데이터통신과 네트워크

Ch. 1 Introduction

2024 Fall
Data communications
 When we communicate,
 We are sharing information
 This sharing can be local (face to face)or remote (distance)
 Telecommunication,
 includes telephony, telegraphy, and television, means communication at a
distance (tele is Greek for “far”)
 Data communications
 Exchange of data between two devices via some form of transmission
medium such as a wire cable
 The communicating devices must be part of a communication system made
up of a combination of
• Hardware (physical equipment) and Software (programs)

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Data communications
 Four fundamental characteristics
 Delivery
• The system must deliver data to the correct destination
• Data must be received by the intended device or user
 Accuracy
• The system must deliver the data accurately
• Data that have been altered in transmission and left uncorrected are unusable
 Timeliness
• The system must deliver data in a timely manner
• In the case of video and audio, timely delivery means delivering data as they are
produced, in the same order that they are produced, and without significant delay
 Jitter
• Jitter refers to the variation in the packet arrival time
• Uneven delay in the delivery of audio or video packets
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Data communications
 Five components

① Message: the information (data) to be communicated

② Sender: the device that sends the data message
③ Receiver: the device that receives the message
④ Transmission medium: the physical path by which a message travels
from sender to receiver
⑤ Protocol: a set of rules that govern data communications
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Data communications
 Data Representation
 Text
• Text is represented as a bit pattern, a sequence of bits (0s or 1s)
• Different sets of bit patterns have been designed to represent text symbols
– Each set is called a code, and the process of representing symbols is called coding
• Unicode
– Uses 32 bits to represent a symbol or character used in any language in the world
• American Standard Code for Information Interchange (ASCII)
– The first 127 characters in Unicode and is also referred to as Basic Latin

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Data communications
 Data Representation (continue)
 Numbers
• The number is directly converted to a binary number to simplify mathematical
operations
 Images
• A matrix of pixels (picture elements), where each pixel is a small dot
– The size of the pixel depends on the resolution
• Methods to represent color images
– RGB: each color is made of a combination of three primary colors: red, green, and blue

 Audio
• Different from text, numbers, or images. It is continuous, not discrete
– We use a microphone to change voice or music to an electric signal, we create a
continuous signal

 Video
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Data communications
 Data Flow (Simplex)

 The communication is unidirectional, as on a one-way street

 Only one of the two devices on a link can transmit; the other can only
receive (e.g., Keyboards and traditional monitors)

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Data communications
 Data Flow (Half-duplex)

 Each station can both transmit and receive, but not at the same time
 When one device is sending, the other can only receive, and vice versa
• Walkie-talkies and CB (citizens band) radios are both half-duplex systems

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Data communications
 Data Flow (Full-duplex)

 Both stations can transmit and receive simultaneously

 The full-duplex mode is like a two-way street with traffic flowing in both
directions at the same time (e.g., telephone network)

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Network
 Definition
 Interconnection of a set of devices capable of communication
• A device can be a host (or an end system as it is sometimes called) such as a large
computer, desktop, laptop, workstation, cellular phone, or security system
• A connecting device such as a router, which connects the network to other
networks, a switch, which connects devices together, a modem (modulator-
demodulator), which changes the form of data, and so on

 Network Criteria
 Performance: two networking metrics: throughput and delay
 Reliability: measured by the frequency of failure, the time it takes a link to
recover from a failure, and the network’s robustness in a catastrophe
 Security: protecting data from unauthorized access, protecting data from
damage and development, and implementing policies and procedures for
recovery from breaches and data losses.
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Network
 Physical Structures
 Type of Connection
• Point-to-Point: a dedicated link between two devices
– change television channels by infrared remote control, we are establishing a point-to-
point connection between the remote control and the television’s control system

• Multipoint: more than two specific devices share a single link

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Network
 Physical Topology
 The way in which a network is laid out physically
• Two or more devices connect to a link; two or more links form a topology
• Geometric representation of the relationship of all the links and linking devices
(usually called nodes) to one another
 Mesh Topology
• Every device has a dedicated point-to-point link to every other device

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Network
 Physical Topology (continue)
 Star Topology
• Each device has a dedicated point-to-point link only to a central controller, usually
called a hub or switch
– (Advantage) Easy to install and reconfigure
 If one link fails, only that link is affected. All other links remain active. This factor
also lends itself to easy fault identification and fault isolation.
– (Disadvantage) Dependency of the whole topology on one single point, the hub. If the
hub goes down, the whole system is dead

