogen in methane


    change into when it burns in oxygen?

    ● What is the word equation for the combustion of methane?


    carbon
    methane oxygen water
    dioxide
    https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=455bwPTZvY8 Slide taken from Broadwork
    Combustion of methane

    CH4 + 2 O2 🡪 CO2 + 2 H2O


    Combustion
    ● Combustion can be classified into two types.
    ● In complete combustion, a fuel burns in sufficient amount of
    oxygen. Carbon dioxide is formed.
    ● In incomplete combustion, a fuel burns in insufficient amount
    of oxygen. Carbon monoxide and/or soot are formed.
    ● The effects of incomplete combustion can be seen in the
    laboratory Bunsen burner.
    Combustion
    Differences between complete and incomplete combustion
    Thermal Decomposition
    Thermal decomposition is the process where a single compound
    breaks down into two or more simpler substances by heat.

    sugar carbon
    Another example of decomposition is the breaking down of
    calcium carbonate into calcium oxide and carbon dioxide
    when heated.

    calcium heat carbon + calcium


    carbonate dioxide oxide
    Combination
    3. Combination
    • Combination is also known as synthesis reaction.
    • It is a chemical reaction in which two or more substances
    combine to form a new compound.

    Examples of combination
    1. Elements react together to form compounds
    (a) magnesium + oxygen 🡪 magnesium oxide
    (b) hydrogen + oxygen 🡪 water

    2. Compounds react together to form a new compound.


    (a) Calcium oxide + water 🡪 calcium hydroxide
    Exercise 3
    Identify each of the following reaction as
    combustion, thermal decomposition or combination.
    1. copper + oxygen 🡪 copper oxide Combination

    2. carbon + oxygen 🡪 carbon dioxide Combustion

    3. magnesium hydroxide 🡪 magnesium oxide + water


    Thermal decomposition
    4. iron + sulfur 🡪 iron sulfide Combination
    Changes caused by heat

    Decomposition

    Combination
    Combustion
    (burning)
    Chemical Changes caused by Light
    Photochemical reactions
    Photosynthesis
    During photosynthesis, light energy is absorbed by the
    chlorophyll in green plants to make glucose and oxygen
    from carbon dioxide and water.
    light
    carbon dioxide + water glucose + oxygen
    Chemical Changes caused by Light
    Photochemical reactions
    Film photography
    ● Black and white photographic film contains silver
    bromide coating which is sensitive to light.
    ● When it is exposed to light, silver bromide decomposed
    into silver, which produces the dark areas on the film.
    ● The stronger the light, the darker the area on the film.

    light
    silver bromide silver + bromine
    Chemical changes caused by mixing
    Chemical changes can occur when we mix two or more substances
    together.
    Mixing metal zinc with dilute hydrochloric acid bubbles of
    gas(hydrogen) is formed.

    https://www.youtube.com/watch?reload=9&v=fPMCshL4poQ
    Chemical changes caused by mixing

    Mixing concentrated sulfuric acid with sugar, a black substance


    called carbon is formed.

    https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=poDBrGIyTEk

    Mixing baking soda with vinegar bubbles of


    gas(carbon dioxide) is formed.

    https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_CYgsqji_0k
    Changes caused by light & mixing

    Light (photochemical)
    Mixing

    silver bromide 🡪 silver + bromine


    Using 9V battery to split water
    Can you split water into oxygen and hydrogen gas?
    Materials needed:
    • A 9V battery
    • 2 test tubes
    • A wooden splint & lighter Oxygen gas
    • A beaker
    • Some magnesium sulfate salt Hydrogen gas

    Steps:
    (1) Pour about 200 ml water into a 250 ml beaker.
    (2) Add 2 spatulas of magnesium sulfate salt into water, stir and
    dissolve.
    (3) Drop the 9V battery into the salt solution.
    (4) Position two test-tubes above the electrodes to collect the
    gas.
    (5) Test the hydrogen gas (at cathode – negative terminal) 2H2O 🡪 2H2 + O2
    using a lighted splint.
    (6) Test oxygen gas (at the anode – positive terminal) using a
    glowing splint.

    https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xyDdEuQafn4&t=113s
    Chemical changes caused by electricity
    Electrolysis
    ● Electrolysis is the process of decomposing a
    substance into simpler substances by using
    electricity.
    Examples:
    electricity
    ● sodium chloride sodium + chlorine
    ● aluminium oxide electricity aluminium + oxygen
    Chemical changes caused by electricity
    Water decomposes into oxygen gas and
    hydrogen gas when electricity passes through it.

    oxygen gas
    hydrogen
    gas

    negative positive
    electrode electrode

    water hydrogen + oxygen


    https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PHPc7Oaq2WA
    Test for Gases:
    ✔ Hydrogen: a lighted splint extinguishes with a ‘pop’
    sound
    ✔ Ammonia : Moist/damp red litmus paper turns blue
    ✔ Carbon dioxide: pass the gas into limewater ; turns
    limewater milky or gives a white precipitate in limewater,
    Ca(OH)2.
    ✔ Oxygen : a glowing splint rekindles or relights

    https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=V7jhc_S5WL0
    Test for Gases:
    Ammonia
    ● Damp red litmus paper turns blue
    Test for presence of water
    There are 2 tests for presence of water :
    1. Cobalt chloride test paper : it turns from blue(dry) to
    pink (wet/moist)
    2. Dry copper sulfate : it turns from white to blue when
    water is added.

    https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YGdArTxQVq0
    Test for Water
    GSCE Concept Map for Topic 3
    Generate – Sort – Connect – Elaborate Concept Map
    • Generate a list of ideas & initial thoughts about the topic.
    • Sort your ideas according to how central they are. Remember to
    place the central ideas near the center.
    • Connect your ideas by drawing connecting lines. Explain and
    write on the line how the ideas are connected.
    • Elaborate on any ideas by adding new lines that expand.
    GSCE Concept Map for Topic 3
    Tests for gases Types of
    & water chemical
    changes

    Topic 3

    Physical
    Chemical
    changes
    changes

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