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Network
 Physical Topology (continue)
 Bus Topology
• Multipoint connection
• One long cable acts as a backbone to link all the devices in a network
• Nodes are connected to the bus cable by drop lines and taps
• (Advantage) Ease of installation
• (Disadvantage) Difficult reconnection and fault isolation. A bus is usually designed
to be optimally efficient at installation. It can therefore be difficult to add new
devices

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Network
 Physical Topology (continue)
 Ring Topology
• Each device has a dedicated point-to-point connection with only the two devices
on either side of it
• A signal is passed along the ring in one direction, from device to device, until it
reaches its destination. Each device in the ring incorporates a repeater
• (Advantage) easy to install and reconfigure
• (Disadvantage) a break in the ring (such as a disabled station) can disable the
entire network

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 Comparison
Feature Mesh Topology Star Topology Bus Topology Ring Topology

Each device is directly All devices connect to All devices share a sing All devices are connec
Structure
connected to others a central device le common cable ted in a circular path

Devices are connected

Multiple direct connect Connected through a c Devices share a main c
Connection Type to two neighbors in a l
ions (N*(N-1)/2) entral hub or switch able
oop

High reliability and faul Easy to install and trou Simple setup and mini Consistent data flow w
Advantages
t tolerance bleshoot mal cable usage ith minimal collisions

Failure of one device c

High cost and complex Network failure if the Cable issues can disrup
Disadvantages an affect the entire net
maintenance central device fails t the entire network
work

Difficult to scale due t

Easily scalable with add Limited scalability due Adding devices can dis
Scalability o numerous connectio
itional ports to cable length rupt the network
ns

One device failure can

Minimal impact; other Central device failure a Entire network affecte
Failure Impact impact the entire netw
routes available ffects all devices d by cable failure
ork

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Network Types
 Local Area Network
 Usually privately owned and connects some hosts in a single office, building,
or campus
• A LAN can be as simple as two PCs and a printer in someone’s home office, or it
can extend throughout a company and include audio and video devices

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Network Types
 Wide Area Network
 Interconnection of devices capable of communication
• However, there are some differences between a LAN and a WAN
• LAN is normally limited in size, spanning an office, a building, or a campus;
• A WAN has a wider geographical span, spanning a town, a state, a country, or even
the world
• A LAN interconnects hosts; a WAN interconnects connecting devices such as
switches, routers, or modems

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Network Types
 Wide Area Network
 Point-to-Point WAN

 Switched WAN
• A switched WAN is used in the backbone of global communication today

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Network Types
 Wide Area Network
 Internetwork
• When two or more networks are connected, they make an internetwork, or
internet (with lowercase i)
– Assume that an organization has two offices, one on the east coast and the other on
the west coast. Each office has a LAN that allows all employees in the office to
communicate with each other
– To make the communication between employees at different offices possible, the
management leases a point-to-point dedicated WAN from a service provider, such as a
telephone company, and connects the two LANs

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Network Types
 Internetwork

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Network Types
 Switching
 An internet is a switched network in which a switch connects at least two
links together
• A switch needs to forward data from a network to another network when
required
 Circuit-Switched Network
• A dedicated connection, called a circuit, is always available between the two end
systems; the switch can only make it active or inactive
– Circuit switching was very common in telephone networks in the past, although part of
the telephone network today is a packet-switched network

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Network Types
 Switching
 Circuit-Switched Network

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Network Types
 Switching
 Packet-Switched Network

• The communication between the two ends is done in blocks of data called
packets
• Instead of the continuous communication we see between two telephone sets
when they are being used, we see the exchange of individual data packets
between the two computers

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Network Types
 The Internet
 The most notable internet is called the Internet (uppercase I )

• At the top level, the backbones are large networks owned by some
communication companies such as Sprint, Verizon (MCI), AT&T, and NTT
• At the second level, there are smaller networks, called provider networks, that
use the services of the backbones for a fee 25/26
Network Types
 The Internet
 The most notable internet is called the Internet (uppercase I )

• The customer networks are at the edge of the Internet that use the services
provided by the Internet
• Backbones and provider networks are also called Internet Service Providers (ISPs)
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Thank You